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Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do tipo de substrato e do tratamento da superfície na resistência de aderência e na permeabilidade de argamassa de revestimento. Para tanto, uma mesma argamassa foi aplicada sobre blocos cerâmico e de concreto, e substrato-padrão de concreto, nos quais foram realizados tratamentos superficiais com hidrofugante e silicone para alterar os níveis de absorção de água sem mudar a rugosidade superficial. Todas as condições de mistura, aplicação e cura foram mantidas constantes e os resultados indicaram que há considerável diferença no espalhamento e no tempo em aberto das argamassas em função do tipo de substrato ou tratamento superficial; não houve diferença estatística nos resultados de resistência de aderência ou permeabilidade das argamassas aplicadas sobre os blocos cerâmico e de concreto, independente do tratamento da superfície, porém os valores foram menores do que para as argamassas aplicadas sobre o substrato-padrão de concreto; e apesar de o coeficiente de absorção de água dos substratos influenciar diretamente os parâmetros avaliados, para cada tipo de substrato foi observada uma tendência, indicando que a absorção é importante, porém não é a variável de maior interferência na aderência argamassa-substrato. Abstract The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the substrate type and water absorption on the properties of rendering mortars. A mortar was applied on ceramic and concrete blocks and on standard concrete substrate, which received superficial treatments with water repellent and silicon. This strategy was used to alter the water absorption without changing the roughness. The mixture, application, and cure of the mortars were kept constant, and the results indicated that there are considerable differences in the spreading and open-time of mortars depending on the surface treatment and substrate type; there were no statistical differences in the adhesion or permeability of mortars applied on the ceramic and concrete blocks, regardless of surface treatment, but the values were much lower than those observed on the standard concrete substrate; and even with a direct influence of the coefficient of water absorption on adhesion and permeability, a different tendency was observed for each kind of substrate, indicating that, while absorption is important, it is not the main variable influencing the performance of coatings.

Cement hydration occurs according to a sequence of reactions whose products have a direct influence on the working properties of concretes and mortars during their use. The understanding of the evolution of its formation is quite simple and focused on monitoring the identification of resulting hydrate formed and their corresponding quantification by content of bound water after hydration stoppage and drying at certain set periods of time. Among the more common techniques are the methods of direct drying, where free water is eliminated by evaporation or sublimation or by replacing the existing water with organic solvents and then evaporating them. The existing doubts about the effect of these treatments in the change of the hydrate composition make it difficult to obtain an accurate determination. This work aimed to assess the impact of the stoppage of the hydration reaction of CPV (cement Portland type V from Brazilian market) in the results obtained by freeze-drying or immersion in an organic solvent as isopropanol or acetone, followed by substitution for diethyl ether. This last step is aimed at dispensing with the need for elevated temperatures or other aggressive solvent elimination methods such as evaporation under low pressure. The hydration was monitored at the previously set periods, and the hydrated products were analyzed by thermogravimetry and X-ray diffractometry. The results indicate that the technique of immersion on isopropanol and drying with diethyl ether is the most suitable one, as it does not affect the hydrated product composition.

Resumen Este estudio muestra la influencia que produce la sustitución parcial de cemento Portland por metacaolín, en las reacciones de hidratación y retracción química de pastas cementicias. Para tal fin se elaboraron pastas utilizando reemplazos de metacaolín de 5, 10 y 20% en masa, además de una pasta de referencia, usando una relación constante agua/sólido de 0,5. La retracción química fue medida en forma continua automatizando el método de la dilatometría, también se evaluó la cinética de hidratación usando un calorímetro isotérmico. Adicionalmente, el desarrollo de la microestructura fue estudiado por análisis termogravimétrico y difracción de rayos X. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existe una excelente relación entre la retracción química y la calorimetría y que la adición de metacaolín produce cambios en la cinética de hidratación, que también afectan a la retracción química. Abstract This study shows the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement by metakaolin in the hydration reactions and chemical shrinkage of cementitious pastes. For this, pastes were prepared using metakaolin replacements of 5, 10 and 20% by mass, and a reference paste, using a constant water/solid ratio of 0,5. Chemical shrinkage was measured continuously automating the method of dilatometry, hydration kinetics was evaluated using an isothermal conduction calorimetry. Additionally, the development of the microstructure was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that there is an excellent relationship between chemical shrinkage and calorimetry and the addition of metakaolin leads to changes of the hydration kinetics, which also affect the chemical shrinkage.

Resumo A utilização de incorporadores de ar em argamassas de revestimento é comum no setor construtivo e estudada há muitos anos, seja na academia ou em centros privados de pesquisa. Por isso, uma gama muito ampla de informações obtidas com os inúmeros estudos são reportadas em literatura, na maioria dos casos ilustrando os efeitos da incorporação de ar, trabalhabilidade, espalhamento, módulo de elasticidade, aumento da permeabilidade ao ar, etc. No entanto, poucas informações são obtidas com relação às causas que resultam em tais efeitos, o que pode ser considerada a fonte das incertezas e empirismo durante o processo de desenvolvimento de tais composições cimentícias. Assim, neste trabalho é apresentada uma revisão sobre as variáveis que influenciam na incorporação de ar nos sistemas cimentícios, que aponta para o impacto da utilização do aditivo na água em presença de cimento (pasta) e na argamassa como um todo.

Hydrated cementitious fines can be recycled by thermal treatment (

This study is part of a global project to find some large-scale application for red mud. A previous work confirmed that the use of RM as partial substitution for cement can affect its rheological properties; however, it is possible to produce cementitious materials without lose mechanical performances at harden state. The main goal of the work was to assess the impact of red mud (RM) as replacement of different Brazilian Portland cements by monitoring the formation of hydrated products over time, by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction and FTIR. Results show that the presence of RM increases the induction period, the gypsum and portlandite consumption as well as the amount of ettringite and monosulfoaluminate produced. The formation of sodium silicoaluminate hydrate (NASH) was also observed, regardless the kind of cement, as a result of the reaction with aluminates and silicates from the binder.

This work was conducted to evaluate the hardening phenomenon of pastes formulated with Portland cements blended with limestone filler (CPIIF), ground blast furnace slag (CPIIE) or pozzolan (CPIIZ). Vicat test, isothermal conduction calorimetry and oscillatory rheometry were the methods used to monitor this transition. The results of Vicat test indicates the faster setting time of pozzolan cement, but no information before this time was obtained. Using isothermal calorimetry was possible to monitor the related changes to the chemical reactions since the first contact with water, and using rheometry, the rate and force of cement particles agglomeration. The main purpose of this work was not extensively explain the results of these three methods, but show that they are complementary to better explain the transition from fluid-to-solid behavior in function of different kind of mineral addition. Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o fenômeno de endurecimento de pastas formuladas com cimentos Portland compostos: calcário (CPIIF), escória granulada de alto forno (CPIIE) ou pozolana (CPIIZ). Ensaio Vicat, calorimetria de condução isotérmica e reometria oscilatória foram os métodos utilizados para monitorar tal transição. Os resultados do ensaio Vicat indicaram menor tempo de pega na composição com o cimento de pozolana, mas nenhuma informação anterior a esse tempo foi obtida. Usando calorimetria isotérmica foi possível monitorar as alterações relacionadas às reações químicas desde o primeiro contato com a água, e aplicando os conceitos de reometria, obteve-se informações sobre a taxa e força de aglomeração de partículas dos cimentos. O objetivo principal não foi explicar extensivamente os resultados destes três métodos, mas mostrar que são complementares para compreender melhor a transição do comportamento fluido para sólido em função de diferentes tipos de adição mineral. Os resultados obtidos para estes três ligantes, com diferentes SCMs, mostraram que seu desempenho é bastante diferente do ponto de vista da hidratação inicial, e consequentemente, pode ser questionado se podem ser considerados intercambiáveis em misturas de concreto ou argamassas com a mesma finalidade.

Although the use of slag Portland cement has many benefits, its chemical reaction is slow in comparison with binders of high clinker content. At the same time, the search for uses of bauxite residue (BR), or red mud as is commonly known, in cementitious compositions has been quickening in recent years due to the need for large-scale applications of this waste. It is known that the interaction Portland cement–BR, improves certain hardened-state properties, but its transition from fluid-to-solid behavior is still not well-understood and has great practical importance. By associating slag Portland cement and BR, the large amount of sodium content in the BR can help the slag reaction, which changes rheological properties over time. Therefore, in this work, superplasticizers, based on sulfonated melamine and/or sodium polycarboxylate molecules were used to minimize these effects, and their influence on the fluid-to-solid transition behavior was monitored through isothermal conduction calorimetry and oscillatory rheometry. The results showed that the BR delays the induction period, increases the reaction rate in the acceleration period, and accentuates the Aft formation and particles’ agglomeration. It was also found that sodium polycarboxylate influences hardening significantly, delaying hydration reactions and stabilizing particles in suspension for a longer period of time.

The use of red mud from Bayer process in association with Portland cement has been shown to be promising because of its good performance on the hardened state. However, the physicochemical interactions during the cement reaction have not been explored in depth in the literature. As the red mud is rich in iron, aluminates, silicate and, mainly, sodium components, the interaction with Portland cement is rather complex. Additionally, the large amount of finer particles can introduce another variable in the development of hydrated compounds. This work was aimed at evaluating the impact from partial substitution of Portland cement for different contents of red mud collected in an alumina production plant in the northeast of Brazil. The hydration reaction was monitored by isothermal conduction calorimetry and the setting time of cement by the Vicat test. The results indicate that the residue of bauxite ore affects the chemical reaction of cement, due to nucleation effects, packing and dilution, and the high amount of sodium and soluble aluminates from the red mud causes the formation of sodium silicoaluminate hydrate (NASH) and a greater amount of hydrated calcium aluminate, which had no effect on the setting time.

The tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and sulfate content in cement influence the hydration chemistry, setting time and rheology of cement paste, mortar and concrete. Here, in situ experiments are performed to better understand the effect of gypsum on the early hydration of cubic (cub-)C3A and Na-doped orthorhombic (orth-)C3A. The isothermal calorimetry data show that the solid-phase assemblage produced by the hydration of C3A is greatly modified as a function of its crystal structure type and gypsum content, the latter of which induces non-linear changes in the heat release rate. These data are consistent with the in situ X-ray diffraction results, which show that a higher gypsum content accelerates the consumption of orth-C3A and the subsequent precipitation of ettringite, which is contrary to the cub-C3A system where gypsum retarded the hydration rate. These in situ results provide new insight into the relationship between the chemistry and early-age properties of cub- and orth-C3A hydration and corroborate the reported ex situ findings of these systems.

In this work, comments are made about indirect methods and direct Chapelle's method applied to the determination of the reactivity of pozzolanic materials. The Chapelle's method is based on the lime-pozzolan reaction and quantifies the pozzolanic reactivity of any material intended to be applied by the cement industry. This lime consumption determination by the pozzolan through this reaction can be made with mass proportions - lime:pozzolan 1:1, as originally proposed by Chapelle or 2:1, as specified in Brazilian and French Standards. Comparative results with both proportions are presented for sugar cane bagasse ash, rice rusk ash, silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin, commonly studied in our country. Statistical calculations showed that for some materials of similar characteristics to the researched RHA, FA e MK at issue, essays carried out with only 1g of CaO may be underestimating the amounts of CaO consumed per gram of pozzolanic material that can be obtained. Comments were made about the Brazilian and French Standards based on this method and emphasized the expression of lime consumption per mass of the amorphous phase of these materials, as determined by X ray diffraction analysis with the Rietveld refinement method. Neste trabalho, são discutidos os métodos indiretos e método de Chapelle direto aplicados para a determinação da reatividade de materiais pozolânicos. O método Chapelle baseia-se na reação química cal-pozolana e quantifica a reatividade pozolânica de materiais destinados à aplicação pela indústria de cimento. A determinação do consumo de cal pela pozolana que ocorre por meio desta reação química pode ser feita empregando-se as proporções em massa cal: pozolana 1:1, como proposto originalmente por Chapelle, ou 2:1, conforme especificado nas normas técnicas brasileira e francesa. São apresentados os resultados comparativos com as duas proporções cal-pozolana para cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, cinza de casca de arroz, sílica ativa, cinza volante e metacaulim, comumente estudados em nosso país. Os cálculos estatísticos indicaram para alguns materiais com características semelhantes aos da cinza de casca de arroz (CCA), cinza volante (CV) e metacaulim (MC), pesquisados em questão, que os ensaios realizados com apenas 1 g de CaO podem estar subestimando os valores obtidos de CaO consumidos por grama de material pozolânico. As normas brasileira e francesa foram discutidas com base nos resultados de ensaios Chapelle e enfatizou-se a quantificação do consumo de cal, em massa, pela fase amorfa destes materiais, que pode ser determinada pela análise de difração de raios-X por meio do método de refinamento de Rietveld.

Resumen Medir la retracción química proporciona información sobre el desarrollo de la cinética de hidratación de materiales cementicios; además está relacionada con el grado y calor de hidratación. Para determinar la retracción química, se cuantifica la variación de volumen debido a las reacciones de hidratación en una muestra de pasta de cemento en condiciones de saturación. En general existen tres formas para medir esta retracción: dilatometría, gravimetría y picnometría. Estos procedimientos experimentales requieren equipos sencillos y de bajo costo. Existen parámetros que pueden influenciar en los resultados, tales como: espesor de la muestra, relación agua/cemento, área superficial de la muestra, cantidad de agua sobre la muestra y composición del cemento. En este trabajo se detallan los métodos para determinar la retracción química en pastas de cemento Portland, así como los parámetros que influencian en los resultados. Abstract Measuring chemical shrinkage provides information about the development of hydration kinetics of cementitious materials. It is also related to the degree and heat of hydration. To determine chemical shrinkage, volume change caused by the hydration reactions in a sample of cement paste under saturation conditions is quantified. There are three methods to measure this shrinkage: dilatometry, gravimetry and picnometry. These experimental procedures require simple and inexpensive equipment. There are parameters that can influence the results, such as sample thickness, water/cement ratio, surface area of the sample, amount of water on the sample and cement composition. In this research, the methods for measuring chemical shrinkage in Portland cement pastes are detailed, as well as the parameters that influence the results.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os dados de literatura que enfatizam a influência da estrutura molecular de policarboxilatos na hidratação do cimento, estudada por ensaios de calor de hidratação, tempos de pega e análise termogravimétrica em pastas de cimento. Com essa mesma metodologia foram avaliados dois policarboxilatos, agente ativo de dois aditivos nacionais cujas estruturas moleculares diferem no tamanho das cadeias laterais. Tanto os dados da literatura quanto os resultados dos ensaios realizados mostram que o fator da estrutura molecular do policarboxilato que determina o retardo da pasta de cimento é a densidade de carga aniônica presente no sistema, a qual é maior quanto menor a densidade de cadeias laterais. Adicionalmente, se comparada a influência na hidratação do cimento de policarboxilatos com igual densidade de cadeias laterais, porém, de tamanhos diferentes, utilizados em igual quantidade em massa, observa-se que aqueles com cadeias laterais menores geram maior retardo. This study aims to present data from the literature that emphasize the influence of the polycarboxylate molecular structure on cement hydration, by isothermal calorimetry, setting times and thermogravimetric analysis of cement pastes. Using the same methodology, two Brazilian poly-carboxylates with different molecular structures, used on the production of Brazilian admixtures, were investigated. The literature data, as well as the test results, show that the main factor of the polycarboxylate molecular structure related to its retarding effect is the anionic charge density present in the system, which is higher when the side chain density is lower. In the case of polycarboxylates with equal side chain density, those with shorter side chains lead to higher retardation when used in the same mass quantity.

Resumo A substituição parcial de cimento Portland por resíduo de bauxita (RB) resulta em produtos com, no mínimo, propriedades similares às dos produtos fabricados com o ligante puro. No entanto, as interações físico-químicas entre os diferentes tipos de cimento e o RB durante a reação de hidratação ainda é pouco explorada em literatura. A elevada quantidade de sódio e a presença de Al2O3, SiO2 e Fe2O3 são fatores que afetam a formação dos produtos hidratados e dependem do tipo de cimento utilizado na mistura. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da presença do resíduo de bauxita em associação ao cimento Portland simples nas primeiras idades de hidratação. Calorimetria de condução isotérmica, difração de raios X, análise termogravimétrica e espectroscopia de infravermelho foram as técnicas escolhidas para o monitoramento. Os resultados ilustraram que a presença do resíduo coletado na planta da Alcoa (Poços de Caldas) aumenta o tempo de indução, o consumo de portlandita, e as quantidades de etringita e monossulfoaluminato formadas. Ao mesmo tempo, houve formação de silicoaluminato de sódio e bicarbonato de sódio, devido às reações com silicatos, aluminatos e com o carbonato do cimento. Abstract The partial substitution of Portland cement by bauxite residue (BR) results in products with, at least, properties similar of products with pure binder. However, the physicochemical interactions between Portland cement and BR during the chemical hydration reaction is still poorly explored in literature. The high amount of sodium and presence of Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3 are factors that affect the formation of hydrated products and depends on the type of Portland cement used. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of use bauxite residue in substitution of part of cement on the early age of hydration. Isothermal conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and FTIR were the methods to this monitoring. The results show that the presence of BR, from Alcoa (Poços de Caldas, Brazil), increases the induction period, the portlandite consumption and the amount of ettringite and monosulfoaluminate produced. At the same time, there are the formation of sodium silicoaluminate hydrate and sodium bicarbonate, due to the reactions with silicates, aluminates and with carbonate from cement.

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of calcium carbonate bioprecipitation by Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida, obtained from the Coleção de Culturas do Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS), as a first step in determining their potential to protect building materials against water uptake. Two culture media were studied: modified B4 containing calcium acetate and 295 with calcium chloride. Calcium consumption in the two media after incubation with and without the bacterial inoculum was determined by atomic absorption analysis. Modified B4 gave the best results and in this medium Pseudomonas putida INQCS 113 produced the highest calcium carbonate precipitation, followed by Lysinibacillus sphaericus INQCS 414; the lowest precipitation was produced by Bacillus subtilis INQCS 328. In this culture medium XRD analysis showed that Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis precipitated calcite and vaterite polymorphs while Lysinibacillus sphaericus produced only vaterite. The shape and size of the crystals were affected by culture medium, bacterial strain and culture conditions, static or shaken. In conclusion, of the three strains Pseudomonas putida INQCS 113 in modified B4 medium gave the best results precipitating 96% of the calcium, this strain thus has good potential for use on building materials.

