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Ćupter is Herzegovinian candy made of must and flour/semolina. Much research about the incorporation of brewers’ spent grains into the human diet has been published. The purpose of this study was to partially replace semolina (Samples 1 and 2) and flour (Samples 3 and 4) with brewers’ spent grains originating from industrial (Samples 1 and 4) and craft breweries (Samples 2 and 3) and study nutritive, chemical, and preference properties of the product. In this research, the authors aimed to find application of this already proven functional ingredient in ćupter production. Values for pH were higher for all samples compared to the traditional recipe. Samples produced with flour had higher values of water activity (0.86 ± 0.01) and moisture (41.82 ± 1.68 and 41.11 ± 1.41). Ash content increased with BSG addition, but between samples, there were no significant differences. Collected data showed significant differences in fat levels. Higher protein content was measured for Samples 4 (6.60 ± 0.17) and 1 (6.13 ± 0.07). The highest total sugar content was measured for Sample 1. The general appearance for all samples was “moderately like”. Nutritive value was improved with the addition of BSG, but recipes and drying should be modified to improve consumer acceptance.

Upotreba prirodnih i recikliranih materijala za izradu odjeće nameće se kao nužan trend koji bi trebao smanjiti globalno zagađenje okoliša i prirodnih resursa. Vođeno tom idejom pokušalo se osmisliti i izraditi kolekciju haljina za djevojčice. Za izradu haljina izabrane su pamučne tkanine (jednobojno pamučno platno i platno s uzorkom), neiskorišteni ostatci vunene tkanine te prugaste pamučne krpe. Kao rezultat rada predstavljena su tri autorska modela koji su nosivi i prikladni za svakodnevne aktivnosti djeteta, pri čemu prirodni materijali omogućuju njihovu udobnost.

One of the used approaches to improve the biological and physicochemical properties of scaffolds is ionic substitutions with key role ions. Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is considered a precursor of biological apatite and has shown remarkable regenerative properties. In this study, Sr, Mg, Ag-substituted OCP powders were prepared by precipitation method with varying substitution content (0, 1 and 2.5 mol%). Prepared powder samples were composed of OCP and amorphous calcium phosphate, while lattice parameters of OCP changed depending on the size of Sr2+ (0.113 nm), Mg2+ (0.072 nm) and Ag+ (0.0128 nm) ions. Substitution with Sr2+ and Ag+ ions increased, while with Mg2+ ion decreased the thermal stability of OCP. Substituted OCP crystals have shown characteristic plate-like morphology with homogeneously distributed ions. To obtain multifunctional scaffolds, Sr, Mg, Ag-substituted OCP powders have been mixed to determine the synergic properties of substituents. The substituted ions enhanced protein adsorption capacity and antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Highly porous scaffolds based on obtained powders and carboxymethyl chitosan have been prepared by the feeze-gelation technique. The scaffolds have shown a highly porous structure, with interconnected pores and high stability in simulated body conditions.

Diseases and fractures of natural bone tissues represent a global issue in medicine. One of the approaches to treat bone defects is bone tissue engineering which aims at development and application of materials for replacing and restoring functions of damaged tissues. An ideal bone graft substitute follows the biomimetic approach for bone regeneration applications. Therefore, calcium phosphates (CaP) were mostly used biomaterials due to their chemical similarity to the mineral part of bone. In this research, wet precipitation method was used to synthesize stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAp). The aim was to optimize reaction conditions including precursor type of calcium and phoshorus ions, temperature and reaction time. First, different phosphorous precursors were used, namely ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, urea phosphate and phosphoric acid in the reaction with calcite during 48 h. Then, the effect of calcium precursor (calcite and calcium acetate) on the composition of calcium phosphate was investigated during 48 h. XRD analysis and FTIR spectroscopy indicated the formation of different calcium phosphate phases, especially when different calcium precursor was used. The formation of brushite was detected during the first 6 h of the reaction with calcium acetate, while synthesis with calcite resulted in the formation of octacalcium phosphate pentahydrate during the first 24 h. After 48 h of reaction, hydroxyapatite as the only calcium phosphate phase was detected in all syntheses, indicating the transformation of initially precipitated CaP phases into thermodynamically stable HAp. The morphology of obtained powders was investigated by SEM analysis, while the thermal stability was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis.

