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Several studies have shown that accelerated growth in the postnatal period is critical for the development of chronic diseases. The term catch-up has been used for the accelerated growth of children who have suffered some sort of restriction of nutrition or oxygen supply. However, accelerated growth has been observed among children who have an appropriate birth weight for their gestational age (AGA) and with no apparent morbidity. Therefore, this systematic review was carried out on the associated factors of accelerated growth, or catch-up, using the Medline/Pubmed database. Only cohort studies written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, with children between zero and 12 years old who presented accelerated growth or catch-up as the outcome were included. Out of the 2,155 articles found, 9 were selected. There is no uniformity in the operational definition of accelerated growth, or in the concept of catch-up. According to this review, accelerated growth is associated with primiparity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, lower birth weight, and early weaning. The main limitations in the available literature are the high number of follow-up losses and the lack of control for confounding factors. The determinants of accelerated growth still need to be studied further, especially among AGA children.

World Health Organization Background: Two criteria based on a 2 h 75 g OGTT are being used for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM), those recommended over the years by the World Health Organization ( WHO), and those recently recommended by the International Association for Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG), the latter generated in the HAPO study and based on pregnancy outcomes. Our aim is to systematically review the evidence for the associations between GDM ( according to these criteria) and adverse outcomes.Methods: We searched relevant studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Cochrane Library, CINHAL, WHO-Afro library, IMSEAR, EMCAT, IMEMR and WPRIM. We included cohort studies permitting the evaluation of GDM diagnosed by WHO and or IADPSG criteria against adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in untreated women. Only studies with universal application of a 75 g OGTT were included. Relative risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained for each study. We combined study results using a random-effects model. Inconsistency across studies was defined by an inconsistency index (I-2) > 50%.Results: Data were extracted from eight studies, totaling 44,829 women. Greater risk of adverse outcomes was observed for both diagnostic criteria. When using the WHO criteria, consistent associations were seen for macrosomia (RR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.47-2.22; p < 0.001); large for gestational age ( RR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.39-1.69; p < 0.001); perinatal mortality (RR = 1.55; 95% CI 0.88-2.73; p = 0.13); preeclampsia (RR = 1.69; 95%CI 1.31-2.18; p < 0.001); and cesarean delivery (RR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.24-1.51; p < 0.001). Less data were available for the IADPSG criteria, and associations were inconsistent across studies (I-2 >= 73%). Magnitudes of RRs and their 95%CIs were 1.73 (1.282.35; p = 0.001) for large for gestational age; 1.71 (1.38-2.13; p < 0.001) for preeclampsia; and 1.23 (1.01-1.51; p = 0.04) for cesarean delivery. Excluding either the HAPO or the EBDG studies minimally altered these associations, but the RRs seen for the IADPSG criteria were reduced after excluding HAPO.Conclusions: the WHO and the IADPSG criteria for GDM identified women at a small increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Associations were of similar magnitude for both criteria. However, high inconsistency was seen for those with the IADPSG criteria. Full evaluation of the latter in settings other than HAPO requires additional studies. Fed Univ Hlth Sci, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Conceicao Hosp, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, Brazil World Health Organization: 2010/119177-0 World Health Organization: APW 200308151 Web of Science