This article reports the characteristics of blast furnace slag (BFS) pastes activated with hydrated lime (5%) and hydrated lime (2%) plus gypsum (6%) in relation to compressive strength, shrinkage (autogenous and drying) and microstructure (porosity, hydrated products). The paste mixtures were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). BSF activated with lime and gypsum (LG) results in larger amounts of ettringite when compared with BFS activated with lime (L). Although the porosities of the L and LG mixtures were about the same, there was a greater pore refinement for the BFS activated with lime, with an increase in mesopores volume with age. The presence of ettringite and the higher volumes of macropores cause the compressive strength of BSF activated with hydrated lime plus gypsum to be smaller than that of BFS activated with lime. For both chemical activators, compressive strength developed slowly at early ages. Autogenous and drying shrinkage were greater for the BFS activated with lime, believed to result from the more refined porous structure in comparison with the mixture activated with gypsum plus lime.

Ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, as latex or redispersable powder, is added to mortars and concrete to improve the fracture toughness, impermeability and bond strength to various substrates. The physical and chemical interactions were already proved after one day of hydration but during the first hour just the physical interaction was identified and some evidences of a chemical interaction. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the chemical interaction between EVA and Portland cement during the first hours of hydration in the thermogravimetric analysis. The results confirmed that the EVA hydrolyses in pH alkaline and consumes calcium ions from the solution, forming an organic salt (calcium acetate), reducing the calcium hydroxide content. And, its interaction occurred in the first 15 min of hydration.

This paper focuses on the characterization of carbide lime (CL) – a by-product of acetylene production, composed mainly of calcium hydroxide with minor parts of carbonate – and compares its features to those of “dry” hydrated lime (HL) commonly used as a building material. Chemical, thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the limes are similar in chemical and mineralogical compositions, except for the presence of carbon in the waste. Morphological and elemental chemical analyses by SEM and EDS revealed that CL particles differ from HL ones in their morphology and by the presence of carbon formations. Physical characterization included density and BET surface area of the materials, as well as, their particle size distributions in deionized water at diverse time periods. CL underwent agglomeration after approximately 60 min in water, whereas HL progressively became finer with time as determined by laser diffraction. In addition, water retention and squeeze flow tests were used to assess the pastes' fresh properties.

Activated slag cement (ASC) shows significantly higher shrinkage than ordinary Portland cement agglomerates. Cracking generated by shrinkage is one of the most critical drawbacks for broader applications of this promising alternative binder. This article investigates the relationship between ASC hydration, unrestrained drying and autogenous shrinkage of mortar specimens. The chemical and microstructure evolution due to hydration were determined on pastes by thermogravimetric analysis, conduction calorimetry and mercury porosimetry. Samples were prepared with ground blast furnace slag (BFS) activated with sodium silicate (silica modulus of 1.7) with 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5% of Na2O, by slag mass. The amount of activator is the primary influence on drying and autogenous shrinkage, and early hydration makes a considerable contribution to the total result, which increases with the amount of silica. Drying shrinkage occurred in two stages, the first caused by extensive water loss when the samples were exposed to the environment, and the second was associated with the hydration process and less water loss. Due to the refinement of ASC porous system, autogenous shrinkage is responsible for a significant amount of the total shrinkage.

This paper studies the performance of fiber-cement corrugated sheets exposed to long-term weathering, exploring the effect of different environments on fiber-cement degradation. Fiber-cement corrugated sheets that had been exposed to weathering, and in place for more than 30-years, were collected from two different Brazilian cities (Sao Paulo and Criciuma). Mechanical properties (MOR, MOE and fracture toughness) were tested on samples removed from the corrugated sheets. Microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction, SEM with EDS analysis, MIP and TG. The results show that the 37-year-old asbestos-cement corrugated sheets from Sao Paulo presented similar characteristics to those of the non-aged asbestos-cement readily available on the market place. Conversely, deterioration of the asbestos-cement from the industrial area of Criciuma is related to acidic attack, along with carbonation and leaching as a consequence of continued exposition to acid rain during several decades. This process resulted in higher porosity and lower mechanical strength, revealing that leaching mechanisms can have important effect on the performance of thin fiber-cement sheets.

This work presents a reviewed method for determining the composition of cement- and lime-based mortars and discusses the results obtained from the chemical characterization of Portland cement and hydrated lime mortars, which are currently being used in Brazil. It aims to assess the reproducibility level of the calculated proportion based on the figures of the chemical analysis of hardened mortars, while considering the nominal compositions established by the dosage. As the study was made with materials of known compositions the results permit suggesting the use of correction factor or adjustment to the calculation of the mix proportion, so that results very near the real dosage of materials can be obtained. The method of calculation can be applied to the mix proportion determination of new and historical mortars.

The structure, surface fractal dimension, and global hydration kinetics of silica particles obtained from rice husk ashes (RHAs) were studied with 29Si-NMR spectroscopy and spin–lattice relaxation techniques. Silica particles presented an amorphous fraction higher than 93%, with traces of silica-organic bonding and crystal-like domains. Fe-impurities are located preferentially on the surface of the particles. From the effect of these paramagnetic ions on the spin–lattice relaxation of Q3 and Q4 silicate groups, the surface of the particles was characterized as being effectively two-dimensional (D=1.9±0.1). The hydration kinetics of the particles during the reaction with lime and water was monitored from 8 to 706 days. The process can be described by a power law, with the characteristic exponent higher than those measured for other cements. Also, Johnson–Mehl–Avrami expressions reproduce equally well the experimental data, with parameters compatible with growth habits and morphology known for C–S–H. Two types of Q2 tetrahedra were identified in C–S–H, which can be attributed to the bridging and nonbridging silicate groups predicted by the “dreier-kette” structural model of C–S–H.

A comparative study of the microstructure of both new and in-use aged blast-furnace slag cement coir reinforced composite was performed. Aged samples came from internal and external walls of a 12-y ...

Vegetable fibres, which are widely available in most developing countries, can be used as convenient materials for brittle matrix reinforcement, even though they present relatively poor durability performance. Taking into account the fibres mechanical properties, with an adequate mix design, it is possible to develop a material with suitable properties for building purposes. In order to improve the durability of vegetable fibres, this paper presents the approach adopted in the research which is directed towards the development of alternative binders, with controlled free lime, using ground granulated blast furnace slag. Coir fibres demonstrate to be more suitable vegetable fibres for the reinforcement of large components as can be proved by in-use durability performance evaluation of an 11-year old prototype house. More recently, pulp from eucalyptus waste and residual sisal and coir fibres have been studied as a replacement for asbestos in roofing components.

The effect of activators on the hydration of granulated blast-furnace slag (gbfs) was studied through compressive strength measurements, 29Si, 27Al, and 23Na high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction. Four different activations containing sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and/or calcium hydroxide (CH) were considered, at fixed amounts of alkali: 5% Na2O, 5% Na2O-2.5% CH, 5% Na2O-7.5% SiO2, and 5% Na2O-2.5% CH-7.5% SiO2. Silicate-activated gbfs cements have greater compressive strength than Portland cements over the whole period of study (1 yr). Also, silicate-free activated gbfs cements have poorer mechanical strength than silicate-activated cements. In fact, substantial structural differences were observed between hydration products in both kinds of activations. In silicate-activated pastes there exists an intimate mixture of C-S-H layers and AFm-like arrangements containing Al in octahedral sites bonded to the silicate layers, originated either from phase intergrowths or from a high density of Ca-Al incorporation in the interlayer spaces of C-S-H. In pastes obtained from silicate-free activation of gbfs there is a better chemical and structural definition among C-S-H and calcium aluminate hydrate domains (AFm and hydrogarnet).

The aim of this work was to develop and standardise an accelerated laboratory test for detecting bioreceptivity of indoor mortar to fungal growth. To determine which fungal species were predominant under field conditions, isolation was carried out using mortar samples collected from 41 buildings in two cities of Sao Paulo State in the South East of Brazil. Cladosporium was found to be the genus most frequently recovered from field specimens. Based on the results of laboratory trials strain C. sphaerospermum was chosen as a test microorganism. Four different mortars, two laboratory-manufactured mortars composed of ordinary Portland cement, high calcium hydrated lime and standardised sand, and two different ready-mixed building mortars from the Brazilian market, were investigated for their susceptibility to colonisation by C. sphaerospermum. Several parameters were tested to determine factors influencing fungal bioreceptivity. The type of mortar, degree of carbonation and pH values of mortars, as well as relative humidity of environment effected colonisation of C. sphaerospermum. All except one mortar samples showed significant fungal growth, however, the growth occurred only at 100% relative humidity. Interaction of C. sphaerospermum with mortar specimens was studied using techniques of scanning and environmental scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis.

Natural gypsum (NG) and phosphogypsum (PG) were tested for resistance to fungal growth based on standard test ASTM D 3273-86, with the recommended mixture of three fungal species, and using the same test modified by the use of a Cladosporium sp. A, isolated from a gypsum plaster ceiling. In the standard test little growth occurred on any of the test specimens. However, abundant fungal growth was produced by the Cladosporium sp. A on phosphogypsum, which was much more susceptible than natural gypsum. Phosphogypsum heated to 600°C to destroy organic residues was resistant to growth of Cladosporium sp. A, as well as other fungi isolated from phosphogypsum panels stored in the environment for 2 years: Cladosporium sp. B, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp. Phosphogypsum moulded in Petri dishes was susceptible to growth of a wide range of fungi, although Fusarium sp. and Rhizopus sp. caused practically no discoloration of the substrate. Six biocides were separately incorporated into the phosphogypsum at concentrations recommended by the suppliers and test specimens incubated on Sabouraud agar inoculated with various fungal isolates. The biocide 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one was the most efficient compound. It prevented the growth of the fungi most likely to cause health problems in buildings, but not that of Helminthosporium sp., isolated from powdered phosphogypsum in the factory. This was the most resistant fungus showing growth on all biocide-containing specimens.

