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The practice of PE has been associated with the adoption of healthy lifestyles. The objective of the study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the type of modality practiced; and if the reasons presented for the practice are somehow related to these habits. The sample consisted of 177 adult women, who practice Fitness, divided into 3 groups: 68 practitioners of high intensity modalities, 54 of Zen modalities, and 55 of modalities of both types. The Exercise Motivation Inventory 2 was used to assess the reasons for the practice of PE. Relating smoking and alcoholism habits with the reasons for the practice, significant positive correlations were found between: smoking habits/affiliation (p = .037); alcohol consumption/keeping healthy (p = .035). Significant inverse relationships between: number of cigarettes smoked per day/weight management (p = .000); number of cigarettes smoked per day/health (p = .048). Class 3 of women who quit smoking had statistically significant higher scores on disease (p = .012) and staying healthy (p = .001). Affiliation is a common reason for smoking and exercising; those who smoked for a longer period of time seem to resort to the practice for reasons relating to the onset of illness or to maintain their health. Women who don't drink seem to be more concerned about their health than women who do drink. Clarifying these relationships is essential for creating more effective intervention programs to eliminate/reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption and their harmful effects on health.

Objetivo - A literatura tem associado os traços de personalidade ao envolvimento em programas de Exercício Físico. O mercado desportivo apresenta um leque cada vez maior de modos de exercício, assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se os traços de personalidade influenciam a escolha das modalidades de Fitness praticadas e quais os motivos que levam mulheres adultas a optarem por essas modalidades. Métodos – A amostra foi constituída por 177 mulheres adultas, praticantes de modalidades de ginásio, divididas em 3 grupos: 68 de modalidades de alta intensidade; 54 de modalidades Zen; e 55 praticantes de modalidades de ambos os tipos (grupo misto). O NEO Five-Factor Inventory foi utilizado para avaliar a personalidade e o Exercise Motivation Inventory 2 para avaliar os motivos para a prática de Exercício Físico. Resultados - Analisando as diferenças nos perfis de personalidade em função do tipo de modalidade praticada, através de uma MANOVA controlando a diferença de idades, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as praticantes dos 3 grupos. Através do mesmo procedimento estatístico, analisando os motivos para a prática de Exercício Físico dos 3 grupos que compõem a amostra, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos motivos psicológicos (p=.033; n2p=.019), revitalização (p=.030; n2p=.017), prazer (p=.003; n2p=.036), competição (p=.041; n2p=.019), motivos relacionados com o corpo (p=.014; n2p=.048) e gestão do peso (p=.006; n2p=.017). Conclusões – Os perfis de personalidade parecem não influenciar a escolha dos modos de exercício praticados. Os resultados apresentados apoiam a tese de que existem diferenças entre as dimensões motivacionais e o modo preferencial de Exercício Físico praticado. Neste sentido, a oferta de modalidades deve ir de encontro às motivações das praticantes, contribuindo para o seu maior envolvimento e manutenção em programas de Exercício Físico. Abstract. Objective - Literature has been able to associate personality traits with involvement in Physical Exercise programs. The sports market has a wide range of exercise modes, therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether personality traits influence the choice of Fitness modalities practiced and what are the reasons that lead adult woman to choose those modalities. Methods – The sample consisted of 177 adult women, who practice gymnasium modalities, divided into 3 groups: 68 of high intensity modalities; 54 of Zen modalities; and 55 who practice modalities of both types (mixed group). The NEO Five-Factor Inventory was used to assess the personality and the Exercise Motivation Inventory 2 to assess the reasons for the practice of Physical Exercise. Results - Analyzing the differences in personality profiles as a function of the type of modality practiced, through a MANOVA controlling the age difference, no statistically significant differences were found between the participants of the 3 groups. Through the same statistical procedure, were analyzed the reasons for practicing of Physical Exercise of the 3 groups that make up the sample significant differences were found regarding psychological reasons (p=.033; n2p=.019), revitalization (p=.030; n2p=.017), pleasure (p=.003; n2p=.036), competition (p=.041; n2p=.019), body-related reasons (p=.014; n2p=.048) and weight management (p=.006; n2p=.017). Conclusions - Personality profiles do not seem to influence the choice of exercise modes practiced. The results presented support the thesis that there are differences between the motivational dimensions and the preferred mode of Physical Exercise practiced. Therefore, the offering modalities must meet the practitioners motivations, contributing to their greater involvement and maintenance in Physical Exercise programs. Resumen. Objetivo - La literatura ha asociado los rasgos de personalidad con la participación en programas de Ejercicio Físico. El mercado deportivo tiene una gama cada vez mayor de modalidades de ejercicio, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si los rasgos de personalidad influyen en la elección de las modalidades de Fitness practicadas y cuáles son las razones que llevan las mujeres adultas a elegir estas modalidades. Métodos – La muestra estuvo compuesta por 177 mujeres adultas, practicantes de modalidades de gimnasio, divididas en 3 grupos: 68 de modalidades de alta intensidad; 54 de modalidades Zen; y 55 practicantes de modalidades de ambos tipos (grupo mixto). Se utilizó el Inventario de Cinco Factores NEO para evaluar la personalidad y el Inventario de Motivación para el Ejercicio 2 para evaluar los motivos de la práctica de Ejercicio Físico. Resultados - Analizando las diferencias en los perfiles de personalidad en función del tipo de modalidad practicada, mediante un MANOVA controlando la diferencia de edad, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las practicantes de los 3 grupos. Mediante el mismo procedimiento estadístico, analizando los motivos de la práctica de Ejercicio Físico de los 3 grupos que componen la muestra, se encontraron diferencias significativas en los motivos psicológicos (p=.033; n2p=.019), revitalización (p=.030; n2p=.017), placer (p=.003; n2p=.036), competición (p=.041; n2p=.019), motivos relacionados con el cuerpo (p=.014; n2p=.048) y manejo del peso (p=.006; n2p=.017). Conclusiones - Los perfiles de personalidad no parecen influir en la elección de los modos de ejercicio practicados. Los resultados presentados apoyan la tesis de que existen diferencias entre las dimensiones motivacionales y la modalidad preferida de Ejercicio Físico practicado. En este sentido, la oferta de modalidades debe atender a las motivaciones de los practicantes, contribuyendo a su mayor implicación y mantenimiento en los programas de Ejercicio Físico.

