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Objectives To evaluate ophthalmic Doppler velocimetry patterns in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes mellitus with and without retinopathy in comparison to pregnant women without gestational intercurrences. Methods This cross-sectional observational study analyzed Doppler indices of the ophthalmic arteries, including the resistive index (RI), pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity, second peak systolic velocity, peak ratio, and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), in 3 groups of pregnant women: diabetic with retinopathy (n = 12); diabetic without retinopathy (n = 85); and nondiabetic controls (n = 122). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the statistical analysis with a probability of 95%. Results The mean gestational ages ± SDs of pregnant women with and without retinopathy and nondiabetic controls were 29.1 ± 2.2, 29.7 ± 2.7, and 31 ± 1.0 weeks, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups (P > .099). The mean RI in the group with retinopathy was significantly higher (P = .030) than in the control group, but it did not significantly differ compared to the group without retinopathy (P = .204). The RI in the control group did not differ from that in the group without retinopathy (P = .079). The EDV was significantly lower in the group with retinopathy (P = .015) in relation to the control group, but there were no differences compared to the group without retinopathy (P = .217). Conclusions Pregnant women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and retinopathy had increased vascular impedance in the ophthalmic artery together with a reduction in the EDV, which was probably related to ischemia, thrombosis, and neovascularization of retinal vessels.

No presente artigo pretendemos fazer uma breve reflexao acerca do que se poderia chamar de Comentarios ao Hexameron , pronunciados em diferentes epocas nos Sermoes de Agostinho de Hipona.Trata-se do Sermo I sobre a concordância entre Gn 1,1 e Jo 1,1 contra os maniqueus; Sermo Denis 2, pronunciado na vigilia pascal de 399, quando Agostinho tinha dado uma orientacao decisiva a sua meditacao e compreensao acerca da criacao; Sermo CCXXIX dedicado aos varios dias da criacao: CCXXIX R sobre o segundo dia da criacao, CCXXIX S sobre o terceiro dia da criacao, CCXXIX T sobre o quarto dia da criacao, CCXXIX U sobre o quinto dia da criacao, CCXXIX V sobre o sexto dia da criacao. Aliada a preocupacao pastoral e catequetica do Bispo de Hipona, encontramos aqui a preocupacao por aproximar-se de todos num esforco de extraordinaria clareza na explicacao da Palavra de Deus e suas implicacoes existenciais na vida humana. Palavras-chave : Agostinho, criacao, Hexameron . In this article, I intend to briefly discuss what could be called the Commentary on the Hexameron , conceived at different times within the Sermons of Augustine of Hippo. These are Sermo I, on the conformity between Gn. 1:1 and Jo. 1:1 against the Manichaeans; Sermo Denis 2, delivered at the Easter Vigil of 399, when Augustine had given decisive guidance on his meditation and understanding of creation; Sermo CCXXIX, devoted to the several days of creation; CCXXIX R, about the second day of creation; CCXXIX S, about the third day of creation; CCXXIX T, about the fourth day of creation, CCXXIX U, about the fifth day of creation; and CCXXIX V, about the sixth day of creation. Along with the pastoral and catechetical concern of the Bishop of Hippo, we also find here the concern about engaging everyone in an effort of extraordinary clarity in order to explain the Word of God and its existential implications in human life. Keywords : Augustine, Creation, Hexameron . DOI: https://doi.org/10.21747/ civitas/72018a4