Within the framework of improving mechanical properties of activated blast-furnace slag cements, a set of hardened pastes of 28 days age were analyzed by 29Si and 27Al high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 9.4 T. Structural and compositional differences among C-S-H phases obtained with different activation and curing conditions were characterized by NMR. Activation of the slag was done with compounds of different alkalinity (sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and gypsum), and under steam and wet curing. Parameters characterizing the extent of the hydration reaction, the polymerization degree of the aluminum-silicate chains and the Al/Si ratio in C-S-H were obtained from NMR spectra. 29Si-NMR spectra indicated that connectivites of silicate tetrahedra in all pastes are compatible with the “dreierkette” structural model of C-S-H. A substantial degree of polymerization of the aluminum-silicate groups in C-S-H was observed in pastes resulting from activation with sodium silicate and gypsum/calcium hydroxide blend. Steam curing and a higher alkali concentration enhanced the incorporation of Al in C-S-H. Even with low concentration of alkali, through steam curing it is possible to obtain a degree of incorporation of Al in C-S-H as high as in the case of higher alkali addition.

Carbonation takes place in the fiber–cement composites by the diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) through the unsaturated pores in the cement matrix, and through its reaction with the hydration products of the Portland cement (mainly calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)2 and calcium silicate hydrate – C–S–H phases). The use of this technology during the fiber–cement production consists of an interesting procedure to prematurely decrease the alkalinity of the cement matrix, which is potentially harmful to those reinforcing fibers that are vulnerable to the alkali attack. It is also an initiative to CO2 sequestration and partial replacement of petroleum-based fibers as is the case of cellulose pulps. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to show the effect of accelerated carbonation and ageing on the mineralogical composition and microstructure of fiber–cement composites reinforced with both cellulose pulp and synthetic fibers. The effectiveness of the accelerated carbonation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Accelerated carbonation increased the content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and consumed the Ca(OH)2, C–S–H, monosulfate (AFm), ettringite (Aft) and monocarboaluminate (Mc) phases. The SEM micrographs showed that absence of AFm and AFt needles around the cellulose fibers in the carbonated composites, confirmed by the absence of the peaks that represents these phases in the XRD spectra. The CaCO3 formed from the carbonation reaction is precipitated in the pore structure of the matrix also acting as a binder and refining the pore size distribution. The interface between the cellulose fibers and the cement matrix in the carbonated composites was improved, decreasing the typical transition zone around the cellulose fibers that prejudice the fiber–cement performance at long term.

Rheology studies the deformation and flow of matter and seeks to describe the deformations of material depending on the time they are exposed to mechanical actions. This paper proposes to understand the behavior of fresh mortar adhesives in Squeeze Flow tests based on rheological characterization of different commercial compositions. In the tests, flow of material results from the application of a compressive load on the sample in the fresh state which causes displacement due to stresses generated during radial shear flow. We performed further physical characterizations of mortars and viscosity on material passing the through a sieve with a 0.075 mm sieve opening with the objective of basing the analysis of the results obtained from Squeeze Flow tests. It was observed that the mortars studied showed differences in rheological behavior, probably resulting from synergistic action of some of the composition parameters, especially the particle size distribution and particle morphology. A reologia estuda a deformação e o escoamento da matéria buscando descrever as deformações dos materiais dependentes do tempo, quando os mesmos são expostos a ações mecânicas. O presente trabalho propõe o entendimento do comportamento no estado fresco de argamassas colantes, com base na caracterização reológica de diferentes composições comerciais, a partir do ensaio "Squeeze Flow". Neste ensaio, o escoamento do material decorre da aplicação de uma carga de compressão sobre a amostra no estado fresco, a qual ocasiona deslocamentos no seu interior, devido a esforços de cisalhamento radiais originados durante o fluxo. Foi realizada ainda a caracterização física das argamassas e a viscosidade da fração passante na peneira da fração passante na peneira de abertura 0,075 mm, com o objetivo de embasar a análise dos resultados obtidos com o Squeeze Flow. Observou-se que as argamassas estudadas apresentam diferenças de comportamento reológico, decorrente provavelmente, de ação sinérgica de alguns parâmetros da composição, com destaque para a distribuição granulométrica e morfologia das partículas.

Resumo A presença de cal nas argamassas mistas é responsável pelo aumento na demanda de água de amassamento para uma dada consistência. A água adicional, que não é consumida na hidratação do cimento, permanece livre no sistema e, ao evaporar, dá origem a porosidade elevada da argamassa endurecida. Este trabalho apresenta o método do cálculo de volumes como uma ferramenta para estimar a porosidade de argamassas mistas a partir de seus constituintes, inclusive a cal, bem como sua correlação com propriedades relevantes no estado endurecido. O método apresentado mostrou-se favorável para a previsão de propriedades que definem o comportamento dos revestimentos de argamassa. Os dados apresentados sugerem continuidade e aprofundamento desta linha de estudo envolvendo aspectos não considerados no cálculo teórico de volume, tais como a influência da retração e da carbonatação nas argamassas. Abstract The presence of lime in mixed mortars is responsible for the increase in the demand for mixing water for a given consistency. The additional water, which is not consumed in the cement hydration, remains free in the system and when evaporating it leads to high porosity in the hardened mortar. This paper presents the method of volume calculation as a tool for estimating the porosity of mixed mortars through their constituents, including lime, as well as its correlation with relevant properties in the hardened state. The method presented proved to be adequate for predicting the properties that define the behavior of the rendering. The data suggest that this approach needs further research, involving issues not considered in the theoretical volume calculation, such as the influence of shrinkage and carbonation.

This study presents a methodology for the characterization of construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycled aggregates based on a combination of analytical techniques (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), soluble ions, semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) selective dissolution). These combined analytical techniques allow for the estimation of the amount of cement paste, its most important hydrated and carbonated phases, as well as the amount of clay and micas. Details of the methodology are presented here and the results of three representative C&D samples taken from the Sao Paulo region in Brazil are discussed. Chemical compositions of mixed C&D aggregate samples have mostly been influenced by particle size rather than the visual classification of C&D into red or grey and geographical origin. The amount of measured soluble salts in C&D aggregates (0.15-25.4mm) is lower than the usual limits for mortar and concrete production. The content of porous cement paste in the C&D aggregates is around 19.3% (w/w). However, this content is significantly lower than the 43% detected for the C&D powders (

Resumo A redução do consumo de cimento na composição de argamassas de revestimento é uma alternativa para a diminuição do impacto ambiental provocado na cadeia de produção do ligante. A utilização de materiais cimentícios suplementares (supplementary cementitious materials - SCM) e a dosagem com base nos conceitos de empacotamento e mobilidade de partículas são estratégias que podem resultar nas propriedades projetadas tanto no estado fresco quanto endurecido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi ilustrar a influência da alteração no consumo de ligante nas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido de argamassas de revestimento mantendo-se constante a distribuição de tamanho de partículas, o que resultou em porosidade de empacotamento com insignificante variação. O consumo de cimento variou de 8% a 16% em massa, com adição de filler calcário como SCM, sendo que a consistência foi a mesma devido à alteração dos teores de água nas argamassas. Os resultados indicaram que a redução no consumo de cimento afeta negativamente as propriedades no estado endurecido, mas ainda assim atendem às exigências estabelecidas para esse tipo de revestimento. Abstract The reduction of cement consumption in rendering mortar composition is an alternative to reduce the environmental impact in the binder production chain. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) and the dosage based on the concepts of particle packing and mobility are strategies that can result in designed properties both fresh as hardened state. The objective of this study was to illustrate the influence of the change in binder consumption in the properties of formulated rendering mortars keeping constant the particle size distribution, resulting in negligible variation in packing porosity. The cement consumption was ranged from 8 to 16% by mass, with the addition of limestone filler as SCM, with the consistency has being the same due to the alteration of the water content of the mortars. The results indicated that the reduction in cement consumption adversely affect the properties of the mortar in the hardened state, but still quite comply with the requirements for this type of rendering.

The objective of this work is to parametrize the early age hydration behavior of accelerated cement pastes based on the chemical properties of cement and accelerators. Eight cements, three alkali-free and one alkaline accelerators were evaluated. Isothermal calorimetry, in situ XRD and SEM imaging were performed to characterize kinetics and mechanisms of hydration and the microstructure development. The reactivity of all accelerators is directly proportional to their aluminum and sulfate concentrations and to the amount and solubility of the setting regulator contained in cement. Alite hydration is enhanced if a proper C3A/SO3 ratio (between 0.67 and 0.90) remains after accelerator addition and if limestone filler is employed, because undersulfated C3A reactions are avoided. Combinations of compatible materials are recommended to enhance the performance of the matrix and to prevent an undesirable hydration behavior and its consequences in mechanical strength development.