The aim of this study was to quantify the physical demands of female beach volleyball competition with reference to player position, set, and match outcome. Twelve professional players were equipped with a 10 Hz GPS device (Minimax S4, Catapult Sports, Australia). Data collection occurred over 30 official matches, with a total of 50 sets. GPS output variables were related to position (e.g., Defenders and Blockers). Differences between players’ positions were found in Peak Player Load, the distance covered at different intensities, and acceleration and deceleration. Variations during the match were more pronounced for Defenders than for Blockers, with the former increasing the intensity of acceleration and deceleration, and decreasing the velocity of displacements and lower jumps. For Blockers, main variations occurred between the first and second set, with a reduction in velocity displacements and an increase in the intensity of jumps. Defender variables that contributed to victory were high deceleration, velocity, acceleration, and Peak Player Load. The characteristics of Blockers that contributed to victory were maximum velocity and high jumps. Female beach volleyball players seem to have different physiological requirements according to their position. The analysis of these variations throughout the game suggests that a specific player’s position output may be determined by proper and/or opponent tactical schemes.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Portugal has experienced three distinct SARS-CoV-2 infection waves. We previously documented the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunity, measured by specific antibodies, in September 2020, six months after the initial moderate wave. Here we show the seroprevalence changes six months later, up to the second week of March 2021, shortly following the third wave, which was one of the most severe in the world, and two months following the start of the vaccination campaign. A longitudinal epidemiological study was conducted, with a stratified quota sample of the Portuguese population. Serological testing was performed, including ELISA determination of antibody class and titres. The proportion of seropositives, which was 2.2% in September 2020, rose sharply to 17.3% (95% CI: 15.8% – 18.8%) in March 2021. Importantly, circulating IgG and IgA antibody levels were very stable six months after the initial determination and up to a year after initial infection, indicating long-lasting natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, vaccinated people had higher IgG levels from 3 weeks post-vaccination when compared with previously infected people at the same times post-infection.

Background The effect of pharmacological treatment (PT), exercise treatment (ET), and both in depressive symptoms remains a matter of debate. The present study aimed to clarify (1) the effect of ET as a monotherapy or complementary treatment of pharmacological therapy; (2) changes in the dose-response for different exercise prescription characteristics; and 3) hypothesizing about the gene network model of exercise effects on depression. Methods We sought Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) addressing the effects of exercise on depressive patients, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2003-2019 in Scopus, Cochrane, Pubmed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge and APA PsycNET databases. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated considering the mean difference on depression scales (pre and post-intervention) and pooled standard deviation for each intention-to-treat in each study. For the gene network model of exercise on depression an in silico analyses were used. Results We found 1,165 articles and selected 15 studies to this meta-analysis. RCTs with different ET and PT prescriptions were examined using the delta (pre and post-intervention) of a validated depression scale compared to the control group in different treatment conditions.Standardized mean differences and confidence intervals (SMD, 95% CI) were found for ET with or without PT group (-0.45, -0.62 to -0.29), ET and PT group (-0.70, -1.00 to -0.40), and only ET group (-0.39, -0.57 to -0.21). The subgroup analyses showed a moderate and large SMD in favour of resistance training (-0.67, -1.22 to -0.12), aerobic exercise 60-80% of maximum heart rate intensity (-0.56, -0.89 to -0.23), 20 to 30 minutes (-0.59, -0.88 to -0.31) or 45 to 60 minutes (-0.55, -0.81 to -0.29) duration per session, and seven times per week (-0.75, -1.30 to -0.20). Conclusion ET plus PT showed a better effect on reducing depressive symptoms, and the exercise prescription that shows the best dose-response in subgroup analyses can be the target for ET in depression. Also, the genes network model can withstand the effect of exercise in the depressive symptoms decrease according to an interaction between BDNF and inflammation. More well-designed studies are needed to confirm our findings.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effects of exercise plus pharmacotherapy on monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin) and cortisol levels. A total of 26 women with clinical depression were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: aerobic exercise plus pharmacotherapy or only pharmacotherapy. The exercise program consisted of aerobic exercise, 45-50 min/session, three times/week, for 16 weeks. The biological parameters were measured before and after the exercise program. Adding exercise to pharmacotherapy had no additional effects on monoamines and cortisol plasma levels. These data are preliminary outcomes from a small sample and should be replicated.

Exercise training has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle factor for improving functional performance and health status. Nevertheless, and although some evidence exists about the effects of aerobic training on oxidative stress, there is scarce information concerning the effects of combined exercise training (aerobic and strength training) in oxidative stress. Considering this, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of a combined exercise training in oxidative stress parameters of women over 40 years of age. At baseline, 67 women enrolled in the study and were divided into three groups: younger group (YG, n = 28: 40 to 49 years), middle-aged group (MAG, n = 21: 50 to 59 years) and oldest group (OG, n = 18: above 60 years). These women engaged in a combined exercise training program for 16 weeks, 3 sessions of 60 min per week. At the end of the program, only 31 women (YG: 15; MAG: 8 and OG: 8) were remained in the study and were considered for analysis. Physical assessments (weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference), health and functional parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fitness tests: supine, latissimus, squat jump, 8 foot up and go test, 30 second chair stand test, and 6 min walk test) and measures of DNA damage (DNA SBs, DNA netFPG), lipid peroxidation (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase activity (CAT) were performed before and after the 16-week intervention with combined exercise. The results showed an improvement of overall physical and functional performance as well as a significant decrease in waist perimeter and systolic blood pressure after the exercise program intervention. Regarding the biochemical measures, the exercise training induced a significant decrease in oxidative damage, and a significant increase in the TAC (p 0.05). The results indicate that combined exercise training induces benefits in functional capacity and reduce damage caused by oxidative stress.