Pesquisas com base no auto-relato de fatores de risco ou morbidade são úteis em saúde pública, principalmente pelo baixo custo e facilidade de coleta, no entanto a acurácia dos dados coletados é importante para a validade interna da investigação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concordância entre o auto-relato de diabete mellitus gestacional e registros do cartão da gestante (padrão-ouro). A concordância foi medida por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, estatística kappa e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). De julho a dezembro de 2007, todas as mulheres que tiveram filhos em três maternidades de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foram visitadas no pós-parto imediato. Entrevistaram-se 1.047 mulheres, das quais 872 portavam a carteira de gestante; destas, 869 possuíam registro de glicemia. A média de idade foi 26,7 anos. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus gestacional conforme padrão-ouro foi 4,3% (IC95%: 3,0-5,8) e auto-referida, 4% (IC95%: 2,8-5,5). A sensibilidade do auto-relato de diabetes mellitus gestacional foi 72,9% (IC95%: 55,9-86,2); especificidade, 99% (IC95%: 98,1-99,6); acurácia, 97,9% (IC95%: 96,7-98,7); kappa, 74%. Para esta população, auto-relato de diabetes mellitus gestacional é uma informação válida e pode ser usada em estudos de base populacional. Studies based on self-reporting of risk factors or morbidity are useful in public health, due mainly to the low cost and ease of data collection, but the accuracy of the resulting data is important for the internal validity of the research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus and prenatal care medical records (gold standard). Agreement was measured by sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, kappa statistic, and confidence intervals (95%CI). From July to December 2007, all the women who gave birth in three maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were visited in the immediate postpartum. 1,047 women were interviewed, of whom 872 were in possession of their prenatal care card; of these, 869 had their blood glucose recorded on the card. Mean age was 26.7 years. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus based on the gold standard was 4.3% (95%CI: 3.0-5.8), while the self-reported rate was 4% (95%CI: 2.8-5.5). Sensitivity of self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus was 72.9% (95%CI: 55.9-86.2); specificity was 99% (95%CI: 98.1-99.6); accuracy 97.9% (95%CI: 96.7-98.7); kappa 74%. For this population, self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus is valid information and can be used in population-based studies.

Consensus statements by various countries have reported age, obesity, and family history of diabetes mellitus as risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Other factors remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with gestational diabetes among mothers of newborns from the birth cohort in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2004. We interviewed 4,243 postpartum women in hospital, with a 0.5% refusal rate. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes was self-reported. Prevalence of gestational diabetes was 2.95% (95%CI: 2.53-3.64). Crude analysis using the chi-square test showed a direct association with age, schooling, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI) and an inverse association with maternal height. Non-white color, family history of diabetes mellitus, smoking in the first and second trimesters, and physical activity before the pregnancy and in the first trimester were associated with the outcome. Adjusted hierarchical analysis using logistic regression showed an association with age, non-white color, higher schooling, family history of diabetes, and BMI. Height showed borderline significance. Smoking in the first and second trimesters showed a protective effect.

Studies based on self-reporting of risk factors or morbidity are useful in public health, due mainly to the low cost and ease of data collection, but the accuracy of the resulting data is important for the internal validity of the research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus and prenatal care medical records (gold standard). Agreement was measured by sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, kappa statistic, and confidence intervals (95%CI). From July to December 2007, all the women who gave birth in three maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were visited in the immediate postpartum. 1,047 women were interviewed, of whom 872 were in possession of their prenatal care card; of these, 869 had their blood glucose recorded on the card. Mean age was 26.7 years. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus based on the gold standard was 4.3% (95%CI: 3.0-5.8), while the self-reported rate was 4% (95%CI: 2.8-5.5). Sensitivity of self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus was 72.9% (95%CI: 55.9-86.2); specificity was 99% (95%CI: 98.1-99.6); accuracy 97.9% (95%CI: 96.7-98.7); kappa 74%. For this population, self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus is valid information and can be used in population-based studies.