Actualmente los materiales cementicios suplementarios como el metacaolín, son comúnmente empleados en la industria cementera y de la construcción, debido a factores ambientales, económicos y técnicos. La mayoría de estudios que evalúan la influencia del metacaolín en sistemas cementicios, se enfocan en aspectos de desempeño y de resistencia mecánica, en edades avanzadas. Existen pocos estudios que evalúan la etapa inicial de hidratación. Por tanto, este trabajo tiene como propósito entender mejor la influencia que tiene la sustitución parcial de metacaolín en pastas de cemento Portland, durante las primeras 72 horas de hidratación. Normalmente para evaluar la cinética de hidratación se analiza el calor liberado, usando un calorímetro de conducción isotérmico. Sin embargo, otra técnica relativamente nueva usada en este estudio, es medir la retracción química en forma continua; en Brasil son raros los estudios que usen retracción química para obtener la cinética de hidratación. Para tal fin se elaboraron pastas utilizando reemplazos de metacaolín de 5, 10 y 20% en masa, además de una pasta de referencia, usando una relación constante agua/sólido de 0.5. La retracción química fue medida en forma continua automatizando el método de la dilatometría, también se evaluó la cinética de hidratación usando un calorímetro isotérmico. Adicionalmente, el desarrollo de los productos hidratados fue estudiado por análisis termogravimétrico y difracción de rayos X. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existe una excelente relación entre la retracción química y la calorimetría y que la adición de metacaolín produce cambios en la cinética de hidratación, que también afectan a la retracción química. Currently the supplementary cementitious materials such as metakaolin are commonly used in the cement and construction industry, due to environmental, economic and technical factors. Most studies evaluating the influence of metakaolin in cementitious systems focus on aspects of performance and mechanical strength at older ages. There are few studies evaluating the initial stage of hydration. Therefore, this paper aims to better understand the influence of the partial replacement of metakaolin in Portland cement pastes during the first 72 hours of hydration. Normally to evaluate the kinetics of hydration heat released is analyzed using an isothermal calorimeter. Nevertheless, another relatively new technique used in this study is to measure the chemical shrinkage continuously; in Brazil are rare studies using chemical shrinkage to obtain hydration kinetics. This study shows the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement by metakaolin in the hydration reactions and chemical shrinkage of cementitious pastes. For this, pastes were prepared using metakaolin replacements of 5, 10 and 20% by mass, and a reference paste, using a constant water/solid ratio of 0.5. Chemical shrinkage was measured continuously automating the method of dilatometry, hydration kinetics was evaluated using an isothermal conduction calorimetry. Additionally, the development of hydrated products was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that there is an excellent relationship between chemical shrinkage and calorimetry and the addition of metakaolin leads to changes of the hydration kinetics, which also affect the chemical shrinkage.

Dada a considerável parcela de responsabilidade da indústria de produção de cimento no total de emissão mundial de CO2, um dos desafios atuais mais importantes é a adoção de estratégias que reduzam a utilização do cimento, sem prejuízo ao desempenho mecânico e a durabilidade dos materiais cimentícios. Dentre essas estratégias, uma das usualmente empregadas em alguns segmentos industriais é a reutilização de ligante pré-hidratado na produção. O entendimento de como a pré-hidratação altera as propriedades de pastas cimentícias tem também importante implicação científicas, quanto à cinética de reação do cimento Portland, mas sobretudo devido aos impactos nas propriedades reológicas da pasta, tanto após a mistura quanto ao decorrer da hidratação. Sabe-se que a pré-hidratação altera a cinética de hidratação do cimento, impactando as suas propriedades no estado endurecido. Além disso, a pré-hidratação modifica as propriedades físicas do cimento, influenciando diretamente no modo como as partículas se aglomeram. No entanto, boa parte da literatura refere-se à pré-hidratação que ocorre após má estocagem, diferentemente deste trabalho que trata da pré-hidratação em suspensão, mais comum em processos industriais. Assim, neste trabalho foi avaliada a cinética de reação por calorimetria isotérmica enquanto as propriedades reológicas foram avaliadas por reometria rotacional e oscilatória. Para a identificação e quantificação dos hidratos formados, a hidratação foi paralisada e foram realizados testes de TG e DRX. Os resultados mostraram que a adição do pré-hidratado altera a cinética de dissolução/precipitação do cimento anidro. Assim, quanto maior o teor de pré-hidratado e o período de pré-hidratação, menor o tempo de indução, antecipando a formação dos hidratos (silicatos e aluminatos), embora a taxa de reação no período de aceleração não tenha sido afetada de forma significativa. Quanto às propriedades físicas das partículas, forma realizados teste de granulometria, ASE (Área Superficial Específica) e densidade real. A pré-hidratação aumenta a sua ASE, o que acarreta no incremento da tensão de escoamento e da viscosidade das pastas. Inclusive, se esse aumento de ASE for incorporado em determinados modelos (YODEL e Interferência) é possível a predição dessas propriedades reológicas. O aumento de ASE também é responsável pelo maior enrijecimento e menor tempo de pega das suspensões pré-hidratadas. Correlacionando a reação química com a consolidação da pasta, ficou demonstrado que o maior enrijecimento da pasta pré-hidratada tem relação com a maior aproximação entre as partículas, a ASE inicial das pastas e a reatividade do pré-hidratado, otimizando assim a formação da microestrutura pela hidratação. Given the considerable share of cement industry on overall share of CO2 emissions, one of the most important current challenges is the adoption of strategies that reduce the use of cement without compromising the mechanical performance and durability of cementitious materials. Among these strategies, one of the commonly employed in some industrial segments is the reuse of pre-hydrated binder in production. The understanding of as pre-hydration changes the properties of cementitious pastes also has important scientific implication regarding the reaction kinetics of Portland cement, but mainly due to the impacts on the rheological properties of the paste, both after mixing and along hydration. It is known that pre-hydration alters the hydration kinetics of the cement, impacting its properties in the hardened state. In addition, pre-hydration modifies the physical properties of the cement, directly influencing the way as the particles agglomerates. However, much of the literature refers to the pre-hydration that occurs after bad storage, unlike this work that works with pre-hydration in suspension, more common in industrial applications. Thus, in this work the kinetics of reaction by isothermal calorimetry was evaluated while the rheological properties were evaluated by rotational and oscillatory rheometry. For the identification and quantification of the hydrates formed, the hydration was paralyzed and TG and XRD tests were performed. The results showed that the inclusion of the pre-hydrate alters the dissolution/precipitation kinetics of the anhydrous cement. Thus, the higher the pre-hydration content and the pre-hydration period, the shorter the induction time, anticipating the formation of the hydrates (silicates and aluminates), although the reaction rate in the acceleration period was not significantly affected. As for the physical properties of the particles, there were realized tests of particle size distribution, SSA (Specific Surface Area) and real density. The pre-hydration increases its SSA, which leads to an increase in the yield stress and viscosity of the pastes. Even if this increase of SSA is incorporated in certain models (YODEL and Interference) it is possible to predict these rheological properties. The increase in ASE is also responsible for the greater hardening and quickly setting time of the pre-hydrated suspensions. Correlating the chemical reaction with paste consolidation, it was demonstrated that the higher hardening of the pre-hydrated paste is related to the greater approximation between the particles, the initial ASE of the pastes and the reactivity of the pre-hydrate, optimizing then the formation of the microstructure by hydration.

A adição de látex polimérico em argamassas usadas para reparos, argamassas colantes, argamassas técnica decorativas, argamassas de impermeabilização e chapiscos de alto desempenho é prática comum no setor de construção civil, visto que auxiliam seu desempenho no estado endurecido. As modificações do cimento Portland branco com diversos teores (de 5% a 20%) e tipos de látex (etileno vinil acetato, poliacetato de vinil versatato, estireno acrílico e estireno butadieno) resultaram em alterações no estado fresco (cinética de hidratação, cinética de consolidação, teor de ar incorporado) e no estado endurecido (resistência mecânica, elasticidade, absorção de água por capilaridade, permeabilidade ao ar e ao vapor), em muitos casos, proporcionais ao aumento de seus teores. Ao se atingir 20% de adição, em ralação à massa do cimento, houve ganhos expressivos no estado endurecido das pastas, como o aumento da resistência à tração na compressão diametral, e da resistência de aderência, diminuição do módulo elástico e da absorção de água por capilaridade sem comprometer a facilidade à permeabilidade do vapor. Todavia, no estado fresco não apresentaram condições de aplicação devido à excessiva fluidez e diminuição acentuada no processo de consolidação. Modified Portland cement mortars have been used for repair, stickers, highperformance and finishing of facades is common practice in the construction industry, due his performance in hardened state. Additions of several latex levels (5% to 20%) and types (ethylene vinyl acetate, vinyl poliacetate versatate, styrene acrylic and styrene butadiene) resulted in changes in the fresh state (hydration kinetics, kinetic consolidation, air content) and hardened state (mechanical strength, elasticity, water absorption by capillarity, and steam permeability) and mostly the effects increase with the increase of its levels. When the Latex levels reached 20% in relation of cement were expressive gains in state hardened state, as increased tensile strength in diametral compression, and grip strength, decreased elastic modulus and water absorption by capillarity without compromising ease of vapor permeability. However, in the fresh state did not show application conditions due to the excessive fluidity and strong decrease in the consolidation process.