Background: Muscle strength is an important component for performing different daily tasks and has significant effect on health. Grip strength can be considered as one of the parameters of the overall strength state of the individuals. This study aimed to evaluate immediate response of the capacity to gain handgrip strength after the application of acupuncture.Materials and Methods: The study was experimental, quantitative, and partially blind clinical trial with a control group. Sample consisted in 73 healthy volunteers of both sexes, not athletes, with average age 35 ± 10.01 years, which were divided by deterministic allocation with sequential alternation in three groups: acupuncture (GACP n=24), sham acupuncture (Gsham n=25) and control (GCRT n=24). Calibrated mechanical manual dynamometer and needles 0.25 x 40mm were used. The handgrip test was performed in all groups, in both hands. Average measures were used for statistical analysis, a procedure done before and after the intervention. GACP received needles in TE5 (Waiguan), ST36 (Zusanli) and GB34 (Yanglingquan). The Gsham received superficial needles placed out of the acupoints.Results: GACP showed a significant strength gain of 4.78 Kgf (p = 0.005), Gsham showed a non-significant gain of 1.13 Kgf (p = 0.370) and GCRT that did not receive acupuncture intervention showed a non-significant reduction of handgrip strength average of about 1.97 Kgf (p = 0.210).Conclusion: Acupuncture in a single intervention was able to promote an immediate significant average gain strength response in handgrip of 4.78 Kgf.Keywords: Acupuncture, strength gain, handgrip

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Muscle pain is one of the causes of the leave of absence in physical activities, as well as limiting factor in sports performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early and late response to the pain perception threshold after acupuncture in a single application, in subjects submitted to repetitive strain. METHODS: Clinical-experimental quantitative trial, with control group and blind, with 47 healthy women, aged between 18 and 55 years (36.3±10.6), divided deterministically by sequential alternation to the groups: acupuncture (GACP n=16), Sham (Gsham n=16) and control (CGRT n=15). The repetitive strain was performed in the Reformer equipment of the Pilates method, before and after the intervention, with 0,25x40mm needles. The GACP received the needling at point ST36 (Zusanli). The Gsham received superficial needling out of the acupuncture point, and the CGRT only performed the exercise. All patients had the needles for 20 minutes, except for the CGRT who remained only at rest. A digital pressure algometer was used at point BL57 (Chengshan). The algometry was conducted before the intervention and the exercise, immediately after, and after 24 hours. RESULTS: The GACP showed a significant increase in the pain perception threshold when compared to Gsham (p =0.021) and to CGRT (p

The main purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms of the hOGG1 (Ser326Cys) gene in DNA damage and repair activity by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1 enzyme) in response to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training. Thirty-two healthy Caucasian men (40-74 years old) were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were submitted to a training of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise. The subjects with Ser/Ser genotype were considered as wild-type group (WTG), and Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys genotype were analysed together as mutant group (MG). We used comet assay in conjunction with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycoslyase (FPG) to analyse both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites. DNA repair activity were also analysed with the comet assay technique. Our results showed no differences between DNA damage (both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites) and repair activity (OGG1) between genotype groups (in the pre-training condition). Regarding the possible influence of genotype in the response to 16 weeks of physical exercise training, the results revealed a decrease in DNA strand breaks in both groups, a decrease in FPG-sensitive sites and an increase in total antioxidant capacity in the WTG, but no changes were found in MG. No significant changes in DNA repair activity was observed in both genotype groups with physical exercise training. This preliminary study suggests the possibility of different responses in DNA damage to the physical exercise training, considering the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os programas de treinamento aeróbio têm demonstrado bons resultados no controle das variáveis de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos; no entanto, os efeitos nos níveis de homocisteína não estão claros. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio nos níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína e fatores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 15 mulheres com diabetes do tipo 2 e média de idade 68,86 ± 11,2 anos. Todos os indivíduos da amostra foram submetidos a um teste de avaliação do consumo máximo de oxigénio (VO2máx) seguindo o protocolo de Bruce, avaliação da pressão arterial e avaliação antropométrica. Foi também efetuada uma coleta de 10 ml de sangue (veia antecubital) em jejum de no mínimo 12 horas. O plasma foi separado e processado para posterior análise da concentração de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicérides (mg/dl) e glicemia (mg/dl). Os testes foram feitos antes e após 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O programa foi realizado com 2 sessões de treinamento não consecutivas por semana, com intensidade compreendida entre 60% e 70% da frequência cardíaca máxima e duração de 75 minutos por sessão.RESULTADOS: Os resultados observados revelam que o programa de exercício físico induziu uma diminuição não significativa da concentração plasmática de homocisteína. Foram ainda identificadas melhorias do perfil lipídico e do Consumo Máximo de Oxigênio (VO2máx), diminuição da glicemia, da pressão arterial diastólica, do percentual de gordura e massa gorda.CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o programa de treinamento aeróbio reduziu o risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2, embora a alteração da homocisteína não tenha sido significativa. INTRODUCTION: Aerobic training programs have shown good control of cardiovascular risk variables in diabetic subjects, but the effects on homocysteine levels remains unclear. Objective: To analyze the effects of aerobic training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: The study included 15 women with type 2 diabetes, mean age 68.86 ± 11.2 years. All individuals in the sample underwent an evaluation test of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) according to Bruce protocol, evaluation of blood pressure and anthropometric measurements. Additionally, a sample of venous blood (10ml from cubital vein) was drawn from subjects fasted for at least 12 hours. The plasma was separated and processed for further analysis of homocysteine concentration (mmol/l), total cholesterol (mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl) and blood glucose (mg/dl). The tests were done before the aerobic training and repeated 16 weeks later. The program consisted of 2 non-consecutive training sessions of 75 minutes a week, between 60% and 70% of maximum heart rate.RESULTS: The observed results show that physical exercise program induced a non-significant decrease in plasma concentration of homocysteine. Were also identified improvements in lipid profile and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), decreased blood glucose, diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and body fat.CONCLUSION: The aerobic training program reduced cardiovascular risk factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes, although homocysteine decline was not significant. INTRODUCCIÓN: Los programas de entrenamiento aeróbico han demostrado buenos resultados en el control de las variables de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos, sin embargo, los efectos en los niveles de homocisteína no están claros. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico en los niveles plasmáticos de homocisteína y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaron en el estudio 15 mujeres con diabetes del tipo 2 y promedio de edad de 68,86 ± 11,2 años. Todos los individuos de la muestra fueron sometidos a un test de evaluación del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) siguiendo el protocolo de Bruce, evaluación de la presión arterial y evaluación antropométrica. Fue también efectuada una colecta de 10 ml de sangre (vena antecubital) en ayunas de como mínimo 12 horas. El plasma fue separado y procesado para posterior análisis de la concentración de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Muy Baja Densidad (VLDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Baja Densidad (LDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Alta Densidad (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicéridos (mg/dl) y glucemia (mg/dl). Los tests fueron realizados antes y después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico. El programa fue realizado con 2 sesiones de entrenamiento no consecutivas por semana, con una intensidad comprendida entre 60-70% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima y una duración de 75 minutos por sesión.RESULTADOS: Los resultados observados revelan que el programa de ejercicio físico indujo a una disminución no significativa de la concentración plasmática de homocisteína. Fueron además identificadas mejoras del perfil lipídico y del Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno (VO2máx), disminución de la glucemia, de la presión arterial diastólica, del porcentual de grasa y masa gorda.CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que el programa de entrenamiento aeróbico redujo el riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2, aunque la alteración de la homocisteína no haya sido significativa.