Background Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that causes congenital toxoplasmosis by transplacental transmission. Parasite strains are genetically diverse and disease severity is related to the genotype. In Uberlândia city, Brazil, two virulent strains were isolated: TgChBrUD1 and TgChBrUD2. Congenital toxoplasmosis is more prevalent in South America compared to Europe, and more often associated with severe symptoms, usually as a result of infection with atypical strains. Methods Considering that T. gondii has shown high genetic diversity in Brazil, the effectiveness of traditional treatment may not be the same, as more virulent strains of atypical genotypes may predominate. Thus, the aim of this study were to evaluate the Brazilian strain infection rate in human villous explants and the azithromycin efficacy with regard to the control of these strains compared to traditional therapy. Villi were infected with RH, ME49, TgChBrUD1 or TgChBrUD2 strains and treated with azithromycin, spiramycin or a combination of pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The villous viability was analyzed by LDH assay and morphological analysis. Parasite proliferation, as well as production of cytokines was analyzed by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 5.0. Results The treatments were not toxic and TgChBrUD1 infected villi showed a higher parasite burden compared with others strains. Treatments significantly reduced the intracellular proliferation of T. gondii, regardless of the strain. TgChBrUD1-infected villi produced a larger amount of MIF, IL-6 and TGF-β1 compared with other infected villi. Azithromycin treatment increased MIF production by RH- or TgChBrUD2-infected villi, but in ME49- or TgChBrUD1-infected villi, the MIF production was not altered by treatment. On the other hand, azithromycin treatment induced lower IL-6 production by ME49- or TgChBrUD1-infected villi. Conclusions Azithromycin treatment was effective against T. gondii Brazilian strains compared with conventional treatment. Also, the TgChBrUD1 strain replicated more in villi and modulated important cytokines involved in parasite control, showing that different strains use different strategies to evade the host immune response and ensure their survival.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic behavior of the ophthalmic artery by means of the Doppler ultrasound, in postpartum preeclamptic women. It was an observational prospective study with 44 postpartum preeclamptic women (group 1) and 49 postpartum normal women with normal blood pressure and with no previous illnesses known (group 2). All the pregnant women had a Doppler ultrasound exam of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium, that is, 10 days for the delivery (time 1). Group 1 was then followed prospectively, 26 patients of which returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 45 days (time 2) and 29 patients returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 90 days (time 3). All these women had preeclampsia before the delivery. The resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDV), second peak of systolic velocity (P2), and the peak ratio (PR) were calculated. The data obtained are expressed in average and standard deviation, by using the Lilliefors test for normality. The average of the Doppler indexes in groups 1 and 2 was compared by means of test t of the student. Group 1 was analyzed separately, comparing the three times, using the test of ANOVA for repetitive measures and Tukey post-hoc range test. In the "Results" section, the statically meaningful differences in RI, PI, P2, RPV, and EDV (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0009, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0028) were found in the immediate puerperium of group 1 in relation to group 2, indicating the persistence of hyperperfusion and orbital vasodilatation in the immediate postpartum period in patients who had complicated pregnancies previously due to preeclampsia. In the evolutionary analysis of group 1, comparing the Doppler indexes between the immediate and late puerperium, statistically relevant differences between the rates of RI, P2, and PR (p < 0,01) were observed, showing a raise of RI and reduction of P2 and PR, and also a tendency of normalization of these rates in the late puerperium. When the same indexes were compared (PI, P2, and PR) now in times 2 and 3, the remote, and late puerperium, respectively, there were no significant differences, indicating the stabilization of these indexes since the 45th day of the puerperium. Within 90 days, RI, PI, and PR are not stabilized yet in relation to the control, even though there is a tendency of these indexes to reach the control. In conclusion, there was persistence of signs of vasodilatation and hyperperfusion of the orbital territory, represented by Doppler of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium of preeclamptic women. A tendency of normalization of the orbital hemodynamic standard in the pregnant women from the period of the late puerperium was observed, but there was no complete normalization of the vascular pattern on the remote postpartum.

Classical treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis is based on combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid. Due to teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression caused by pyrimethamine, the establishment of new therapeutic strategies is indispensable to minimize the side effects and improve the control of infection. Previous studies demonstrated that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril reduced the incidence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in the control of T. gondii infection in human trophoblast cells (BeWo line) and in human villous explants from the third trimester. BeWo cells and villous were treated with several concentrations of enrofloxacin, toltrazuril, sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, or combination of sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine, and the cellular or tissue viability was verified. Next, BeWo cells were infected by T. gondii (2F1 clone or the ME49 strain), whereas villous samples were only infected by the 2F1 clone. Then, infected cells and villous were treated with all antibiotics and the T. gondii intracellular proliferation as well as the cytokine production were analyzed. Finally, we evaluated the direct effect of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in tachyzoites to verify possible changes in parasite structure. Enrofloxacin and toltrazuril did not decrease the viability of cells and villous in lower concentrations. Both drugs were able to significantly reduce the parasite intracellular proliferation in BeWo cells and villous explants when compared to untreated conditions. Regardless of the T. gondii strain, BeWo cells infected and treated with enrofloxacin or toltrazuril induced high levels of IL-6 and MIF. In villous explants, enrofloxacin induced high MIF production. Finally, the drugs increased the number of unviable parasites and triggered damage to tachyzoite structure. Taken together, it can be concluded that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril are able to control T. gondii infection in BeWo cells and villous explants, probably by a direct action on the host cells and parasites, which leads to modifications of cytokine release and tachyzoite structure.

