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RESUMEN Introducción: Los medicamentos inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa actúan inhibiéndose de forma selectiva y reversible a nivel renal. A través de este mecanismo, reducen la reabsorción de glucosa, la cual pasa a excretarse por la orina y de esta forma, contribuyen a normalizar la glucemia. Objetivo: Describir la función de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Se utilizó como buscador de información científica a Google Académico, Google, Pubmed y SciELO. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación y páginas Web, que en general, tenían menos de 10 años de publicados, en idioma español, portugués o inglés. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no cumplieron con estos requisitos. Esto permitió el estudio de 98 artículos, de los cuales 75 fueron referenciados. Conclusiones: La administración de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa induce cambios favorables en la hemoglobina glucosilada, el peso corporal y la presión arterial, además de presentar un bajo riesgo de hipoglucemia. Aunque constituyen un grupo farmacológico que puede ser utilizado como monoterapia, con mayor frecuencia son usados como coadyuvantes en el tratamiento de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus, que reciben tratamiento farmacológico con otros medicamentos normo o hipoglucemiantes y que no han alcanzado las metas de control. Se debe estar alerta ante la aparición de posibles efectos secundarios o reacciones adversas, para descontinuar el tratamiento y tomar las medidas correspondientes.

Introduction: Fruit juices have been increasing interest due to their antioxidant properties. These antioxidants could act beneficially in the health maintenance by preventing free radicals formation [1]. However, processing and temperature, can modify its antioxidant properties [2]. It is, therefore, relevant to know their antioxidant properties and compare them with their manufactured equivalents. Materials and methods: Ten independent samples of commercial juice (CJ) and ten samples of equivalent manufactured juice (MJ) were analyzed. DPPH and FRAP methods were performed to evaluate antioxidant activity (AA) and Folin-Ciocalteau test evaluated the total phenol content (TPC). The t-Student test was applied to compare the TPC of the two juices, the two-way ANOVA was used to compare the AA of the two juices for the two tests and the Spearman coefficient to verify the correlation between TPC and AA. Results: Regarding de comparison of the juices for TPC, the results revealed a significant difference between juices. A strong interaction between the two factors, juice and method was found, which influences the AA. The AA results revealed no significant difference between methods for CJ in spite of a difference for MJ (Table 1). The Spearman Correlation Coefficient obtained for the association between TPC and AA for FRAP and DPPH tests revealed a strong correlation (R = 0.883 and R = 0.550, respectively) with statistical significance (p 0.1). Discussion and conclusions: The present study revealed similar values with literature [3,4] that, for the studied juices, the antioxidant properties of CJ are higher than MJ. The results may be related to the presence of ascorbic acid in CJ, added to act as a preservative [4].

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a spice widely used and has been suggested to act beneficially on salivary secretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of a ginger infusionin the salivary flow rate of smokers with reduced salivary secretion. Subjects and Methods: After review board and Ethic Committee of the State approval, sixteen smokers with reduced salivary flow were assigned in an auto-controlled study. The intervention consisted in the ingestion of a 250 mL ginger infusion with 0.5 g, three times a day for 28 days. Non-stimulated (Qns) and stimulated (Qss) saliva collection was performed by sialometry before and after the ingestion of the ginger infusion.A survey was used to collect age and smoking habits information. Chemical analysis was performed, in the ginger infusion, to quantify the total phenolic content (TFC) by Folin Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity (AA) by ABTS•+ and O2•− methods. The paired samples t-Student’s test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used, at a significance level of 5%. Results: A statistically significant increase (p

Phylogenetic analysis of yellow fever virus (YFV) strains isolated from Venezuela strongly supports YFV maintenance in situ in Venezuela, with evidence of regionally independent evolution within the country. However, there is considerable YFV movement from Brazil to Venezuela and between Trinidad and Venezuela. ispartof: Emerging Infectious Diseases vol:21 issue:1 pages:99-102 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Background: Previous studies suggest that cinnamon can reduce postprandial glycaemia through enhance insulin sensitivity in healthy adults. The aim of this study was to study the effect of cinnamon (C. burmannii) addition to a high-sugar semi-solid food on the postprandial blood glucose response on non-diabetic subjects and to characterize the antioxidant activity of this meal. Methods: Twenty four non-diabetic participants were included in a randomized clinical trial and assigned in two groups: Group A (reference meal) or group B (test meal). The blood glucose concentration was measured before the ingestion of the meals and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the start of the meal. The test meal used consisted of 100 g of mousse mixed with 3 g of cinnamon. Chemical analysis was performed to quantify total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and antioxidant activity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential assay- FRAP). Results: The postprandial blood glucose levels AUCs slightly increased with the addition of 3 g of C. burmannii. However, the statistical analysis revealed that differences on AUCs and postprandial blood glucose values, between groups, were not significant. Chemical analysis showed that addition of C. burmannii (3g) to the mousse, increased the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that inclusion of cinnamon in the mousse increased the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of a semi-solid high-sugar meal, and did not improve glucose response in healthy subjects.

Resumo do poster apresentado no XXXV Congresso Anual SPEMD (Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e de Medicina Dentaria), 9 a 10 de Outubro de 2015, Centro de Congressos Lagoas Park, Lisboa.

Glycaemic control, in particular at postprandial period, has a key role in prevention of different diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular events. Previous studies suggest that postprandial high blood glucose levels (BGL) can lead to an oxidative stress status, which is associated with metabolic alterations. Cinnamon powder has demonstrated a beneficial effect on postprandial glucose homeostasis in animals and human models. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cinnamon tea (C. burmannii) on postprandial capillary blood glucose level on nondiabetic adults. Participants were given oral glucose tolerance test either with or without cinnamon tea in a randomized clinical trial. The data revealed that cinnamon tea administration slightly decreased postprandial BGL. Cinnamon tea ingestion also results in a significantly lower postprandial maximum glucose concentration and variation of maximum glucose concentration (p< 0.05). Chemical analysis showed that cinnamon tea has a high antioxidant capacity, which may be due to its polyphenol content. The present study provides evidence that cinnamon tea, obtained fromC. burmannii, could be beneficial for controlling glucose metabolism in nondiabetic adults during postprandial period.

We report measurements of the Hall effect performed on 4 gold films evaporated onto mica substrates where the signal arises primarily from electron-surface scattering. The measurements were performed at low temperatures $T$ ($4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$) under high magnetic field strengths $B$ ($1.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{\le}B\ensuremath{\le}9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$), with $\mathbf{B}$ oriented perpendicular to the films.

We report measurements of transverse magnetoresistance where the signal can be attributed to electron–surface scattering, together with measurements of the surface roughness of the films on an atomic scale. The measurements were performed with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) on four thin gold films evaporated onto mica. The magnetoresistance exhibits a marked thickness dependence: at 4 K and 9 T is about 5% for the thinner (69 nm) film, and about 14% for the thicker (185 nm) film. Sondheimer's theory provides an accurate description of the temperature dependence of the resistivity, but predicts a magnetoresistance one order of magnitude smaller than that observed at 4 K. Calecki's theory in the limit of small roughness correlation length, predicts a resistivity two orders of magnitude larger than observed at 4 K.