Age-related DNA damage has been regarded as one of the possible explanations of aging, and these age-related changes have been associated with lifestyle variables. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to investigate how age and lifestyle may affect DNA damage, DNA repair capacity and endogenous biomarkers of oxidative stress. Sixty-one healthy men (40 to 89 yrs) were enrolled in this study. The results showed that DNA strand breaks (DNA SBs) and DNA repair capacity were greater in the older group (>=65 yrs) compared to the younger group (

Depression is a psychiatric disorder and major contributor to the burden of disease worldwide. The strength of evidence of the benefits of exercise as a therapeutic intervention for patients with depression has expanded in the last 30 years. In fact, the available evidence indicates exercise can not only help manage depressive symptoms, but also effect significant improvements in other health outcomes. Clinical guidelines including such recommendations have been issued by different agencies, namely the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP). With increasing recognition of the benefits of exercise and shortcomings of healthcare systems, other countries, such as Sweden and Canada, have included exercise in their national guidelines for treating depression. Unfortunately, progress in incorporating exercise guidelines into clinical practice has been slow, and Portugal and Brazil reflect this reality. In this update, we reemphasize the importance of bridging this gap and integrating exercise into clinical practice guidelines as an essential component of depression treatment.

The second version of the Schedule of Growing Skills (SGS-II) was standardized using a sample of 348 UK children, ages 0 to 5 years. It examined ten psychomotor development areas in 14 age ranges. The Portuguese version of SGS-II was published in 2003, re-edited in 2011, and re-published in 2012, but its psychometric properties remained untested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of SGS-II, comparing them with the results of the UK version. A sample of 364 Portuguese children, 193 boys and 172 girls, with an average age of 34.45 months (±18.62) was assessed with the SGS-II. The results have shown suitable psychometric properties of the SGS-II Portuguese version, adequate for the screening of children development. The internal consistency coefficients ranged from adequate to excellent (≥.7) and similar correlation results among the scale’s versions (English and Portuguese) were positive, high, and significant., A segunda versão da Escala de Avaliação das Competências no Desenvolvimento Infantil Schedule of Growing Skills (SGS-II) foi padronizada no Reino Unido, utilizando uma amostra de 348 crianças, dos 0 aos 5 anos. A escala avalia dez áreas de desenvolvimento psicomotor em 14 faixas etárias. A versão em Português da SGS-II foi publicada em 2003, reeditada em 2011 e em 2012, sem avaliação das qualidades psicométricas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as qualidades psicométricas da versão portuguesa, comparando- -as com os resultados da versão original. Uma amostra de 364 crianças portuguesas, 193 meninos e 172 meninas, com idade média de 34.45 meses (±18.62) foi avaliada com a SGS-II. Os resultados mostraram que a versão portuguesa da SGS-II tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas ao rastreio do desenvolvimento infantil, com coeficientes de consistência interna adequados e excelentes (≥0.7), sendo semelhantes aos obtidos a partir dos estudos de confiabilidade realizados na versão inglesa.

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Aging is dependent on biological processes that determine the aging of the organism at the cellular level. The Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging might explain some of the age-related changes in cell macromolecules. Moreover, exposome and lifestyle may also induce changes in cell damage induced by oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to analyze the related redox changes in lymphocyte function of healthy women over 40 years old. Three groups: younger (YG: 40–49 years), middle aged (MAG: 50–59 years), and older (OG: ≥60 years) were evaluated on anthropometric variables, blood pressure, cardiovascular fitness, lifestyle habits, perceived stress, DNA damage, malondialdehyde, catalase activity, and total antioxidant capacity. Physical activity and cardiovascular fitness were significantly higher in YG and MAG as compared to the OG. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly with group age. Frequency and total amount of alcohol intake were lower in the OG and higher in the MAG. No significant differences were observed between the three groups in oxidative stress parameters. Only alcohol consumption was associated with the higher DNA FPG-sensitive sites, and only in the YG (p

Oxidative stress is involved in degenerative processes, aging, and diseases. Lifestyle can be change oxidative stress. One of reactive oxygen species targets is polyunsaturated fatty acid, an important cellular membrane component. The aim of this study is to analyse the contribute of lifestyle in lipid peroxidation in over fourty years old women. Were included 60 women whith age ranged between 41 and 82 years old (53.3 ± 9.1 years). Lifestyle were explored doing a food frequency questionnaire, Perceptive Stress Scale (PSS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The functional capacity was determinate by 6-min walking test (cardiorespiratory capacity) and Squat-jump (leg strength and power). Parameters of oxidative stress were determinate from plasma during fasting, lipid peroxidation was evaluated by TBARs, and antioxidant capacity was evaluated by catalase activity and ABTS. Spearman correlation and Multiple Linear Regression model, through Stepwise method, considering TBARs as dependent variable, and age, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, stress perception, physical activity level, total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity, cardiorespiratory capacity, leg strength and power, daily caloric intake, daily fruit, vegetables, coffee/tea, vitamin E and alcohol intake, as independent variable, was performed. Negative correlations were obtained between TBARs and cardiorespiratory capacity (r= -0.35; p=0.026) and between TBARS and ABTS (r= -0.33; p=0.038). Total antioxidant capacity was the model’s first variable (F= 5.50; p = 0.013), explaining 15.3% of TBARS, then cardiorespiratory capacity (F= 5.50; p = 0.047), explaining 10.5% of TBARs The results revealed total antioxidant capacity and cardiorespiratory capacity as predictors to lipid peroxidation damage.

