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Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) stands as a severe mental disorder characterized by the highest mortality rate within the realm of psychiatric conditions. Its etiology encompasses genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and developmental factors. Recent investigations have shed light on the potential impact of the gut microbiota on the genesis and progression of AN. Aim of the Study: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the existing findings on relationship between gut dysbiosis and AN. The intention is to present new perspectives that contribute to a more detailed understanding of the multifaceted nature of this serious disorder. Description of the State of Knowledge: The gut microbiota takes a central role in modulating various physiological processes. Dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has recently drawn attention because of its association with several mental disorders. In the context of AN, studies have shown reduced microbial diversity and notable changes in specific bacterial populations. The influence of the gut microbiota on AN includes disturbances in the digestive system, changes in eating behaviours, and associations with related conditions such as anxiety and depression. Mechanisms such as the gut-brain axis, hormonal regulation and molecular mimicry contribute to these associations. Conclusions: Recognition of the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota in AN opens up avenues for potential therapeutic interventions. Pro- and prebiotics, along with fecal transplantation, emerge as promising modalities in the treatment of AN. Ongoing research is essential to further elucidate this evolving field, ultimately facilitating the development of targeted interventions for individuals with AN.

Introduction and Objective: Obesity, as one of the diseases of civilization, has become a significant problem in our time. Although the first ways of treating it appeared many years ago, pharmacotherapy of obesity has been developing significantly in recent years. The purpose of this article is to introduce the obesity drugs that have been registered for the treatment of obesity in Poland and to describe a new substance called tirzepatide, which, although it does not have such registration yet, is one of the most promising medications of the near future. State of Knowledge: Obesity is an urgent and growing problem. In Poland, about 25% of adults are obese, and this number is increasing over the years. In Europe, four drugs belonging to three different groups are registered for the treatment of obesity: orlistat, a combined drug that includes naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Although the last drug achieves the best results in studies and is the substance most favored by doctors and patients, there is still much research on new substances and formulations, which would bring even better results and health benefits. One of these substances is tirzepatide, a drug registered in 2022 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Summary: Nowadays in Poland, there are four drugs registered for obesity. Two of them are representatives of the group of GLP-1 analogues. Pharmacological treatment of obesity has good results and is a relatively safe process that should be implemented in conjunction with lifestyle changes. The fifth substance described in this article is tirzepatide, a drug that, although not registered for the treatment of obesity yet, is for now one of the most promising substances among the new drugs.

Introduction: The existing treatment options for osteoarthritis (OA) fall short of addressing the significant challenges this disease imposes on patients in today's society. It markedly diminishes the quality of life of those affected and is one of the leading causes of disability. While conventional pharmacological interventions such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids effectively address pain, they are not intended to halt disease progression and are associated with potential health risks. Symptomatic Slow-Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) and innovative medications, rooted in our expanding understanding of OA pathogenesis, offer promising prospects for discovering improved treatment modalities. State of knowledge: The evolving understanding of OA's etiology highlights the necessity for tailored treatments that consider distinct disease phenotypes. This review critically examines SYSADOA, specifically focusing on chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, and avocado-soybean unsaponifiables, as agents designed to address the underlying pathology of OA. Chondroitin sulfate demonstrates potential disease-modifying effects, however with conflicting study results that underscore the extent of its efficacy. Glucosamine exhibits varying disease-modifying effects, with short-term trials demonstrating more promising outcomes in pain reduction. Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables show promise in alleviating knee OA pain, yet their impact on hip OA symptoms remains inconclusive. The review extends its scope to novel drugs with potential disease-modifying effects, exploring proteinase inhibitors, fibroblast growth factors, Wnt-signaling pathway inhibitors, senolytic agents, anti-nerve growth factor agents, and transforming growth factor-β. Conclusions: Although preliminary studies indicate potential for certain novel agents, challenges and adverse effects necessitate further investigation through rigorous, high-quality research.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread organ involvement, impacting the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. Patients often confront a reduced lifespan, primarily attributed to pulmonary complications. Current therapeutic strategies concentrate on organ-specific interventions to mitigate inflammation and alleviate symptoms. Immunosuppressive drugs, vasodilators, and anti-fibrotic agents are commonly employed, but ongoing research explores novel drugs and therapeutic approaches. Autologous stem cell transplantation is considered in rapidly progressing interstitial lung disease, although potential complications must be carefully weighed. Recent studies delve into the intricate pathogenesis of SSc, revealing abnormalities in metabolic pathways and protein regulation. The disease manifests with diverse symptoms affecting various organs, with vascular involvement significantly contributing to morbidity, especially pulmonary arterial hypertension. Complications, including heightened susceptibility to infections, are exacerbated by the disease and its treatments. Ongoing research investigates potential treatments such as GPR68 antagonists, soluble guanylate cyclase activators, and melanocortin 1 receptor agonists, displaying promising results in improving pulmonary function. Multiple clinical trials for various drugs are currently underway. In conclusion, addressing the complexities of systemic sclerosis requires a multidisciplinary approach. Understanding its intricate pathogenesis and developing targeted therapies are pivotal for enhancing patient outcomes and extending survival.

Introduction and Objective: In the modern era, where non-communicable diseases account for 74% of deaths, physical activity plays a crucial role in reducing mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes. This article aims to assess the benefits and risks of trampoline bouncing as an exercise modality. State of Knowledge: Scientific evidence predominantly focuses on rebounding-related injuries, overshadowing the relatively underexplored benefits of trampolining. Cardiovascular advantages, including increased VO2max, are notable, with mini-trampoline exercise proving more effective than traditional running. Trampolining exhibits the potential to reduce BMI and weight, impacting cardiovascular risk factors while contributing to bone strength and mental well-being. Positive outcomes are suggested for specific groups, such as Parkinson's patients and children with disabilities. Summary: Trampoline rebounding, particularly with mini-trampolines, presents an enjoyable exercise form with significant health benefits, encompassing enhanced cardiovascular endurance, improved balance, and positive effects on bone structure and mental well-being. Despite prevalent injuries associated with trampoline use, the article highlights effective preventive measures. In conclusion, trampoline bouncing holds promise as a valuable component of a healthy lifestyle, provided adequate precautions are taken to mitigate associated risks.

Viral respiratory infections (VRI) are the most prevalent type of infectious diseases and constitute one of the most common causes of contact with medical care. Regarding the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, VRI can not only exacerbate already existing chronic cardiovascular disease (such as coronary artery disease or heart failure) but also trigger new adverse events or complications (e.g., venous thromboembolism), the latter particularly in subjects with multimorbidity or disease-related immobilization. In the current paper, we provide a narrative review of diverse cardiovascular complications of VRI as well as summarize available data on the pathology of the circulatory system in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).