Cilj ovog rada je razviti sintetski put za asimetrične derivate skvarainske kiseline. Konačni produkti pripravljeni su kroz dva glavna stupnja. Prvi stupanj sinteze uključuje pripravu alkohola u dva koraka: reakcijom aminacije čime su dobiveni spojevi 2-4 i reakcijom demetiliranja, pri čemu su sintetizirani alkoholi 5-7. U drugom stupnju je kroz tri koraka sintetiziran skvarainski derivat 12 koji ulazi u kondenzaciju s alkoholima 5-7 kako bi se dobili konačni asimetrični derivati skvarainske kiseline 13-15. Nakon svakog koraka reakcije produkti su izolirani i spektroskopski okarakterizirani. The aim of this thesis is to develop a synthetic rout of asymmetric aminosquaraines. The products have been prepared through two main steps. The first step includes the preparation of alcohols through amination reactions in which products 2-4 were obtained, and demethylation reaction in which alcohols 5-7 were synthesized. The second step involves the preparation of product 12 that undergoes a condensation reaction with prepared alcohols 5-7, and final asymmetric aminosquaraines 13-15 were obtained. After each reaction step, the products were isolated, purified and spectroscopically characterized.

Demonstrirali su se praktični primjeri korelacije nastavnih predmeta Informatike i Hrvatskoga jezika. Korelacijom navedenih predmeta učenici su savladali planirane ishode obaju predmeta koristeći se digitalnim alatima koje su usvojili na nastavi informatike. Učenici su s učiteljicama putem OFFICE 365 programa međusobno dijelili ispunjene zadaće i od učiteljica dobivali povratnu informaciju za svoj rad. Zadatke koje su učenici riješili, učiteljice su pregledale i vrednovale zajednički, ali svaka za svoj nastavni predmet. Na ovaj način je postignuto da učenici, koristeći usvojena znanja iz jednog nastavnog predmeta, ta ista znanja ponavljaju u drugom nastavnom predmetu. Budući da se bitni sadržaji navedenih predmeta na ovaj način sažimaju i povezuju, potiče se stvaranje kompleksnih kognitivnih veza, čime obuhvaćeno gradivo ostaje dostupno za primjenu u različitim situacijama, a stečeno znanje je dugotrajnije i primjenjivije. Tijekom ovakvog načina rada od učenika se često tražila povratna informacija i poticalo ih se na izbor više različitih alata za prikaz rezultata. Kroz ovakav pristup nastavnom procesu, učenici ponavljaju i uvježbavaju sadržaje iz jednog predmeta dok obrađuju sadržaje iz drugog predmeta

Inženjerstvo koštanog tkiva pristup je liječenju koštanih oštećenja uzrokovanih prijelomima i bolestima, a temelji se na upotrebi okosnica koje oponašaju prirodno koštano tkivo te su molekulski, strukturno i biološki kompatibilne. Zbog mogućeg štetnog utjecaja faktora rasta korištenih za poticanje osteogenih svojstava biomaterijala, današnja su istraživanja usmjerena na supstituciju kalcij fosfatne (CaP) biokeramike s ciljanim kationima i anionima koji se prirodno nalaze u mineralnom tkivu. U ovom radu pripravljeni su uzorci oktakalcij fosfata pentahidrata (OCP) supstituirani (0, 1 i 2, 5 mol.%) stroncijevim (Sr2+), magnezijevim (Mg2+) i srebrovim (Ag+) ionima metodom precipitacije. Rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom (XRD) i infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovim transformacijama utvrđen je nastanak OCP-a kao kristalne faze. Daljnjom obradom XRD rezultata Rietveldovom metodom utočnjavanja pomoću računalnog programa DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0 potvrđen je dvofazni CaP sustav (OCP i amorfni kalcijev fosfat) u svim pripremljenim uzorcima. Dodatno, Rietveldovom metodom utočnjavanja određeni su parametri elementarnih ćelija ovisno o supstituciji za svaki pojedini ion. Pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) istražena je morfologija uzoraka koja pokazuje pločasti oblik kristala karakterističan za OCP. Ispitivanjem antibakterijskih svojstava, uzorci su pokazali antibakterijsko djelovanje prema gram-pozitivnoj bakteriji S. aureus. Za određivanje optimalne koncentracije polimera za pripremu kompozitnih okosnica, pripravljene su otopine karboksimetil kitozana (C-CHT) različitih masenih udjela (1, 2, 1, 5, 1, 8, 2, 1, 2, 5, 2, 8, 3, 1 i 3, 4 mas.%). Ispitivanjem morfologije, poroznosti i raspodjele veličine pora, okosnica pripremljena iz 3, 1 mas.% polimerne otopine korištena je za pripremu kompozitnih materijala. Pripravljene su visokoporozne kompozitne okosnice na temelju C-CHT-a i OCP-a supstituiranog metalnim ionima (Sr2+, Mg2+ i Ag+) metodom toplinski inducirane fazne separacije uz naknadno umrežavanje polimera. SEM analiza potvrdila je homogenu raspodjela anorganske faze u polimernoj matrici, te je potvrđena visokoporozna struktura s poroznošću između 68–80 % i veličine pora u rasponu 50–400 um.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between the known chronological age and the dental cementum thickness (DCT) in male and female subjects in different age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 57 donor teeth of both sexes. Teeth were classified by donors’ sex and divided into three age groups: 10-19, 30-39 and 60-69 years. Tooth roots were cut with transverse ground sections in the apical, middle, and cervical thirds. DCT measurements were made on photomicrographs of light microscope. The correlation between DCT and the chronological age was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found (r=0.47, p