Background : The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of strength training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods : The sample consisted of 14 diabetic women with a mean age of 68 ± 6 years. Biochemical evaluations and anthropometric measurements were taken before and after training. Training sessions lasted 50 min and comprised three sets of 8–12 repetitions each. The established load was 60% of 1 repetition maximum. Results : After the training program, it was observed that the levels of homocysteine (average before 13.4 ± 2.9 and after 12.8 ± 3.3, P = 0.40), very low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) (average before 41.9 ± 17.0 and after 36.2 ± 11.8, P = 0.47), total cholesterol (average before 214.4 ± 60.6 and after 190.2 ± 62.3, P = 0.09), triglycerides (average before 209.3 ± 85.4 and after 181.5 ± 59.2, P = 0.47), and blood glucose (average before 123.5 ± 30.4 and after 110.1 ± 24.7, P = 0.26) showed no signifcant changes, but the LDL (average before 129.1 ± 63.4 and after 95.7 ± 53.3, P = 0.04), high‑density lipoprotein (average before 43.2 ± 12.0 and after 58.2 ± 15.6, P = 0.01), lean mass (average before 41.1 ± 5.7 and after 42.8 ± 5.4, P = 0.008), fat mass (average before 31.4 ± 8.8 and after 29.7 ± 8.5, P = 0.001), and percentage fat (average before 42.6 ± 4.0 and after 40.3 ± 4.6, P = 0.000) showed signifcant changes. Conclusions : This study concluded that strength training does not improve homocysteine levels, but help to improve the lipoprotein profle in type 2 diabetic patients. Keywords : Cholesterol, glucose, hyperhomocysteinemia, obesity, strength exercise

Oxidative stress has been advanced as one of the major causes of damage to DNA and other macromolecules. Although physical exercise may also increase oxidative stress, an important role has been recognized for regular exercise in improving the overall functionality of the body, as indicated by an increase in maximal aerobic uptake ((V)O2max), and in resistance to cell damage. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the association between DNA damage in human lymphocytes and age and 2) to evaluate the association between DNA damage in human lymphocytes and ((V)O2max. The sample was composed of 36 healthy and nonsmoking males, aged from 20 to 84 years. ((V)O2max was evaluated through the Bruce protocol with direct measurement of oxygen consumption. The comet assay was used to evaluate the DNA damage, strand breaks and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-sensitive sites. We found a positive correlation of age with DNA strand breaks but not with FPG-sensitive sites. ((V)O2max was significantly inversely related with DNA strand breaks, but this relation disappeared when adjusted for age. A significantly positive relation between ((V)O2max and FPG-sensitive sites was verified. In conclusion, our results showed that younger subjects have lower DNA strand breaks and higher (V)O2max compared with older subjects and FPG-sensitive sites are positively related with ((V)O2max, probably as transient damage due to the acute effects of daily physical activity.

N/A.

Background Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a catabolic enzyme involved in the degradation of bioactive molecules including the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Higher COMT activity in depressive patients in comparison to non-depressed individuals has been reported. The effect of aerobic exercise on depressive patients has been studied and a number of researchers and clinicians believe it to be effective in the treatment of depression and to be involved in several molecular underlying mechanisms. However, the effect of physical exercise on this enzyme activity is unknown, and it remains to be elucidated if chronic exercise changes COMT activity. This randomized control trial evaluates the effects of chronic exercise on peripheral COMT (S-COMT) activity in women with depressive disorder. Methods Fourteen women (aged: 51.4±10.5 years) diagnosed with depression (according to International Classification of Diseases-10) were randomized to one of two groups: pharmacotherapy plus physical exercise (n=7) or only pharmacotherapy (n=7). The aerobic exercise program was supervised, lasting between 45–50 min/session, three times/week for 16 weeks. Erythrocyte soluble COMT were assessed prior to and after the exercise program. Results Exercise group when compared to a control group presented a significant decrease (p=0.02, r=−0.535) in S-COMT activity between baseline and post-intervention. Limitations These data are preliminary outcomes from a small sample and should be replicated. Conclusions Chronic exercise therapy combined with pharmacotherapy leads to significant decrease in S-COMT activity. Our results provide evidence that exercise interferes with S-COMT activity, a molecular mechanism involved in depression.

FUNDAMENTO: A Hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma condição tanto agravante quanto agravada pela Síndrome Metabólica (SM). A menopausa pode tornar o tratamento da hipertensão mais difícil porque é uma condição que favorece a piora nos componentes da SM. Embora existam evidências de que o treinamento com exercícios físicos reduza a pressão arterial, se as condições da menopausa e da SM afetam os benefícios induzidos pelo exercício é algo ainda não evidenciado. OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio na pressão arterial entre mulheres com SM não menopausadas e menopausadas. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutadas 44 mulheres divididas em quatro grupos experimentais: controle não menopausada (CNM: 39,5 ± 1,1 anos, n = 11); controle menopausada (CM: 54,9 ± 1,7 anos, n = 12); aeróbio não menopausada (ANM: 43,1 ± 2,1 anos, n = 11) e aeróbio menopausada (AM: 52,1 ± 1,6 anos, n = 10). Os grupos de exercício realizaram treinamento aeróbio durante três meses, cinco vezes por semana, com intensidade entre 60% e 70% da frequência cardíaca de reserva. A pressão arterial de repouso e a resposta pressórica clínica após 60 minutos de exercício foram medidas antes e após o período treinamento. O teste de ANOVA de dois fatores foi usado, considerando p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: O programa de treinamento resultou em redução da gordura abdominal, glicemia e melhora do VO2 máx. Em comparação aos valores pré-intervenção, Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) e Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD) não se alteraram após o treinamento nos grupos CNM, CM, ANM e AM (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Três meses de treinamento aeróbio melhora componentes da SM, mas não altera a pressão arterial de repouso, nem a resposta pressórica aguda após uma sessão de exercício aeróbio em mulheres com SM. BACKGROUND: Arterial Hypertension (AH) is an aggravating condition for Metabolic Syndrome (MS), as well as being aggravated by it. Menopause can make hypertension treatment more difficult, as it favors the worsening of MS components. Although there is evidence that exercise training reduces blood pressure, whether menopause and SM affect the exercise-induced benefits is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in non-menopausal and menopausal women with MS METHODS: A total of 44 women were recruited and divided into four groups: non-menopausal control (NMC: 39.5 ± 3.6 years, n = 11); menopausal control (MC: 54.9 ± 5.9 years, n = 12), non-menopausal aerobics (NMA: 43.1 ± 6.8 years, n = 11) and menopausal aerobics (MA: 52.1 ± 5 years, n = 10). The exercise groups performed aerobic training for three months, five times a week, at an intensity between 60% and 70% of heart rate reserve. The resting blood pressure and blood pressure response after 60 minutes of exercise were measured before and after the training period. The two-way ANOVA test was used, considering a p value < 0.05. RESULTS: The training program resulted in a decrease in abdominal fat, blood glucose and improved VO2 max. Compared to pre-intervention values, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) did not change after training in NMC, MC, MA and NMA groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Three months of aerobic training improved MS components, but did not alter resting blood pressure or the BP response after an acute exercise session in women with MS.