O metacaulim é um material pozolânico que vem sendo pesquisado e adotado em vários países. O metacaulim é constituído basicamente de sílica (SiO) e alumina (Al2O3) na fase amorfa, capaz de reagir com o hidróxido de cálcio Ca(OH) gerado durante a hidratação do cimento Portland, formando produtos hidratados similares aos decorrentes da hidratação direta do clinquer Portland. Esta pozolana acelera o processo de hidratação do cimento, formando silicato de cálcio hidratado (C-S-H) adicional. O conhecimento das características do metacaulim que influenciam a interação com a cal, se faz necessário para subsidiar medidas preventivas com relação ao consumo de portlandita. O presente trabalho visa determinar as características físico-químicas relevantes para o entendimento da atividade pozolânica, avaliando as reações propiciadas pelo metacaulim em sistemas binários. Para este propósito, realizaram-se estudos experimentais em pasta e concreto, usando as técnicas de difratometria de raios X e de termogravimetria. As etapas experimentais consistiram: na caracterização do metacaulim, com ênfase na determinação do teor da fase amorfa; a avaliação da cinética da reação em sistema metacaulim/hidróxido de cálcio e análise da evolução da hidratação de cimento com alto teor de metacaulim. Nos sistemas cimenticios de concretos com diferentes teores de substituição de metacaulim com e sem cal hidratada, foi avaliado o comportamento da resistência à compressão. No metacaulim estudado, o teor da fase amorfa foi de 74,60% e o restante (25,40%) atua como material inerte, e o consumo máximo por atividade pozolânica, foi de 1,34 gr de Ca(OH)/grama de fase amorfa de metacaulim. Na evolução das reações, por atividade pozolânica o C-S-H foi formando gradativamente. A adição de 15% de metacaulim e 5% de cal hidratada em concretos proporcionou um ganho de resistência de 17% a mais em função do concreto de referência. The metakaolin is a pozzolanic material that has been investigated and adopted in several countries. The metakaolin consists primarily of silica (SiO) and alumina (Al2O3) in the amorphous phase, and can react with calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) generated during hydration of Portland cement to form products similar to those obtained during Portland clinker basic hydration. This pozzolana could accelerate the hydration of cement, forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) additional. The knowledge of the characteristics of metakaolin that influence the interaction with lime provides the necessary subsidize to prevent excessive consumption of portlandite. This paper aims to determine the physical and chemical relevant characteristics in order to understand the pozzolanic activity, evaluating the responses provided by the metakaolin in binary systems. For this purpose, experimental studies were conducted in paste and concrete, using the techniques of X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. The experimental steps consisted of: the characterization of metakaolin, with emphasis on determining the amorphous phase content, this evaluation of the kinetics of the reaction system metakaolin and calcium hydroxide; The analysis of the evolution of the cement hydration with high content of metakaolin. In cementitious systems of concrete with different metakaolin replacement levels with and without hydrated lime, was rated the behavior of the compressive strength. The content of amorphous phase In the studied metakaolim was 74.60% and the remainder (25.40%) acts as an inert material, and the máximum consumption by pozzolanic activity was 1.34 g of Ca (OH)/g amorphous phase of metakaolin. During the evolution of pozzolanic reactions, the C-S-H was gradually formed. The addition of 15% metakaolin and 5% hydrated lime in concrete has a strength gain of 17% more depending on the reference concrete.

O projeto desenvolvido enfocou a aplicação da difração de raios-X e método de Rietveld (DRX-Rietveld) na caracterização e quantificação do Cimento Portland, constituindo-se em contribuição pioneira sobre o tema em âmbito nacional. Foram estudadas amostras de pozolanas naturais e artificiais, subprodutos industriais de grande disponibilidade na indústria nacional, tais como escórias de alto-forno provenientes das siderúrgicas e cinzas volantes das termelétricas. Adicionalmente, foram estudadas amostras dos componentes utilizados para composição de cimentos laboratoriais, tais como clínqueres, calcários e fosfogesso, e por fim, cimento Portland com adições, preparados em laboratório. Também foram realizados ensaios para acompanhamento da hidratação do cimento Portland com uso da difração de raios-X e método de Rietveld. O cimento Portland é o material composto de clínquer, gesso e eventuais adições, tais como calcário, pozolanas e escórias. O clínquer de cimento Portland é o material sinterizado e peletizado, resultante da calcinação de uma mistura adequada de calcário e argila e, eventualmente, de componentes corretivos. O método de Rietveld, foi introduzido por Hugo Rietveld em 1969, tendo em base a simulação de todo o perfil difratométrico a partir de parâmetros estruturais das fases constituintes, permitindo refinar parâmetros de natureza instrumental e cristalográfica. A comparação do difratograma calculado com o observado e redução das diferenças através do método de mínimos quadrados permitem a obtenção de resultados quantitativos. Para desenvolvimento do projeto foram utilizadas técnicas analíticas tradicionais como apoio à difração de raios-X, tais como a microscopia óptica de luz transmitida, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV-EDS), fluorescência de raios-X (FRX) e o calorímetro de condução. DRX-Rietveld apresentou-se como uma técnica de quantificação de elevada reprodutibilidade com vantagens de cunho técnico e logístico. As condições instrumentais e de coleta de difratogramas foram avaliadas, onde se verificou que a condição adequada para a obtenção de resultados de proporções de fases coerentes e em tempo reduzido pode ser obtida com coletas realizadas em 20s/passo, levando desta forma 10 minutos para sua realização, quando considerado o uso de detetores sensíveis a posição. Fendas divergentes automáticas e fixas testadas apresentaram resultados muito similares, validando a técnica nas diferentes condições. A redução no tempo de análise constitui um fator importante da técnica visando atender os interesses da indústria do cimento. A técnica estudada se mostrou adequada para a quantificação de componentes do cimento Portland tais como o calcário, materiais pozolânicos e escórias de alto-forno, e principalmente cimentos com estas adições. Com DRX-Rietveld foi possível avaliar as proporções das fases do clínquer, calcário e gipsita, e com a utilização de um padrão interno, a técnica possibilitou a quantificação de compostos com fase amorfa, o que é de grande importância para a correlação com as propriedades físico-mecânicas destes materiais. Resultados das proporções de calcário na quantificação dos cimentos apresentaram elevada correlação com as proporções dosadas em sua composição (R2=0,96-0,99), o que também foi observado com relação às proporções de fosfogesso dosadas (R2=0,99-1,0). Boas correlações também foram obtidas entre as proporções de cinzas volante e escória adicionadas nas amostras e os valores obtidos por DRX-Rietveld (R2=0,97-0,99 para cinza volante; R2=0,97 para escória). Ensaios DRX aplicados à uma pasta de cimento Portland mostraram-se adequados para o estudo quantitativo de cimentos hidratados e também para o acompanhamento das reações de hidratação. A técnica possibilitou a quantificação dos compostos hidratados como etringita, portlandita e C-S-H, o que foi aferido através de ensaios para determinação de calor de hidratação, mostrando resultados de refinamento confiáveis. The project has focused on the application of X-ray diffraction and Rietveld method (XRD-Rietveld) on the characterization and quantification of Portland cement, and represents a pioneer scientific contribution on the theme in Brazil. Natural and artificial pozzolans, and also industrial byproducts that are highly available in the Brazilian industry were studied, as the blast furnace slags from steel works and fly ash from power stations. Furthermore components of laboratorial cements were studied, as clinker, limestone, gypsum, and finally the Portland cement with additions, prepared in laboratory. Hydration studies to follow the reactions in a cement paste were also performed using XRD-Rietveld. The Portland cement is composed by clinker, gypsum and fillers, as limestone, pozzolan and slags. Portland cement clinker is the sintered and pelletized product from calcination of an adequate mix of limestone and clay and minor corrective materials. The Rietveld method was introduced by Hugo Rietveld in 1969 and is based on the simulation of the whole diffraction spectrum from the components structural data, allowing for refining instrumental and crystallographic parameters. Quantitative values are obtained by comparing the calculated and actual diffractograms and minimizing differences mathematically through a least squares method. To develop the project several analytical traditional techniques were used with XRD: optical microscopy, electronic microscopic (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and calorimeter. XRD-Rietveld presented as a high reproducibility technique with technical and logistics advantages. The evaluation of the instrumental conditions showed that to obtain a good quantitative result in reduced time were with a scan with 20s/step, a 10 minutes scan, possible with position sensitive detectors. Automatic (ADS) and fixed divergent slits (FDS) were tested, validating the technique in both conditions. The reduction in the time of analysis is very important to follow the cement industry interests on quality control. The technique was considered adequate to be applied on the quantification of Portland cement components such as limestone, pozzolanic materials and blast-furnace slags. With XRD-Rietveld, was possible to evaluate the clinker phases, limestone and gypsum, and using an internal standard, the technique lead to the quantification of compounds with amorphous phases, that is very important to correlate with the physic- mechanical properties of these materials. Results of limestone proportions in the quantification of cements presents a high correlation with the proportions added in the cement composition (R2=0,96-0,99), what was also observed in the case of gypsum added (R2=0,99-1,0). Good correlations were also obtained between the fly ash and slags proportions in the samples and XRD-Rietveld obtained values (R2=0,97-0,99 to fly ash; R2=0,97 to slag). XRD experiments applied to Portland cement paste were adequate to the quantitative analysis of hydrated cements and also to follow the hydration reactions. The technique permitted the quantification of hydration compounds such as ettringite, portlandite and C-S-H, that was confirmed using the calorimeter, showing good refinement results.