A dopplervelocimetria colorida é uma modalidade do exame ultra-sonográfico que se expandiu rapidamente em todas as áreas da medicina, em virtude da sua riqueza de informações. A dopplervelocimetria colorida das artérias orbitais tem sido empregada no auxílio diagnóstico de doenças oftalmológicas, bem como para o estudo de doenças específicas como a pré-eclâmpsia. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a anatomia normal da região orbital e detalhar a técnica de exame dopplervelocimétrico colorido, tendo em vista ser este um exame acessível e reprodutível. Acreditamos que surgirão novas aplicações deste método, que deverá ser inserido na prática diária do radiologista, visando à melhoria da qualidade do diagnóstico e seguimento das doenças oculares e sistêmicas.

A dopplervelocimetria colorida é uma modalidade do exame ultra-sonográfico que se expandiu rapidamente em todas as áreas da medicina, em virtude da sua riqueza de informações. A dopplervelocimetria colorida das artérias orbitais tem sido empregada no auxílio diagnóstico de doenças oftalmológicas, bem como para o estudo de doenças específicas como a pré-eclâmpsia. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a anatomia normal da região orbital e detalhar a técnica de exame dopplervelocimétrico colorido, tendo em vista ser este um exame acessível e reprodutível. Acreditamos que surgirão novas aplicações deste método, que deverá ser inserido na prática diária do radiologista, visando à melhoria da qualidade do diagnóstico e seguimento das doenças oculares e sistêmicas.Color dopplervelocimetry is an ultrasound modality that has rapidly expanded to all medical areas due to the large amount of information that can be obtained. Orbital color dopplervelocimetry has been used for the diagnosis of ophthalmic disorders and to study specific diseases such as preeclampsia. The aim of this study is to describe the normal anatomy of the orbit and the technical details of color dopplervelocimetry, since this is an accessible and reproducible technique. We believe that new applications for this technique will emerge and that it will be introduced in the daily practice of radiologists to improve the quality of diagnosis and follow-up of ocular and systemic diseases.

Objective To assess the Doppler indexes of the ophthalmic artery in pregnant women who have been diagnosed with chronic arterial hypertension, as well as to compare these data with a group of non-hypertension pregnant women and to identify the cut-off points for differentiating between the indexes of both groups. Method This investigation refers to transversal observational study, which assessed 220 pregnant women who have chronic arterial hypertension as well as non-hypertension pregnant women in their second and third trimesters constituting, respectively, the study group and the control group. All the patients underwent Doppler evaluation of the ophthalmic artery, with an evaluation of the resistance indexes (IR), pulsatility (IP), and ratio between velocity peaks (RPV). Results There was a meaningful difference between the averages of the Doppler indexes of the ophthalmic artery between the two groups assessed; showing lower IR and IP values and higher RPV in the study group in relation to the control group and it was possible to identify cut-off points for differentiation between the indexes of both groups Conclusion There are flow alterations in the ophthalmic arteries of pregnant women who have chronic arterial hypertension, represented by signs of moderate vasodilatation and impedance fall in the orbital territory, the fact which can be extrapolated for the small-caliber veins of the central nervous system, considering the ophthalmic arteries belong to the central nervous system. As to the discrimination between the groups, the ratio between velocity peaks has shown to be the best index