This study aims to describe the daily physical activity (PA) of a sample of adults over the course of 1 year and to examine if there are any changes in achieving PA recommendations when assessed at different periods of the year. Participants, 257 women (age: 58.99 ± 18.93 years, BMI: 26.75 ± 4.57 kg m(-2)) and 178 men (age: 49.22 ± 20.39 years, BMI: 26.81 ± 3.51 kg m(-2)), wore an accelerometer 4-7 days. Periods of data collection were defined as T1 (September to December), T2 (January to April) and T3 (May to July). From T1 and T2, men from 20 to 39 years significantly increased values of daily average ct.min(-1) (U = 506, p = 0.012), due to an increase in moderate-to-vigorous PA by 15.96 min (U = 455, p = 0.003). Achievement of the two PA recommendations varied throughout the year and among the gender/age groups. Results from this study showed that women generally maintain their level of PA throughout the year, whereas men show some variation, and that there are periods of the year when individuals are more likely to be involved in PA, or perform lower-intensity activities, especially older age groups. Also, recommendations of minimum PA are not accomplished in a constant way throughout the year. PA interventions should be conducted while being mindful of the time of year in which they will take place in order to help maintain a consistent PA level throughout the year to ensure health benefits from PA.

OBJECTIVE: To review the use of accelerometry as an objective measure of physical activity in adults and elderly people. METHODS: A systematic review of studies on the use of accelerometty as an objective measure to assess physical activity in adults were examined in PubMed Central, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO and Medline databases from March 29 to April 15, 2010. The following keywords were used: "accelerometry," "accelerometer," "physical activity," "PA," "patterns," "levels," "adults," "older adults," and "elderly," either alone or in combination using "AND" or "OR." The reference lists of the articles retrieved were examined to capture any other potentially relevant article. Of 899 studies initially identified, only 18 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures abstracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Eleven studies were conducted in North America (United States), five in Europe, one in Africa (Cameroon) and one in Australia. Very few enrolled older people, and only one study reported the season or time of year when data was collected. The articles selected had different methods, analyses, and results, which prevented comparison between studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to standardize study methods for data reporting to allow comparisons of results across studies and monitor changes in populations. These data can help design more adequate strategies for monitoring and promotion of physical activity. OBJETIVO: Analisar o uso da acelerometria como medida objetiva da atividade física em adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática nas bases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO e Medline, de 29 de março a 15 de abril de 2010. As palavras-chave utilizadas na busca foram: "accelerometry", "accelerometer", "physical activity", "PA", "patterns", "levels", "adults", "older adults" e "elderly", isoladamente ou combinadas usando "and" ou "or". As listas de referências dos artigos recuperados foram examinadas para captar artigos potenciais. Dos 899 estudos localizados, 18 foram revistos integralmente, com seus dados extraídos e analisados. RESULTADOS: Onze estudos foram realizados nos Estados Unidos, cinco na Europa, um em Camarões e outro na Austrália. Poucos envolveram idosos, e apenas um referiu a estação ou período do ano em que decorreu a coleta de dados. Os métodos, análises e resultados divergiram entre os estudos, impossibilitando uma análise mais aprofundada. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se promover a padronização de procedimentos que permitam comparar resultados entre estudos e monitorizar alterações numa população. Esses dados contribuem para a adequação das estratégias de monitoramento e promoção da atividade física. OBJETIVO: Analizar el uso de la acelerometría como medida objetiva de actividad física en adultos y ancianos. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática en las bases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EBSCO y Medline, del 29 de marzo al 15 de abril de 2010. Se utilizaron en la búsqueda las palabras-clave: "accelerometry", "accelerometer", "physical activity", "PA", "patterns", "levels", "adults", "older adults" y "elderly", de forma aislada o combinadas usando "and" o "or". Las listas de referencias de los artículos recuperados fueron examinadas para encontrar artículos potenciales. De los 899 estudios localizados, 18 fueron revisados integralmente, y sus datos extraídos y analizados. RESULTADOS: Once estudios se realizaron en los Estados Unidos, cinco en Europa, uno en Camerún y otro en Australia. Pocos involucraron ancianos, y sólo uno se refirió a la estación o período del año en que transcurrió la colecta de datos. Los métodos, análisis y resultados discreparon entre los estudios, imposibilitando un análisis más a fondo. CONCLUSIONES: Se debe promover la estandarización de procedimientos que permitan comparar resultados entre estudios y monitorear alteraciones en una población. Estos datos contribuyen adecuación de las estrategias de monitoreo y promoción de la actividad física.