A utilização de cinza volante na composição de material cimentício o torna mais sustentável, além de conferir à matriz hidratada características peculiares que melhoram o desempenho frente à ação de diferentes agentes deletérios. A principal desvantagem da utilização de pozolana no sistema cimentício é a maior susceptibilidade à carbonatação. A maior taxa de neutralização da solução aquosa dos poros é devida ao teor remanescente menor de portlandita na matriz. O conhecimento das características da cinza volante que influenciam a interação com a cal, é necessário para subsidiar medidas preventivas com relação ao consumo de portlandita. A presente pesquisa objetiva verificar a eficiência da adição de cal hidratada em concreto executado com cimento pozolânico como forma de reduzir a susceptibilidade à carbonatação. As etapas realizadas para cumprir o objetivo abrangem: a caracterização da cinza volante, com ênfase na determinação do teor de fase vítrea; a cinética de reação em sistema de cinza volante e hidróxido de cálcio; a evolução da hidratação, e a decorrente variação microestrutural. Nos sistemas cimentícios de concretos cujas composições são 100% de cimento ou 50% de cimento e 50% cinza volante, com e sem a adição de 20% de cal hidratada, foi caracterizado a microestrutura da camada de cobrimento e o seu desempenho frente à ação do anidrido carbônico, em ensaio acelerado. Na cinza volante estudada, o teor de fase vítrea foi de 57%, e o consumo máximo por atividade pozolânica, função da área específica BET, foi de 0,69 gramas de Ca(OH)2/grama de fase vítrea de cinza volante. No cimento portland pozolânico, este consumo é menor devido à estrutura formada pela hidratação do cimento. A adição de cal hidratada à pasta de cimento e cinza volante, além de aumentar o consumo de cal por atividade pozolânica, restabeleceu, parcialmente, o teor remanescente de portlandita na matriz. A interação da cinza volante com a cal hidratada não interfere no volume total de vazios da matriz hidratada, porém, refina a microestrutura, aumentando o volume de mesoporos. A carbonatação, em concretos com mesma resistência à compressão de 55 MPa, atingiu maior profundidade quando executado com cimento pozolânico. A adição de cal hidratada não foi eficiente em reduzir a susceptibilidade à carbonatação acelerada. The use of fly ash in the composition of the cementitious material makes it more sustainable, besides conferring to the hydrated matrix peculiar characteristics which improve its performance with relation to the action of different deleterious agents. The main disadvantage of pozzolan utilization in cementious systems is its susceptibility to carbonation. The greatest neutralization rate of the aqueous solution of the cement pore is, generally, attributed to the smallest amount of portlandite remaining in the matrix. It is necessary to widen knowledge about the characteristics of the fly ash which influence the interaction with calcium hydroxide in order to promote preventive measures with regard to portlandite consumption. This current research aims at verifying the efficiency of hydrated lime addition to concrete by using pozzolanic cement as a way of reducing its susceptibility to carbonation. The steps employed to attain this objective include: fly ash characterization with an emphasis on glass content; fly ash and calcium hydroxide systems kinetics; hydration evolution; and the consequent microstructure variation. In cementious systems of concrete whose composition is either 100% cement or 50% cement and 50% fly ash _ with or without 20% addition of hydrated lime _ it was characterized the microstructure of covercrete and its performance with regard to the interaction with carbon dioxide in accelerated testing. In the studied fly ash, glass content was 57% and the maximum consumption per pozzolanic activity, which is function of BET specific surface area, was 0.69 g of Ca(OH)2/g of glass content in the fly ash. As far as pozzolanic Portland cement is concerned, this consumption is smaller due to the structure formed by the cement hydration. The addition of hydrated lime to the cement paste and fly ash, besides increasing the consumption of lime per pozzolanic activity, partially, reestablished the remaining content of portlandite in the matrix. The interaction of the fly ash with the hydrated lime does not interfere in the total volume of void spaces in the hydrated matrix; however, it refines the microstructure by increasing the volume of mesopores. Carbonation in concrete with the same compressive strength of 55 MPa reached its deepest point when performed in pozzolanic cement. The addition of hydrated lime was not efficient at reducing susceptibility to accelerated carbonation.

Esta tese se refere ao estudo do edifício do Museu Paulista, identificando as características da técnica construtiva tradicional de alvenarias, quanto ao sistema estrutural e os materiais empregados. Descreve as circunstâncias históricas, a evolução do emprego da taipa para o emprego do tijolo, e a inserção do edifício do Museu Paulista na cidade de São Paulo em meados do século XIX. Analisa as características que diferenciam um edifício histórico de um edifício moderno relativo às soluções estruturais e a natureza dos materiais. O sistema estrutural tem como elementos principais paredes e pés-direitos, arcos e abóbadas, colunas e pilastras, pisos de assoalho e abobadilha, e fundações. Os materiais são analisados quanto à presença de umidade constante, devido à inexistência de impermeabilização das fundações, a presença de sais solúveis, a porosidade dos materiais, a presença de microrganismos, e a relação com o tipo de tinta utilizada na pintura. Através do levantamento do histórico das intervenções, verifica-se que entre elas há aquelas que causaram danos ao edifício, pelo fato de não considerar as características específicas que o definem. Através de ensaios exploratórios, se reconstitui os traços das argamassas e identificam processos de danos This thesis refers to the study of the building of Museu Paulista and identifies the characteristics of the traditional masonries constructions techniques that involves the structural systems and the materials used. It describes the historical circumstances and of the evolution of taipa to brick and the inclusion of the building of Museu Paulista in the city of São Paulo in the middle of XIX th Century. It also analyses the characteristics that differs one history and modern build structural solutions and the nature of materials. The main structural systems are constituted by walls, right feet, arch and vault, pilaster and colums, wooden floor, abobadilha, and foundation. The materials are analysed in the several aspects such as the presence of constant humidity, that occurs when there isnt the impermeabilization of the foundations; presence of solubles salts; the porosity of materials; the presence of microorganism and the type of paint used in the painting. Through the history intervations it is verified that amount them there are some generated caused damage to the building due the fact that the specified characteristics were not taken account of. Through the exploratories essays it is reconstructed the composition of the mortars and the identification of the damages process.

O presente trabalho propõe o entendimento do comportamento no estado fresco de argamassas colantes, com base na caracterização reológica e físico-química de diferentes composições comerciais, servindo de base para analisar o fenômeno de deslizamento, a partir do ensaio estabelecido na norma brasileira. Para isso, foi utilizado o ensaio “Squeeze flow" (escoamento por compressão axial), empregado na caracterização de argamassas de revestimento no laboratório de microestrutura do CPqDCC da EPUSP, como ferramenta de análise do comportamento de argamassas colantes. Neste ensaio, o escoamento do material decorre da aplicação de uma carga de compressão sobre a amostra no estado fresco, a qual ocasiona deslocamentos no seu interior devido a esforços de cisalhamento radiais originados durante o fluxo. O critério de seleção das argamassas colantes comerciais (tipo AC-I) se baseou nos resultados do ensaio de deslizamento, escolhendo-se duas com resultado muito abaixo do limite especificado, duas com resultado próximo do limite e outras duas com resultado acima do mesmo. A composição química e física foi caracterizada com o objetivo de embasar a análise dos resultados obtidos no “Squeeze flow". A separação da fração fina das argamassas na peneira no.200 contribuiu para o conhecimento da viscosidade da pasta e da sua influência no comportamento reológico das argamassas. Foi observado que as argamassas estudadas apresentam diferenças de composição físico-química e de comportamento reológico. As diferenças de comportamento reológico das argamassas decorrem, provavelmente, de ação sinérgica de alguns parâmetros da composição, com destaque para a distribuição granulométrica. O “Squeeze flow" mostrou-se uma ferramenta adequada na caracterização das argamassas colantes e contribuiu para explicar o deslizamento estabelecido na norma brasileira, pela proposição de modelos hipotéticos de comportamento. Present thesis proposes the study of plastic-state behaviour of dry-set mortars based on the rheological and physicochemical characterization of different commercially available dry-set mortar compositions. Such characterization served as basis for the analysis of dry-set mortar slip phenomena using the tests recommended by brazilian standards (NBR). The Squeeze Flow test (slip by axial compression) originally used for coating mortars characterization by the EPUSP CPqDDC Microstructure Laboratory was adopted as a test tool for analysing the dry-set mortar behaviour. In the mentioned test the material slip is obtained by compressing the sample in its plastic state which caused internal displacements due to radial shearing tensions originated during the mentioned slip. The dry-se mortars (all of them AC-I type) used in the study were selected based in the slip tests results against brazilian standards specified limits resulting in the selection of two dry-set mortars below the specified limit, two dry-set mortars close to the specified limit and dry-set mortars above the specified limit. Chemical and physical compositions were characterized in order to serve as basis for Squeeze Flow results analysis. Fine fraction segregation, using number 200 sieve contributed to understanding of plastic-state mortar viscosity and its influence in mortar rheological behaviour. It was observed diverse physicochemical and rheological behaviour among the studied dry-set mortars. The rheological behaviour diversity of dry-set mortars were due to the synergy among some composition parameters, specially the granular distribution. The Squeeze Flow was considered a suitable tool for the characterization of dry-set mortars and contributed to develop hypotetical behaviour models that allowed to explain the slip as stated by brazilian standards.