Medir cobertura, foco, fatores associados à participação e vinculação à Campanha Nacional de Detecção de Diabetes Mellitus em Pelotas, sul do Brasil. Foram entrevistadas 3.100 pessoas na zona urbana de Pelotas, em estudo transversal de base populacional. Utilizaram-se diferentes critérios para cobertura: utilização, cobertura entre usuários estimados, cobertura entre usuários declarados. O foco foi a proporção dos testes realizados em pessoas que atendiam a critérios de inclusão. As coberturas encontradas foram: utilização 45,8% (IC95%: 43,0-48,5), cobertura entre usuários estimados 37,7% (IC95%: 35,1-40,5), cobertura entre usuários declarados 38,5% (IC95%: 35,2-41,9). O foco foi de 46,5% (IC95%: 42,8-50,2). Sexo feminino, maior idade e menor escolaridade foram associados com aderência à campanha. Dentre aqueles com rastreamento positivo e sem diagnóstico prévio, 42,4% foram mais tarde vistos por médico e metade confirmou diagnóstico. A campanha teve baixa cobertura e foi pouco focalizada. Esforços devem ser concentrados em melhor atendimento aos já diagnosticados, vinculando-os aos serviços através de oferta regular de medicações e estratégias educativas. The objective of this study was to measure coverage, focus, factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. 3,100 individuals living within the city limits of Pelotas were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Coverage was calculated based on different criteria: utilization, coverage among estimated users, and coverage among self-declared users. The focus was the proportion of tests performed in individuals who had met the inclusion criteria. Coverage rates were: utilization, 45.8% (95%CI: 43.0-48.5), among estimated users, 37.7% (95%CI: 35.1-40.5), and among self-declared users, 38.5% (95%CI: 35.2-41.9). Focus was 46.5% (95%CI: 42.8-50.2). Female gender, older age, and lower schooling were associated with adherence to the campaign. A total of 42.4% of individuals with positive screening tests but without prior diagnoses were subsequently examined by physicians, and half of the diagnoses were confirmed. The campaign showed a low coverage and poor focus. Efforts should be concentrated on improving care for individuals who have already been diagnosed, linking them to services by offering regular medication and educational strategies.

Three cohort studies of children born in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were carried out in 1982, 1993, and 2004. The aim of these studies was to measure the occurrence of hospitalization in the first year of life and to examine the association between hospitalization and the cause of admission and sex, birth weight, and family income. Cause of admission was categorized as “diarrhea” and “all other causes”. The frequency of children hospitalized at least once during their first year of life was 19.6% in 1982, 18.1% in 1993, and 19.2% in 2004. There was a marked reduction in hospitalizations due to diarrhea, but the frequency of hospitalization for all causes remained constant. In all three cohorts, infants from poorer families and those born weighing under 2,000g showed the highest frequencies of hospitalization due to diarrhea and all other causes, and the latter also showed a marked increase in hospitalizations due to all causes. These findings could be explained by an epidemic of preterm births in the study population. Foram organizadas três coortes de crianças nascidas na área urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, em 1982, 1993 e 2004. O presente estudo teve como objetivos medir a ocorrência de hospitalização no primeiro ano de vida e estudar a associação entre hospitalização e causa de internação e sexo, peso ao nascer e renda familiar. As causas de internação eram categorizadas como “diarréia” e “todas as outras causas”. As proporções de crianças hospitalizadas pelo menos uma vez durante o primeiro de ano de vida foram 19,6% em 1982, 18,1% em 1993 e 19,2% em 2004. Houve uma redução marcante nas internações por diarréia, enquanto permanecia constante a freqüência de internações por todas as causas. Nas três coortes, as crianças de famílias mais pobres e aquelas que nasceram com peso abaixo de 2000g mostraram as freqüências mais elevadas de internações por diarréia e por todas as outras causas, e a coorte de 2004 também mostrou um aumento marcante nas internações por todas as causas. Os achados podem ser explicados por uma epidemia de nascimentos prematuros na população estudada.

The objective of this study was to measure coverage, focus, factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. 3,100 individuals living within the city limits of Pelotas were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Coverage was calculated based on different criteria: utilization, coverage among estimated users, and coverage among self-declared users. The focus was the proportion of tests performed in individuals who had met the inclusion criteria. Coverage rates were: utilization, 45.8% (95%CI: 43.0-48.5), among estimated users, 37.7% (95%CI: 35.1-40.5), and among self-declared users, 38.5% (95%CI: 35.2-41.9). Focus was 46.5% (95%CI: 42.8-50.2). Female gender, older age, and lower schooling were associated with adherence to the campaign. A total of 42.4% of individuals with positive screening tests but without prior diagnoses were subsequently examined by physicians, and half of the diagnoses were confirmed. The campaign showed a low coverage and poor focus. Efforts should be concentrated on improving care for individuals who have already been diagnosed, linking them to services by offering regular medication and educational strategies.