Bone strength depends on several material and structural properties, but findings concerning the best predictors of bone mechanical performance are conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate how a broad set of bone properties in the proximal femur are influenced by age and hormonal status, and how these properties together determine bone strength. Twenty-five Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX, n = 13) or sham operated (SHAM, n = 12) at 5 months of age, and killed after 9 months. Another group of rats was killed at 5 months as baseline control (BSL, n = 7). At sacrifice, serum 17β-estradiol and bone turnover marker concentrations were determined in the serum. Both femurs were collected for assessment of trabecular microarchitecture, femoral neck geometry, radiographic absorptiometry, calcium and phosphate content, and biomechanical properties. While stiffness was mostly associated with proximal femur trabecular microarchitecture and mineralization degree, bone strength was mostly linked to bone size and femoral neck geometry, which predicted almost 50% of its variance. Despite the decrease in cortical and trabecular bone as well as in mineralization degree following estrogen loss, bone strength was not reduced in OVX animals compared to BSL or sham-operated rats. This was due to a change in femoral neck geometry as well as to an increase in femur size in OVX, which apparently compensated their lower bone volume and mineral content, thereby preserving bone strength. Estrogen loss leads to a deterioration of bone tissue quality, but bone strength was preserved at the expense of geometric adaptations.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the lifelong differences of femur structure in sedentary and physically active animal models. Thirty male C57BL/6 mice, 2 months old, were either: i) housed in cages with running wheel (AA; n=10), ii) housed in cages without running wheel (AS; n=10), iii) or sacrificed without intervention (Y; n=10). AA and AS animals were sacrificed after 23 months of housing. Right femur structure was analyzed in all animals by histomorphometry. Significant differences in several microarchitectural parameters of cancellous and cortical bone were identified between Y mice and both groups of aged mice, as well as between AA and AS groups. Lifelong physically active mice had significantly higher cancellous bone surface (Cn.BS) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and decreased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) at both epiphyses when compared to AS animals. No differences were observed between Y and AA groups regarding osteocyte number (N.Ot) despite its significant reduction in AS animals, suggesting that age alone was not a cause for decreases in N.Ot. Our results suggest that the reduced bone quality observed in the elderly is not only a consequence of age but also of lack of physical activity since sedentary behaviour significantly aggravated the degenerative age-related bone differences.

Objective Physical exercise has been consistently documented as a complementary therapy in the treatment of depressive disorders. However, despite a higher prevalence among women compared to men, the trials developed in women are scarce. In addition, the optimal dosage of exercise capable of producing benefits that reduce depressive symptoms remains unclear. This clinical trial is designed to measure the effect of a structured physical exercise program as a complement to antidepressant medication in the treatment of women with depression. Methods From July 2013 to May 2014, we implemented a randomized controlled trial (HAPPY BRAIN study). A total of 26 women (aged 50.16 ± 12.08) diagnosed with clinical depression were randomized either to a supervised aerobic exercise group (45–50 min/week three times a week for four months) plus pharmacotherapy (intervention group), or only antidepressant medication (control group). Results The exercise group presented a decrease in BDI-II and DASS-21 total score scales. Relatively to DASS-21, it showed a significant decrease in anxiety and stress. The exercise group when compared to a control group showed improvement in relation to physical functioning parameters between baseline and post-intervention. Moreover, anthropometric parameters presented only significant differences between groups in fat mass percentage. Nonetheless, no differences were found between groups in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and self-esteem. Conclusion Our results showed that supervised structured aerobic exercise training could be an effective adjuvant therapy for treating women with depression, reducing depressive symptomatology and improving physical fitness. A key factor of this improvement included strict control of exercise workload parameters and adjustment to each subject's capacity. In our study, due to the sample size there is an increase in the probability of type II errors.

O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os estudos que avaliaram os efeitos dos programas de treinamento aerobio, forca e combinado nos niveis de glicose sanguinea em individuos com diabetes do tipo 2. Foi utilizado o metodo de revisao sistematica, sendo utilizada a base de dados PubMed . As palavras chaves utilizadas para pesquisa foram training and diabetes . Foram identificados 484 artigos originais. Apenas 17 estudos respeitaram os criterios de inclusao. Os resultados evidenciam que os programas de treinamento aerobio diminuiram os niveis de glicose. O programa de treinamento de forca tambem foi favoravel a diminuicao dos niveis de glicose sanguinea. Ja o programa de treinamento combinado nao demonstrou efeitos favoraveis no controle da glicose sanguinea. Conclui-se que o programa de treinamento aerobio e de forca ajudam a controlar os niveis de glicose sanguinea em individuos com diabetes do tipo 2. Palavras-chave: diabetes mellitus, treinamento, glicose. ABSTRACT The study aims to analyze the studies that evaluated the effects of aerobic, strength and combined programs training in blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. We used a systematic review method and is used to PubMed database. The key words used for searching were training and diabetes . We identified 484 original articles. Only 17 studies complied with the inclusion criteria. The results show that aerobic training programs decreased glucose levels. The strength training program was also favorable to decrease in blood glucose levels. But the combined training program has not shown favorable effects on blood glucose control. We conclude that the aerobic training and strength helps control blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, training, glucose.

The main purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms of the hOGG1 (Ser326Cys) gene in DNA damage and repair activity by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1 enzyme) in response to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training. Thirty-two healthy Caucasian men (40-74 years old) were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were submitted to a training of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise. The subjects with Ser/Ser genotype were considered as wild-type group (WTG), and Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys genotype were analysed together as mutant group (MG). We used comet assay in conjunction with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycoslyase (FPG) to analyse both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites. DNA repair activity were also analysed with the comet assay technique. Our results showed no differences between DNA damage (both strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites) and repair activity (OGG1) between genotype groups (in the pre-training condition). Regarding the possible influence of genotype in the response to 16 weeks of physical exercise training, the results revealed a decrease in DNA strand breaks in both groups, a decrease in FPG-sensitive sites and an increase in total antioxidant capacity in the WTG, but no changes were found in MG. No significant changes in DNA repair activity was observed in both genotype groups with physical exercise training. This preliminary study suggests the possibility of different responses in DNA damage to the physical exercise training, considering the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism.

Regular physical exercise has been shown to be one of the most important lifestyle influences on improving functional performance, decreasing morbidity and all causes of mortality among older people. However, it is known that acute physical exercise may induce an increase in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in several structures, including DNA. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of 16 weeks of combined physical exercise in DNA damage and repair capacity in lymphocytes. In addition, we aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress involved in those changes. Fifty-seven healthy men (40 to 74 years) were enrolled in this study. The sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG), composed of 31 individuals, submitted to 16 weeks of combined physical exercise training; and the control group (CG), composed of 26 individuals, who did not undergo any specifically orientated physical activity. We observed an improvement of overall physical performance in the EG, after the physical exercise training. A significant decrease in DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites was found after the physical exercise training, with no significant changes in 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase enzyme activity. An increase was observed in antioxidant activity, and a decrease was found in lipid peroxidation levels after physical exercise training. These results suggest that physical exercise training induces protective effects against DNA damage in lymphocytes possibly related to the increase in antioxidant capacity.

