Search

Genus Colpolopha Stål, 1873 Diagnosis. Diagnostic features distinguishing Colpolopha from other related genera are given in Table 1. Geographic distribution. The genus Colpolopha is distributed in Central America (Costa Rica and Panama) and the upper half of South America (Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil)., Published as part of Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo & Pocco, Martina E., 2023, A new species of Colpolopha Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera: Romaleidae) from Brazil, pp. 381-392 in Zootaxa 5264 (3) on page 382, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7836768

1. Colpolopha minuta sp. nov. Mariño-Pérez & Pocco (figs. 1–3) Diagnosis. A unique combination of small size (males average about 25 mm, females average about 32 mm), short fastigium, as long as the eye, slightly longer than the interocular distance, pronotum in lateral view with transverse sulci deep, delimiting three lobes at prozona, metazona shorter than prozona, pronotal crest slightly crenulated on its posterior part; tegmina short, not surpassing the second abdominal segment, bilobed (in some male and female specimens, slightly trilobed), uniformly colored. Aedeagal valves simple, slightly transversally grooved; epiphallus rectangular with posterior projections rounded. Male description. Medium-sized grasshoppers. Body brownish colored. Antennae with 17–18 segments, without exceeding the end of the pronotum. Fastigium of the vertex in lateral view projecting beyond scape and pedicel, rounded and smoothly curving towards rostrum, until connecting at frontal costa; in frontal view with pointed apex and delimited by a groove on each side. Central ocellus located under the vertex, frontal costa originating from the central ocellus in the form of an inverted “v”, reaching the fronto-clypeal suture. Furrows that delimit the frontal costa and fronto-clypeal suture with granules. Prosternal tubercle straight, spiniform, forwardly inclined. Anterior margin of pronotum with an apical projection, extended over occiput; median dorsal carina cut by deep transverse sulci, delimiting three lobes at prozona; metazona shorter than prozona and mesozona together, triangular in shape, posterior margin ending in a projection; pronotal crest slightly crenulated on its posterior part. Lateral carinae in “v” in lateral view, well-marked and with granules. Anterior and middle femora with some granules dorsally and ventrally unarmed, anterior tibia with 7-8 distal spinules on both ventral margins, middle tibia with 6–8 spinules on each ventral margin. Typical posterior femur of the genus (serrulated dorsally and smooth ventrally), posterior tibia with 8–9 spines on each dorsal margin, the spines of the inner margin being larger. Tegmina short, slightly bilobed, and barely reaching the second abdominal segment/ the first quarter of the hind femur (in four males, the tegmina was very slightly trilobed); uniformly colored. Tergites armed with a single spine close to their posterior border (but not at their end) at the midline. Dorsal margin of the tenth tergite divided, furculae present with blacktips, triangular epiproct. Cerci conical without exceeding the length of the epiproct and with a pointed apex. Subgenital plate with pointed apex. Phallic complex. Epiphallus. Lophi rounded, with an apical protuberance, posterior projections broad and semicircular, bridge narrow and bent (dorsal view), ancorae triangular, anterior projections reduced and square in shape, lateral plates ovoid. Ectophallus and endophallus. Aedeagus apical valves reduced and simple, slightly grooved transversally, covered almost entirely by the cingulum; cingulum anteriorly cloven, apodemes of cingulum short, barely covering the apodemes of endophallus and partially covering the endophallus from lateral view. Apodemes of endophallus widened and subovoid. Female description. Larger and stouter than males. Antennae with 17–18 segments, without exceeding the apex of the pronotum. Fastigium of the vertex in lateral view projecting as much as scape and pedicel, rounded and slightly curving towards rostrum, until connecting at frontal costa; in frontal view with the pointed apex and delimited by a groove on each side. Central ocellus located under the vertex, frontal costa originating from the central ocellus in the form of an inverted “v”, reaching the fronto-clypeal suture. Furrows that delimit the frontal costa and fronto-clypeal suture with granules. Prosternal tubercle straight, spiniform, forwardly inclined. Pronotal disc with three clearly cut grooves. Anterior margin of the pronotum with an apical projection more pronounced here than in the male; metazona shorter than prozona and mesozona together, triangular in shape, posterior margin ending in a projection. Lateral carinae in “V” from a lateral view, well-marked and with granules. Anterior and middle femora with some granules dorsally and ventrally unarmed, anterior tibia with 6–7 distal spinules on both ventral margins, middle tibia with 4–7 spinules on each ventral margin. Typical posterior femur of the genus (serrulated dorsally and smooth ventrally), posterior tibia with 8–10 spines on each dorsal margin, the spines of the inner margin being more prominent. Tegmina short, slightly bilobed (in five females, the tegmina was very slightly trilobed), and barely reaching the second abdominal segment/the first quarter of the hind femur. Tergites armed with a single spine close to their posterior border (but not at their end) at the midline, here in females less pronounced than in males and sometimes very reduced in the last tergites. Dorsal margin of the tenth tergite divided. Triangular epiproct. Cerci conical without exceeding the length of the epiproct and with a pointed apex. Ovipositor valves short, triangular, more sclerotized at the tips and pointed outwards. Male measurements in mm (n=9). Total length 23.3–27.5 (24.92; 1.14); pronotum length 6.9–9.0 (7.72; 0.68); tegmina length 5.0–6.0 (5.42; 0.32); hind femur length 11.1–13.1 (12.30; 0.56). Female measurements in mm (n=8). Total length 30.3–33.6 (31.73; 1.02); pronotum length 11.5–12.6 (11.98; 0.35); tegmina length 7.0–7.6 (7.25; 0.27); hind femur length 15.1–16.3 (15.66; 0.46). Type Material. Male holotype: Brazil. Ceará, Crato (Serra do Araripe) 850 m. May 1969. M. Alvarenga. Paratypes 8 males and 8 females from the same locality. Deposited at UMMZ. Geographic distribution (fig. 9). This species has only been recorded from the type locality. The collector’s name came to our attention, and we found on the website of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln State Museum—Division of Entomology, the information below, which we consider pertinent to share here. Moacyr Alvarenga (1915–2010) collected a large number of Brazilian insects that are now represented in museum collections worldwide. He has six genera (one of which is the basis for Anobiidae subfamily Alvarenganiellinae, and another is the basis of the melolonthid tribe Alvarengiini) and more than one hundred species named after him (including plants as well as scarabaeoids (lucanids, scarabaeines, bolboceratids, melolonthines, rutelines, and dynastines), blattarians, hemipterans, homopterans, dipterans, orthopterans, mantids, hymenopterans, araneans, nematods, and one amphibian). He was a Brazilian Air Force officer, permitting him to travel around Brazil collecting in numerous places never collected before or since. He worked on Neotropical Erotylidae and published several papers on this group. He published one paper on scarabs, the description of the dynastine Agaocephala margarida e, named after his wife. Most of his beetle collection is in the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro and in the Museu Paranaense in Curitiba (https://unsm-ento.unl.edu/workers/MAlvarenga.htm). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to its small size among all the known species of Colpolopha., Published as part of Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo & Pocco, Martina E., 2023, A new species of Colpolopha Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera: Romaleidae) from Brazil, pp. 381-392 in Zootaxa 5264 (3) on pages 383-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7836768