Entre os desafios para a expansão de mercado da reciclagem, encontra-se o de viabilizar o emprego dos agregados de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) reciclados em concretos. No entanto as normas que regulamentam tal emprego não são facilmente aplicáveis nas usinas de reciclagem, existindo pouca informação sistemática de como as diferentes características dos agregados de RCD reciclados influenciam no desempenho do concreto. O objetivo desta tese é identificar as características dos agregados de RCD reciclados que exerçam influência relevante no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. As seguintes etapas experimentais são desenvolvidas: a) caracterização química e mineralógica das frações granulométricas de três amostras representativas de agregados, b) caracterização das propriedades físicas de agregados graúdos separados por densidade, assim como da composição química, mineralógica e por fases, c) influência das características dos agregados graúdos separados por densidade no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. Na caracterização dos agregados foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: análise granulométrica, análise química por FRX, análise mineralógica por DRX, determinação da fração solúvel por ataque com solução de HCl 33%, e análise termogravimétrica, separação por densidade empregando líquidos densos e equipamento “Sink and Float", catação das fases, determinação da massa específica aparente e absorção de água dos agregados, dosagem e avaliação do comportamento mecânico de concretos produzidos com esses agregados. Os resultados permitem concluir que a porosidade (ou massa específica aparente) dos agregados de RCD reciclados controla o comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos com relação água e cimento constante, assim como a soma dos teores de aglomerantes e de cerâmica vermelha – frações mais porosas. A separação por densidade é uma técnica eficiente para separar esses agregados em subgrupos de diferentes porosidades, gerando concretos com comportamento mecânico e absorção de água similares. O estudo realizado aponta para uma densidade de corte em torno de 2,2 a 2,3 g/cm³. Os agregados contidos no intervalo “d> 2,2" possuem teores elevados de rochas e teores baixos de cerâmica vermelha, resultando em concretos com comportamento mecânico semelhante ao dos agregados naturais analisados. A avaliação da distribuição de densidade pode ser um método simples e rápido para a classificação de lotes desses agregados e controle do comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos. Na fração graúda e miúda, os teores de rochas e cerâmicas são superiores a 50% da massa, e o comportamento dos principais óxidos da composição química é semelhante. Esse comportamento muda significativamente na fração fina, em que predominam os aglomerantes e argilominerais (teores superiores a 77%). A origem (Itaquera e Vinhedo) e a cominuição influenciaram, de forma representativa, a distribuição de massa dos agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados separados por densidade. O agregado de Itaquera apresentou mais de 70% da massa no intervalo de densidade superior a 2,2 g/cm³. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycled aggregates are not largely used in concrete due to CDW composition heterogeneity and CDW recycled aggregate physical property variability from visual classification and hand sorting of proposed standards that provide insufficient relation between the aggregate characteristics and concrete performance. This thesis aims to identify CDW recycled aggregate characteristics that influence the concrete mechanical performance. The experimental design was divided in three stages: a) detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization of three representative CDW recycled aggregate samples, b) characterization of the physical properties of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates separated by heavy media as well as the composition in terms of chemical, mineralogical, and visual phases, and c) the influence of the coarse CDW recycled aggregate separated by heavy media on concrete mechanical performance. The following methods were used: particle size distribution, chemical analysis by XRF, mineralogical analysis by XRD, soluble fraction in chloride acid leaching assay, thermal analysis, sequential heavy media and gravity separation, hand sorting, bulk specific gravity and water absorption, concrete mix design and its compressive strength and elastic modulus using the CDW recycled aggregates. In conclusion, CDW recycled aggregate porosity controls concrete mechanical performance formulated with constant cement and water relation. The concrete mechanical performance is related to bulk specific gravity of CDW recycled aggregates separated by density, including to the sum of binder and red ceramic content. Heavy media and gravity separation is efficient to separate CDW recycled aggregates in bulk specific gravity groups, producing concrete with similar concrete mechanical behavior and water absorption. Cutting density in 2.2-2.3 g/cm³ seems to be efficient since the aggregates with the upper density have high rock content resulting concrete mechanical performance similar to that produced using natural aggregates. Mass distribution in density separation could be a simple and fast method to classify CDW recycled aggregate and to control concrete mechanical performance. The coarse and sand fraction of CDW recycled aggregates had more than 50% in mass of rocks and ceramics, with quite similar main oxide contents in chemical composition. However, the contents changed in fine fraction (lower than 0.15 mm) whose binder content and clay minerals are in majority (upper to 77% in mass). The origin of CDW recycled aggregate and comminution influenced in mass distribution of sequential density separation. In Itaquera (São Paulo), the mass distribution upper to 2,2 g/cm³ was around 70%.

Os métodos de ensaio editados pela ABNT para caracterizar argamassas colantes foram um avanço em termos de normalização do produto e ajudaram a melhorar sua qualidade. Entretanto, os métodos apresentam dispersão expressivamente elevada e especificam condições de ensaios que não condizem com a realidade das condições de campo. Em vista dessas discrepâncias, o presente trabalho analisa a normalização nacional juntamente com a normalização dos principais organismos internacionais. Para avaliar os principais requisitos de qualidade, foram estudadas dez amostras comerciais de argamassa colante. Através da análise dos resultados obtidos são propostas alterações nos métodos de ensaio da normalização da ABNT, como o deslizamento, tempo em aberto teórico e resistência de aderência à tração. Os pontos principais visam à alteração de critérios de qualidade e a condição ambiental de laboratório. Entre as propostas estão: 1) especificação do ensaio deslizamento apenas para produtos com esse propósito, 2) a eliminação do requisito resistência de aderência à tração na condição de cura em estufa, 3) novo critério para o requisito de resistência de aderência à tração na condição de cura submersa, 4) especificação de nova faixa de temperatura para a condição de clima quente na avaliação do tempo em aberto teórico e 5) inclusão do método de ensaio de tempo em aberto com a ruptura da película superficial. Além disso, são propostas a incorporação de métodos de ensaios utilizados para avaliação da uniformidade da argamassa durante a produção como: a perda de massa, resíduo em peneira e densidade de massa aparente. Também são propostas alterações na especificação e caracterização do substrato-padrão utilizados nos ensaios. The Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas essay methods to characterize cementitious adhesives for tiles represented an advance in terms of standardization of the product and helped to improve its quality. However, the methods present high dispersion of results and specify essay conditions that do not correspond to the site real conditions. In view of these discrepancies, the present work brings out an analysis of the national standards and a comparison to the main international standards. To check for the main quality requirements, a study was carried out with ten samples of comercial cimentitious adhesives for tiles. Through analysis of the results, changes in the ABNT essay methods are proposed as to slip, open time and tensile adhesion strength. The main issues aim at changing the performance criteria and the laboratory ambient conditions. Among the proposals are the following: 1) specification of essay slip only for products with this purpose, 2) the elimination of heat curing in the tensile adhesion strength essay, 3) new criterion for water immersion curing, a new band of temperature for the warm climate condition in the evaluation of theoretical open time and 5) the inclusion of an open time essay method with rupture of the superficial film. Moreover, it is proposed essay methods for evaluation of the uniformity of the mortar during its production process like mass loss, sieve residue and apparent mass density. Also, changes in the specification and characterization of the concrete slab used in essays are proposed.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma investigação sobre a argamassa de cal e as ripas de juçara (Euterpe eudulis), materiais empregados no forro em estuque da edificação Vila Penteado, seguindo as diretrizes propostas pelas Instituições de preservação de edificações e de monumentos de valor histórico e artístico. Esta edificação foi tombada pelo CONDEPHAAT - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Artístico, Arqueológico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo e pelo CONPRESP - Conselho Municipal de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico, Cultural e Ambiental da Cidade de São Paulo. Um conjunto amplo de técnicas foi utilizado para caracterizar a composição e a microestrutura da argamassa original, bem como o estado de conservação dos materiais. Os resultados destas análises serviram de subsídio para a elaboração de uma proposta de reconstituição parcial do forro. O desempenho desta proposta foi avaliado em laboratório, sendo o corpo-de-prova mantido por 30 dias em câmara de carbonatação após a preparação e a aplicação da argamassa. A avaliação da compatibilidade térmica dos materiais originais e novos, quando submetidos a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, foi utilizada como indicador de desempenho do método de restauro. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações da resistência de aderência do sistema, conforme especificado na NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). Estes resultados mostraram que a argamassa original pode manter sua funcionalidade ao longo dos anos, desde que se opte pela técnica de intervenção correta e que a fragilidade do sistema de forro em estuque está nas ripas de suporte. Esta avaliação permitiu a elaboração de uma proposta de restauro para o sistema de forro da edificação Vila Penteado. This research presents an investigation on the base-lime mortar and Juçara (palm tree Euterpe eudulis) laths which were the materials found in the stucco ceiling of the building, Vila Penteado. The guidelines followed in this study were those set fourth by the Institutions of maintenance for buildings and monuments with historical and artistic value. This building was declared a heritage by CONDEPHAAT – The Council for the Defense of Historical, Artistic, Archeological and Tourist Patrimony of the State of São Paulo and by CONPRESP – The Council for the Preservation of the Historical, Cultural and Environmental Patrimony of Sao Paulo City. A broad set of techniques was used to characterize the composition and the microstructure of the primitive mortar, as well as the condition of the materials. The results of these analyzes were useful in proposing a partial reconstitution of the ceiling. The performance of this proposal was evaluated in laboratory conditions by keeping the specimen in a carbonation chamber for thirty (30) days after application, to accelerate curing. The thermal compatibility and adhesion strength resistance of the primitive and new materials were tested after subjecting them to heating and quenching cycles, and the results were used as indicators of the proposed restoration method´s performance. These results showed that the primitive mortar can remain serviceable for many years as long as the correct intervention technique is employed, and the fragility of the ceiling system is in the supporting laths. This evaluation allowed for the elaboration of a proposal for restoring the ceiling system of the Vila Penteado building.