To determine the pattern of alcohol use before and during pregnancy and associated risk factors in puerperal women hospitalized in a public university hospital in Southeastern Brazil.Between June and September 2009, 493 puerperae were consecutively evaluated. Those with cognitive impairment were excluded from the study. The AUDIT and CAGE questionnaires were used to diagnose alcohol use/abuse before pregnancy, in addition to the T-ACE during pregnancy. Another questionnaire was applied to collect sociodemographic data, such as age, educational level, marital status, and household income. The χ² test was used in the statistical analysis and the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated. A p-value0.05 was considered to be significant.Before pregnancy, the CAGE was positive in 50/405 (12.3%) women and the AUDIT identified alcohol use in 331 (67.1%), which was of low risk in 233 (47.3%), risky in 73 (14.8%), and harmful or indicating possible alcohol dependence in 25 (5%). During pregnancy, the CAGE was positive in 53/405 (13.1%) women and the T-ACE in 84 (17%); the AUDIT identified alcohol use in 114 women, which was of low risk in 73 (14.8%), risky in 27 (5.5%), and harmful or indicating possible alcohol dependence in 14 (2.8%). During pregnancy, alcohol use was more frequent (OR=2.8; 95%CI 1.2 - 6.2) among women with a lower educational level (8.8 versus 3.3%) and more frequent (OR=3.8; 95%CI 1.3 - 11.1) among those who did not cohabit with a partner (6 versus 1.7%). Among pregnant women who drank alcohol, 49/114 (43%) were advised to stop drinking.Alarming alcohol use was observed during pregnancy, especially among pregnant women with a lower educational level and those who did not cohabit with a partner. There was a low frequency of counseling aimed at abstinence and the AUDIT was the instrument that most frequently diagnosed alcohol consumption.

To evaluate the hemodynamic patterns of the ophthalmic artery by Doppler analysis in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), comparing them to normal pregnant women.A prospective case-control study that analyzed the ophthalmic artery Doppler indices in two groups: one consisting of 40 women diagnosed with GDM and the other of 40 normal pregnant women. Included were pregnant women with GDM criteria of the American Diabetes Association-2012, with 27 weeks of pregnancy to term, and excluded were women with hypertension, use of vasoactive drugs on or previous diagnosis of diabetes. Doppler analysis was performed in one eye with a 10 MHz linear transducer and the Sonoace 8000 Live Medison® equipment. The following variables were analyzed: pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak velocity ratio (PVR), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV). To analyze the normality of the samples we used the Lillefors test, and to compare means and medians we used the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test according to data normality, with the level of significance set at 95%.The median and mean values with standard deviation of the variables of the ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry group GDM and normal pregnant women were: IP=1.7±0.6 and 1.6±0.4 (p=0.7); IR=0.7 and 0.7 (p=0.9); RPV=0.5±0.1 and 0.5±0.1 (p=0.1), PSV=33.6 and 31.9 cm/sec (p=0.7); VDF=6.3 and 7.9 cm/sec (p=0.4). There was no significant difference in the means and medians of these variables between the two groups of pregnant women.The ophthalmic artery hemodynamic patterns, analyzed by means of a Doppler technique remained unchanged in the group of pregnant women with GDM compared to the group of normal pregnant women, suggesting that the time of exposure to the disease during pregnancy was too short to cause significant vascular disorders in the central territory.

Because macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine in pregnancy and has a role in inflammatory response and pathogen defense, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of MIF in first- and third-trimester human placental explants infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Explants were treated with recombinant MIF, IL-12, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β1, or IL-10, followed by infection with T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. Supernatants of cultured explants were assessed for MIF production. Explants were processed for morphologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR analysis. Comparison of infected and stimulated explants versus noninfected control explants demonstrated a significant increase in MIF release in first-trimester but not third-trimester explants. Tissue parasitism was higher in third- than in first-trimester explants. Moreover, T. gondii DNA content was lower in first-trimester explants treated with MIF compared with untreated explants. However, in third-trimester explants, MIF stimulus decreased T. gondii DNA content only at the highest concentration of the cytokine. In addition, high expression of MIF receptor was observed in first-trimester placental explants, whereas MIF receptor expression was low in third-trimester explants. In conclusion, MIF was up-regulated and demonstrated to be important for control of T. gondii infection in first-trimester explants, whereas lack of MIF up-regulation in third-trimester placentas may be involved in higher susceptibility to infection at this gestational age.