Introduction: The aim of this research is to determine biological characteristics, and thereby socio-economical standard of the inhabitants of Illyrian settlement Kopila near Blato on Korcula Island, by analyzing skeletal remains of jaws and teeth, found at necropolis dating from 4th to 1th century BCE. (Tomb 4). Materials and methods: By scoring standard morphological traits of the permanent dentition, as well as scoring and determining the frequency of pathological changes on teeth and supporting tissue, the number of individuals, gender, age at the time of death and dental status was determined. Dental status includes registering existing teeth, ante-mortem and post-mortem tooth loss, registering caries decay, degree of abrasion, level of calculus, periodontal disease, periapical lesions, enamel hypoplasia, orthodontic irregularities, as well as nonmetric variables and hereditary anomalies according to the ASUDAS scoring system. Specimen ageing was determined by analyzing stable carbon 14C isotopes. Results: There were 32 individuals in the tomb, with a total of 284 teeth, of which 99 teeth (34, 8 %) in the alveolus and 185 teeth (65, 2 %) outside the alveolus. 10 teeth (3, 52 %) were lost ante-mortem, and 102 (35, 9 %) post- mortem. The probable male gender member number is 15, female gender 9, and for 8 individuals, due to poor preservation, it was not possible to determine gender. There were 2 persons at the age of 20, 8 persons aged 20– 30, 9 persons aged 30-40, 11 persons older than 40. Caries was diagnosed on a total of 17 teeth (5, 98%), with 11 individuals of which 7 men with a total of 12 carious decay, 2 women with 4 decays and 2 persons with undetermined gender with 1 decay. Periapical changes are present on 2 teeth, with 2 individuals. Abrasive changes were noticed in 92, 9 % of teeth, 93, 3 % of which is sloping abrasion and 63, 1 % is level 2 and 3, mostly dentin being affected and not the pulp. It was possible to measure alveolar bone resorption on 13 individuals, with an average rate of 4, 84 mm buccal and 3, 87 mm oral. Dehiscences were present with 9 persons, mostly men (72%) of older age groups with an average rate of 10, 95 mm. Malocclusion irregularities were noticed in small amounts, due to poor jaw perseverance. Nonmetrical variables and hereditary anomalies were noticed with 26, 4% teeth, mostly variations in shape and nodule number (58, 7%), as well as an excess number of premolar roots (21, 3 %). Carbon 14C analysis showed specimen age of 360-160 BCE. Conclusion: We can confirm that the Illyrian population, buried in tomb 4, inhabited archaeological locality Kopila on Korcula Island in period 360 - 160 BCE. The tump was multiply used for burying for a longer period of time which caused, besides certain taphonomic effects, the poor bone remaining perseverance. According to morphological characteristics, we confirm that members of the same family were buried. The average age of the population was 30 – 50 years. There is little frequency in carious and alveolar changes which is possible due to significant abrasion. Changes caused by abrasion indicate nutrition rich in hard, abrasive, fibrous food, which requires greater chewing strength. This can also be influenced by the food preparation method

