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IntroductionHealth promotion and patient safety are the main targets of the healthcare provision by the National Health Systems. As for the nursing profession, nursing students make medication errors during clinical interventions, which could be a potential danger to patient safety.AimThe investigation of the frequency of nursing student medication errors, as well as the frequency of each type of nursing student medication errors.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted on the electronic database “PubMed” with the keywords: “medication error”, “prescribing error”, “drug error”, “drug use error”, “drug mistake”, “wrong drug”, “wrong dose”, “administration error”, “dispensing error”, “incorrect drug”, “incorrect dose”, “inappropriate prescribing”, “inappropriate medication”, “transcription error”, “nursing student”, “nursing trainee” and on the Greek electronic database IATROTEK-online with the keywords: “medication errors” and “nursing students”, without time limit for the publication of scientific papers. On PubMed, the keywords were searched in the title and abstract of the studies. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English and Greek language, were conducted on animals, and were case studies, editorials, and letters to the editor.ResultsOf the 47 scientific papers retrieved, 6 were included in the systematic review. A total of 1,904 nursing student medication errors were recorded by nursing students. The majority of errors were: 1) wrong dose form (330,17%), 2) omission error (313, 16.4%), and 3) wrong time (259, 13.6%).ConclusionsThe frequency of nursing student medication errors is high. The safe administration of medications is an important skill that nursing students should learn. At a theoretical and practical/clinical level, it would be advisable for clinical nurses and academics to jointly develop an educational program to acquire correct knowledge and perceptions regarding safe medication administration.

Aim: During healthcare management in hospitals, many unforeseen events can affect patient's surgical safety and experience, causing discomfort both him and his family, simultaneously wasting surgery resources and reducing its efficiency.Healthcare professionals in every hospital should consider perioperative care of patient as an important issue and its systematic improvement should be required. The aim of this review was to highlight the Lean Management and Six Sigma methods in patients’ perioperative care. Material-Method: A systematic review was conducted in the electronic databases Medline / Pubmed,Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library from 2015 to 2020. The keywords were lean management, six sigma, lean / six sigma surgery, lean / six sigma perioperative care. The inclusion criteria were studies directly related to the subject in English, published in peer-reviewed journals. Results: The search strategy was applied to 896 studies, 889 of which were excluded and 7 of which met the inclusion criteria.Lean and Six Sigma methodologies increased the efficiency of the operating room staff, as well as the financial performance of the entire operating unit. Process mapping, leadership, and staff satisfaction are keys to enhancepatient’s safety. Conclusions: The implementation of Lean / Six Sigma in health services has great potential. It is proposed the institutional adoption of this methodology, with additional research of its practical, educational and financial benefits after wide implementation.

Background: The Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Centre develop, during the 80s, the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire in order to determine the level of diabetes knowledge. Providing insights both to researchers and health professionals as an aid to intervening and improving diabetes self-management. Aim: The aim of this study was to translate, adapt and validate the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) to Greek Language. Method and Material: The 24-item DKQ was administrated to a preselected sample of 40 patients with type 2 diabetes. The validation study was conducted from February to March 2020, in the diabetes clinic of a major Greek general hospital. The questionnaire was transcribed in Greek using “forward–backward” translation by two independent translators. Individuals’ demographic data were recorded. The data is expressed as mean ± SD, in significant level 0.05. Results: DKQ Cronbach’s alpha had an adequate value. The intraclass correlation coefficient for average measures was significant, based on the 95% confident interval. Gender, profession and educational level did not correlate with the total score of the DKQ, individual’s age though was correlated. Conclusions: The Greek version of the DKQ is a reliable and credible instrument for assessing the level of diabetes knowledge in Greece.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly occurring developmental disorders of childhood, which can often be present after adulthood. The main symptoms of ADHD are distraction, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which are common in childhood, and for this reason, the diagnosis is usually delayed. At the same time, in several cases, the problems caused by ADHD (such as behavioral and social adjustment problems and problems in school performance) are considered as results of other co-existing situations (such as family problems, environmental change, and developmental pathologies). For this reason, ADHD often remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and even when it is accurately diagnosed, a comprehensive model of a combination of therapeutic approaches that are required to treat it, is not always applied. Today, there are a plethora of tests used to assess specific deficits presented by both children and adolescents with ADHD. The purpose of this literature review was to present tools and tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD. Search was performed on PubMed until February 20, 2021, without time limit for the publication of scientific papers. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English language, were conducted on animals and were case studies, editorials, and letters to the editor. Of the scientific papers retrieved, 15 were included in the systematic review. Some of the specialized tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD are the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Conner's' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Testing (IVA-CPT), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the 30-item Semi-Structured Interview with Parents (CAPA- RAD), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS). In conclusion, there are a number of evaluation tools that can be used to evaluate specific deficits presented by children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as to evaluate the course of treatment, but also to distinguish children and adolescents with ADHD from those with other types of cognitive and learning disorders.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly occurring developmental disorders of childhood, which can often be present after adulthood. The main symptoms of ADHD are distraction, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which are common in childhood, and for this reason, the diagnosis is usually delayed. At the same time, in several cases, the problems caused by ADHD (such as behavioral and social adjustment problems and problems in school performance) are considered as results of other co-existing situations (such as family problems, environmental change, and developmental pathologies). For this reason, ADHD often remains undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and even when it is accurately diagnosed, a comprehensive model of a combination of therapeutic approaches that are required to treat it, is not always applied. Today, there are a plethora of tests used to assess specific deficits presented by both children and adolescents with ADHD. The purpose of this literature review was to present tools and tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD. Search was performed on PubMed until February 20, 2021, without time limit for the publication of scientific papers. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English language, were conducted on animals and were case studies, editorials, and letters to the editor. Of the scientific papers retrieved, 15 were included in the systematic review. Some of the specialized tests used in the evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD are the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Conner's' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Testing (IVA-CPT), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the 30-item Semi-Structured Interview with Parents (CAPA- RAD), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS). In conclusion, there are a number of evaluation tools that can be used to evaluate specific deficits presented by children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as to evaluate the course of treatment, but also to distinguish children and adolescents with ADHD from those with other types of cognitive and learning disorders.