to analyze the ophthalmic artery functioning in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (PL) without active renal disease as compared to non-pregnant women with lupus (NPL) without active renal disease, and to normal pregnant women (PN).observational study that analyzed ophthalmic artery dopplervelocimetric variables of 20 PN, 10 PL and 17 NPL women. The variables analyzed were: pulsatility index (PI), final diastolic velocity (FDV) and velocity peak ratio (VPR). Mean and standard deviation of these indexes were calculated. For group mean comparison, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey test have been used, with confidence interval of 95% (p0.05).the PN group showed the following means and standard deviations of ophthalmic artery parameters: PI=2,4+/-0,3; VPR=0,5+/-0,1 e FDV=5,1+/-2,1 cm/s. The PL and NPL groups showed the following values, respectively: PI=2,0+/-0,4 and 1,9+/-0,4; VPR=0,6+/-0,1 and 0,6+/-0,1; FDV=9,7+/-3,9 cm/s and 8,1+/-4,3 cm/s. There was not significant mean difference between the PL and NPL groups for PI, VPR or FDV. However, statistically significant mean differences were observed between PN and PL for PI, VPR and FDV, with higher values of FDV and VPR in the PL group.there was a reduction of ophthalmic artery vascular impedance with orbital hyperfusion in the two groups of women with lupus erythematosus as compared to normal pregnant women. These results may help to improve the understanding on pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, the present method may be applied in future studies as a complementary procedure for the differential diagnosis between pre-eclampsia and renal failure due to lupus.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os padrões dos índices doplervelocimétricos das artérias oftálmica e central da retina durante o segundo e terceiro trimestres da gestação normal e comparar os valores obtidos do olho direito e esquerdo das gestantes. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal no qual se avaliaram seis índices doplervelocimétricos das artérias central da retina e oftálmica em 51 gestantes normais, com idades gestacionais entre a 20ª e a 38ª semana. As variáveis analisadas foram os índices de resistência e pulsatilidade (IR, IP), os picos de velocidade sistólica e diastólica (PVS, PVD) e a razão entre picos de velocidade (RPV). A análise dos índices doplervelocimétricos dos olhos direito e esquerdo foi realizada utilizando-se a mediana dos valores. Para a comparação dos valores dos índices entre os dois olhos das gestantes, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para dados pareados. A associação entre a idade gestacional e os índices foi testada empregando-se o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5% para os testes estatísticos. RESULTADOS: a mediana dos índices doplervelocimétricos das artérias oftálmica e central da retina foram, respectivamente: IP=1,83; IR=0,78; PVS=34,20; PVD=6,80; RPV=0,48 e IP=1,34; IR=0,70; PVS=7,40; PVD=2,10. Não houve diferenças na análise comparativa dos índices doplervelocimétricos entre os olhos direito e esquerdo das gestantes normais. O coeficiente de correlação linear entre a idade gestacional e os índices de ambas as artérias não mostrou diferença significante durante a gestação normal. CONCLUSÃO: é factível a análise unilateral dos índices doplervelocimétricos das artérias oftálmica e central da retina no estudo de doenças maternas sistêmicas. Não há mudança significativa dos índices doplervelocimétricos das artérias oftálmica e central da retina ao longo da gestação normal entre a 20ª e a 38ª semana. PURPOSE: to evaluate ophthalmic and retinal central artery Doppler indices during the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy and to compare the right with left eye Doppler indices of normotensive women. METHODS: a cross-sectional study which evaluated central retinal and ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry values of 51 normal pregnant women, in the 20th to 38th week of gestation. The following values were analyzed: pulsatility and resistance indexes (PI, RI), peak systolic and end-diastolic flow velocity (PSV, EDFV) and peak velocity ratio (PVR). The Doppler indices in the right and left eyes were studied by the median. The paired Student's t test was used to confront the right and left eye values and the Pearson linear correlation analysis was performed to study the value changes throughout the gestation, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Doppler velocimetry indices of ophthalmic and central retinal arteries (median values) were, respectively: PI=1.83; RI=0.78; PSV=34.20; EDFV=6.80; PVR=0.48 and PI=1.34; RI=0.70; PSV=7.40; EDFV=2.10. There was no significant difference between the right and left side Doppler values. Linear correlation analysis showed no association between the arterial values and pregnancy age. CONCLUSION: the unilateral analysis of ophthalmic and central retinal artery Doppler velocimetry values can be used in systemic maternal disease. There is no significant change in ophthalmic and central retinal artery Doppler velocimetry values throughout normal pregnancy.