U sklopu izrade ovog završnog rada proveden je niz pokušaja reakcije aminacije. Izučavane su reakcije sinteze potpomognute mikrovalovima, reakcije aminacije bez prisustva metalnih katalizatora, reakcije uz prisustvo n-BuLi, te reakcije alkiliranja. Kao najpogodnija metoda pokazala se reakcija uz n-BuLi pomoću koje su dobivena tri produkta u dobrom iskorištenju, N,N-diizobutil-3,5-dimetoksianilin (2), N,N-difenil-3,5-dimetoksianilin (3), te 1-(3,5-dimetoksifenil)piperidin (4). Osim spomenute metode, kao uspješna reakcija pokazala se i reakcija alkiliranja, odnosno metiliranja, čijom je primjenom dobiven N,N-dimetil-3,5-dimetoksianilin (6) u iskorištenju od 100%. The aim of this work was to conduct a number of amination reaction attempts. A series of reactions have been studied, such as reactions using microwave irradiation, amination reactions without transition-metal catalyst, reactions using n-BuLi, and alkylation reactions. The most convenient method was the reaction using n-BuLi. The utilization of that method resulted in synthesis of three products in good yields, N,N-diisobutyl-3,5-dimethoxyaniline (2), N,N-diphenyl-3,5-dimethoxyaniline (3), te 1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidine (4). Besides the reaction with n-BuLi, methylation is another method that successfully produced a desired product, N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxyaniline (6) in 100% yield.

Kurkumin, polifenolni spoj prisutan u korijenu biljke Curcuma longa, posjeduje razna farmakološka svojstva, kao što je primjerice antimikrobna aktivnost. Kako je iskorištenje kurkumina u organizmu izrazito nisko, provedena su brojna istraživanja u svrhu poboljšanja njegove bioraspoloživosti. Ozbiljnu prijetnju javnom zdravstvu danas predstavlja mikrobiološka rezistencija na antibiotike pa se javila potreba za zamjenom konvencionalnih antibiotika drugim agensima, primjerice otkrivanjem novih, biološki aktivnijih i biodostupnijih spojeva kurkumina. U ovom je radu prikazano kako strukturna modifikacija utječe na antimikrobnu aktivnost različitih kurkuminskih derivata in vitro, a da bi se evaluirala aktivnost sintetiziranih spojeva in vivo, potrebne su daljnje studije. Curcumin, polyphenolic compound present in the root of a plant Curcuma longa, possesses various pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial activity. Due to curcumin's very low yield in organism, numerous studies were conducted to increase its bioavailability. Today microbiological resistance to antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health so there is the need to replace conventionally used antibiotics with other agents, for instance by discovering new, biologically more active and bioavailable compounds of curcumin. In this thesis it is shown how structural modification impacts antimicrobial activity of various curcumin derivatives in vitro, but in order to evaluate the activity of synthesized compounds in vivo, further studies are needed.

Američki cvrčak (Scaphoideus titanus) jedini je poznati prirodni vektor zlatne žutice vinove loze. Hrani se sišući sokove iz floema vinove loze, pri čemu usvaja fitoplazmu (Flavescence dorée) koju unosi u svoj organizam i na taj način je prenosi hranjenjem sa zaraženih trsova na zdrave trsove. Za uspješno suzbijanje američkog cvrčka vrlo je bitno poznavati njegovu biologiju i ekologiju. Temeljem toga cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti prisutnost i utvrditi brojnost američkog cvrčka. Istraživanje je postavljeno 2018. godine na lokalitetu Ilok. Pratila se dinamika pojave i utvrdila se brojnost ličinki i odraslih oblika američkog cvrčka u vinogradima na tri različite lokacije. Dinamika pojave i brojnost pratila se uz pomoć žutih ljepljivih ploča. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je prosječan ulov po žutoj ploči bio 9 američkih cvrčaka u vinogradima smještenim u blizini šume. Učinkovitost tretiranja pokazala se najuspješnijom u vinogradu na lokaciji „Principovac“, u kojemu su korištena zaštitna sredstva različitih skupina prema mehanizmu djelovanja. U istraživanju nisu utvrđeni simptomi zlatne žutice vinove loze., Leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus) is the only known natural vector of golden yellow grapevine. It feesd on sifting juice from the grapevine, adopting Flavescence dorée, which enters into its own organism and is thus transmitted by feeding from infected plants to healthy herbs. To successfully overcome leafhopper, it is very important to know his biology and ecology. Based on this the aim of this paper was to investigate the presence and determine the number of leafhopper. The research was set up in 2018 at the Ilok site. The dynamics of the appearance and the number of larval and adult forms of leafhopper in vineyards were determined in three different locations. Dynamics of both elements was followed by the help of yellow adhesive plates. The study showed that the average catch per yellow adhesive plate was 9 leafhopper in vineyards located near the forest. The effectiveness of the treatment proved to be most successful in the vineyard at the Principovac site, which used protective agents of different groups according to the mechanism of action. In this study no symptoms of golden yellow grapevine were found.