The purpose of this research was to study the effects of weather on physical activity and compliance to minimum physical activity recommendations. Participants included 257 women and 178 men. Time spent in physical activity, average daily steps, and weather variables were gathered and analysed to explore the influence of weather on PA and compliance with the PA recommendations. In result, environmental facto rs may have a weak influence in an individual will to engage in PA, and individuals highly committed to an active lifestyle (based on the number of steps taken per day) did not seem to be influenced by any of the weather variables. To conclude, c onsidering the known barriers to an active lifestyle, this information is markedly important since engaging in physical activity on a day-to-day basis may be of extreme relevance to the maintenance of a healthy status, especially in the elderly.

Oxidative stress has been advanced as one of the major causes of damage to DNA and other macromolecules. Although physical exercise may also increase oxidative stress, an important role has been recognized for regular exercise in improving the overall functionality of the body, as indicated by an increase in maximal aerobic uptake ((V)O2max), and in resistance to cell damage. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the association between DNA damage in human lymphocytes and age and 2) to evaluate the association between DNA damage in human lymphocytes and ((V)O2max. The sample was composed of 36 healthy and nonsmoking males, aged from 20 to 84 years. ((V)O2max was evaluated through the Bruce protocol with direct measurement of oxygen consumption. The comet assay was used to evaluate the DNA damage, strand breaks and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-sensitive sites. We found a positive correlation of age with DNA strand breaks but not with FPG-sensitive sites. ((V)O2max was significantly inversely related with DNA strand breaks, but this relation disappeared when adjusted for age. A significantly positive relation between ((V)O2max and FPG-sensitive sites was verified. In conclusion, our results showed that younger subjects have lower DNA strand breaks and higher (V)O2max compared with older subjects and FPG-sensitive sites are positively related with ((V)O2max, probably as transient damage due to the acute effects of daily physical activity.

Homocysteine is an amino acid produced in the liver that, when present in high concentrations, is thought to contribute to plaque formation and, consequently, increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, daily physical activity and training programs may contribute to controlling atherosclerosis. Given that physical exercise induces changes in protein and amino acid metabolism, it is important to understand whether homocysteine levels are also affected by exercise and to determine possible underlying mechanisms. Moreover, regarding the possible characteristics of different training programs (intensity, duration, repetition, volume), it becomes prudent to determine which types of exercise reduce homocysteine levels. To these ends, a systematic review was conducted to examine the effects of daily physical activity and different training programs on homocysteine levels. EndNote(®) was used to locate articles on the PubMed database from 2002 to 2013 with the keyword combinations "physical activity and homocysteine", "training and homocysteine", and/or "exercise and homocysteine". After 34 studies were identified, correlative and comparative studies of homocysteine levels revealed lower levels in patients engaged in greater quantities of daily physical activity. Regarding the acute effects of exercise, all studies reported increased homocysteine levels. Concerning intervention studies with training programs, aerobic training programs used different methods and analyses that complicate making any conclusion, though resistance training programs induced decreased homocysteine levels. In conclusion, this review suggests that greater daily physical activity is associated with lower homocysteine levels and that exercise programs could positively affect homocysteine control.

This study aimed to investigate the role of exercise order on total number of repetitions and to evaluate the possible importance on muscle damage and on rating perceived exertion (RPE). Ten trained participants completed two sequences: sequence A (SEQA) was leg press (LP), leg extension (LE), leg curl (LC), bench press (BP), shoulder press (SP), and triceps extension (TE) and in sequence B (SEQB), the order of execution of the exercises was reversed. Highest creatine kinase (CK) concentrations were observed 24 hours following both sessions, but no differences were found at any time between them, revealing that muscle damage has occurred. There were significant differences between SEQA and SEQB in the total number of repetitions for TE, LE, and LC. Our results suggest that differences in total strength production when exercise order is changed must be explained by some other mechanisms besides muscle damage and RPE.

Acupuncture is one of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and perhaps most impor‐ tant, by the way the world is widely used as a treatment effective, because it is more struc‐ tured in terms of legislation, education and research. Until recently it was mostly known for its analgesic effects, and has an large number of research demonstrating the benefits in this area [1,2,3].Within the thinking of acupuncture, each individual should be treated as the dis‐ turbance of energy imbalance that presents itself at the time of the session, seeking the wellknown syndromic diagnosis [4]. For the same pain can have many points in common from one patient to another, but there are known as energetic characteristics that complement the individualized treatment. Some acupuncture points, but they are consecrated by its clinical efficacy, repeated year after year as part of the arsenal of the specialist training in acupunc‐ ture and traditional literature of how these professionals, translated into different languages [4,5,6]. These acupuncture points and / or their combinations and how they are applied has ensured the continuity of its increasing use by the population for this ancient technique that has survived more than 2400 years of recorded history.

Diabetes do tipo 2 e as doencas cardiovasculares (DCV) sao doencas com alto indice de mortalidade e morbidade. A homocisteina e a lipoproteina de baixa densidade (LDL) apresentam influencia na formacao das placas de ateromas. No entanto, a associacao das variaveis tem sido pouco abordada na literatura, sendo importante para o controle dos riscos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlacao entre homocisteina e LDL em mulheres idosas com diabetes do tipo 2. Para pesquisa primaria, quantitativa de corte-transversal foram recrutadas 16 mulheres idosas com diabetes do tipo 2. O grupo foi submetido a coleta de amostras sanguineas por venopuncao, sendo feitas as analises de LDL e homocisteina. Nos resultados revelam que a homocisteina nao apresenta correlacao com o LDL (p

Since the mechanism(s) underlying menopause-related sarcopenia remain unknown we aimed to investigate the role of physical inactivity in its etiology. Ovariectomized and sham-operated rats were allocated into 2 experimental groups: (1) sedentary-standard housing; and (2) exercise-housed with running wheel. After a 9-month experimental period, soleus muscle structure and biochemical properties were analyzed. No differences existed in muscle fibre size or ultrastructure between sedentary sham and ovariectomized animals housed in standard conditions. In the exercise groups, average daily running distance was 10-fold less in ovariectomized compared to sham-animals. Further, in exercised animals, soleus fibre size was smaller in ovariectomized compared to sham-animals. Nonetheless, compared to both sedentary groups, muscle fibre size was larger in the exercised ovariectomized animals. Our results indicate that ovariectomy-induced sarcopenia is not due to the loss of ovarian hormones per se, but is largely due to physical inactivity.