The Doppler changes and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed with independent sample t-test, Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s correlation using the SPSS statistical software (version 12.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Results: Twenty one patients with myomas and 30 normal patients were enrolled in this study. The RI and S/D ratio of the uterine artery on both sides were not differ in the myoma group and in control group (P = 0.42, P = 0.15, P = 0.29, P = 0.12, in Right RI, Left RI, Right S/D, Left S/D, respectively). In patients with right side dominant myoma and with left side dominant myoma, the uterine artery Doppler RI and S/D ratio were not differ significantly (P = 0.65, P = 0.22, P = 0.39, P = 0.28, in Right RI, Left RI, Right S/D, Left S/D, respectively). Age is significantly higher in the myoma group (P = 0.03), but there were no differences in gestational age at birth, birth weight, five minute APGAR score, Cesarean section due to fetal distress and neonatal intensive unit care (P = 0.62, P = 0.20, P = 0.08, P = 0.99, P = 0.10, respectively). Conclusions: According to this study, the presence of myoma as well as the location and the size of myoma didn’t change the uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and didn’t affect the pregnancy outcome. Cesarean section or early delivery due to large myoma could be reserved in prenatal management. Further study with a larger study population would be needed for better outcome.

Objective: To compare ophthalmic and central retinal arteries Doppler in preeclamptic women with and without visual disturbance and headache. Methods: Transversal study that compared the ophthalmic and retinal central arteries Doppler indices of 40 preeclamptic women with no symptoms compared to 7 preeclamptic women with visual disturbance and headache. Right and left eyes averages Doppler indices were evaluates and resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and peak ratio (PR) were calculated. Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the two groups, with significance level of 5%. Results: The main visual disturbance was photophobia. All the seven women referred headache associated with photophobia, and they were not using any medication. There was no statistical significant difference in RI, PI, PSV, EDV, PR (p = 0.99; 0.23; 0.84; 0.85; 0.08) ophthalmic artery and RI, PI, PSV, EDV (p = 0.34; 0.35; 0.87; 0.57) central retinal artery, comparing women with and without visual disturbance and headache. Conclusion: Preeclamptic women with visual disturbance and headache do not show any worse in the orbital vascular vasodilatation or hyperperfusion. This is a preliminary analysis, and furthers studies will be necessary to clarify this question.

Objective: To compare ophthalmic and central retinal arteries Doppler in preeclamptic women with and without visual disturbance and headache. Methods: Transversal study that compared the ophthalmic and retinal central arteries Doppler indices of 40 preeclamptic women with no symptoms compared to 7 preeclamptic women with visual disturbance and headache. Right and left eyes averages Doppler indices were evaluates and resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and peak ratio (PR) were calculated. Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the two groups, with significance level of 5%. Results: The main visual disturbance was photophobia. All the seven women referred headache associated with photophobia, and they were not using any medication. There was no statistical significant difference in RI, PI, PSV, EDV, PR (p = 0.99; 0.23; 0.84; 0.85; 0.08) ophthalmic artery and RI, PI, PSV, EDV (p = 0.34; 0.35; 0.87; 0.57) central retinal artery, comparing women with and without visual disturbance and headache. Conclusion: Preeclamptic women with visual disturbance and headache do not show any worse in the orbital vascular vasodilatation or hyperperfusion. This is a preliminary analysis, and furthers studies will be necessary to clarify this question.

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Background Although Toxoplasma gondii infection is normally asymptomatic, severe cases of toxoplasmosis may occur in immunosuppressed patients or congenitally infected newborns. When a fetal infection is established, the recommended treatment is a combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid (PSA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin to control T. gondii infection in human villous explants. Methods Cultures of third trimester human villous explants were infected with T. gondii and simultaneously treated with either PSA or azithromycin. Proliferation of T. gondii, as well as production of cytokines and hormones by chorionic villous explants, was analyzed. Results Treatment with either azithromycin or PSA was able to control T. gondii infection in villous explants. After azithromycin or PSA treatment, TNF-α, IL-17A or TGF-β1 levels secreted by infected villous explants did not present significant differences. However, PSA-treated villous explants had decreased levels of IL-10 and increased IL-12 levels, while treatment with azithromycin increased production of IL-6. Additionally, T. gondii-infected villous explants increased secretion of estradiol, progesterone and HCG + β, while treatments with azithromycin or PSA reduced secretion of these hormones concurrently with decrease of parasite load. Conclusions In conclusion, these results suggest that azithromycin may be defined as an effective alternative drug to control T. gondii infection at the fetal-maternal interface.