Izlaganje demonstrira praktične primjere korelacije navedenih predmeta u dvjema osnovnim školama. Učenici su savladali nastavne sadržaje navedenih predmeta prema planu i programu koristeći se digitalnim alatima usvojenima na nastavi informatike.

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Kronične bolesti dišnog sustava već su dugo vremena međšu vodećim bolestima u strukturu obolijevanja stanovnika. Zajedničke su im značajke: mnogostrukui uzroci, neprimjetan početak, kroničan tijek, kao i za sada skromne mogućnosti sprječavanja te nemogućnost potpunog izlječenja. Nastanak se povezuje s djelovanjem niza nepovoljnih čimbemnika (tzv. faktora rizika). Među najvažnije spadaju pušenje, sve veća izlođženost stanovništva raznim fizikalnim i kemijskim utjecajima povezanim s razvojem industrije i tehnologije, psihički stresovi, pomanjkanje tjelesne aktivnosti. Kronične plućne bolesti ireverzibilno oštećuju pluća te nastaje teška funkcijska nesposobnost i pogoršava se kvaliteta života. Posljednjih godinasmanjuje se raznovrsnost pristupa u liječenju tih bolesti te se objavljuje sve više međunarodnih smjernica i prijedloga radi prevencije, ranog otkrivanja i liječenja kroničnih plućnih bolesti. Ljudski respiratorni sustav, osim što služi za disanje funkcionira i kao važan obrambeni sustav protiv udahnutih patogenih organizama i zagađivača. Fizioterapijski postupci prsnog koša se često koriste u prevenciji i liječenju respiratornih komplikacija. Fizioterapijska procjena uključuje procjenu posture, plućne funkcije, način disanja, kašalj i opće stanje pacijenta. Vježbe disanja imaju važnu ulogu u liječenju i prvenciji respiratornih bolesti, a cilj imje naučiti pacijente pravilnom disnaju, povećati ventilaciju pluća, smanjiti utrošak energije potrebne za disanje.

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Kod mostova bez reški i ležaja, rasponska konstrukcija je duž cijeloga mosta izvedena bez dilatacija, ležaja ili prijelaznih naprava. Svi konstruktivni elementi međusobno su monolitno povezani. Nadvožnjak u čvoru Osijek omogućava prijelaz ceste preko autoceste A5, Osijek-Đakovo, u stacionaži 37+619, 80 km. Niveleta nadvožnjaka je u konveksnoj kružnoj krivini radijusa R=5000 m, a tlocrtno nadvožnjak je u pravcu i križa se s autocestom pod kutom 81, 7816. Nakon proučavanja mogućih rješenja za odabir konstrukcije nadvožnjaka, pri čemu su analizirani gredni nadvožnjaci većih raspona, sa ili bez stupa u razdjelnom pojasu autoceste, razupora, luk i kombinacije navedenog, detaljnije su razrađene prvenstveno četiri inačice grednih sustava. Sve inačice obuhvaćaju kontinuirani sandučasti prednapeti betonski rasponski sklop preko 3 raspona, sa stupovima promjenjive visine. Inačica 1 predlaže sandučasti presjek s jednom ćelijom nepromjenjive visine od 2, 0 m. Kao kritična područja u proračunu su se pokazali spojevi stupa i glavnog nosača, sanduka. Kao slijedeća varijanta nameće se podebljanje konstrukcije na kritičnim mjestima, i to prvo pomoću vuta, kao što je prikazano u inačici 2. Daljnjim proračunom ustanovljeno je da vute nisu zadovoljavajuće rješenje, i u inačici 3 prikazan je promjenjivi poprečni presjek sanduka, koji se povećava prema stupovima. Kao inačica 4 predlaže se strmija promjena poprečnog presjeka (na najužem dijelu na sredini glavnog raspona iznosi 200 cm, dok je nad stupovima debljine 300 cm) kako bi se izbjegla kritična područja konstrukcije. Statički sustav izabrane inačice 4 je okvir preko 3 raspona 25+50+25 m, prednapet u uzdužnom smjeru.