4. Reyesacris mephaa sp. nov. Mariño-Pérez, Sanabria-Urbán, Pocco, Foquet, & Song Figs. 2C & D, 6, 12B Diagnosis. Hind margin of 10 th abdominal tergite with three small dark knobs. Male supra-anal plate with some small dark knobs. Tip of lophi and surrounded areas well sclerotized; sclerotized area ovoid in dorsal view. Dorsal margin of the sheath of aedeagus slightly “quadrated in lateral view, fused with dorsolateral projections of the dorsal aedeagal valves forming an apical groove. Apex of dorsal valves semicircular in dorsal view; anterior outer margin stout and concave. Dorsal and ventral aedeagal valves large and partially covered by sheath of aedeagus. Male description (Fig. 2C & D). External genitalia (Fig. 6A). Cerci triangular with internal spine in the basal half. Margin of 10 th abdominal tergite thickened and forming three black projections. Supra-anal plate triangular with dilated margins and some small dark knobs. Internal genitalia (Fig. 6B–E). Epiphallus (Fig. 6B & C). Well sclerotized, bridge almost straight, anterior projections globose and rounded. Ancorae triangular. Lophi prominent with an anterior portion and surrounding areas well sclerotized. Ovoid shape of this sclerotized area from dorsal view. Lateral plates poorly developed. Posterior projections enlarged. Oval sclerites semi-triangular. Ecto + Endophallus complex (Fig. 6D & E). Ectophallus. Apodemes of cingulum elongated. Zygoma well-developed. Rami well-developed. Sheath of aedeagus folded at tip with dorsal margin slightly “quadrated in lateral view. This dorsal margin fuse with the lateral-dorsal projections of the dorsal valvae of aedeagus forming an apical groove evident in lateral view of ectophallus. Endophallus. Apodemes of endophallus laterally compressed, arch of aedeagus elevated (“L shaped) (in lateral view). Dorsal valvae well sclerotized with dorsolateral quadrated projections (“anterior margins nearly perpendicular to body axis). Apex of the dorsal valvae semicircular in dorsal view with anterior outer margin stout and concave, involving laterally ventral ones. Ventral valvae a little longer than dorsal ones, semicircular and with expanded rounded apex. Both valvae large and only partially covered by sheath of aedeagus. Female description. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named in honor of the Me’phaa, also known as Tlapanecos, which is one of the most ancient indigenous people that remains in highlands southeastern Guerrero, where this new species was found. Male measurements (1). Pronotum length 3.85; tegmen length 3.33; hind femur length 9.34. Male holotype. Mexico, Guerrero, Iliatenco Centro Ecoturístico. L 18. 1308 m (17.0714°N; 98.6726°W). 23- X-2017. Legit. Mariño-Pérez, Sanabria-Urbán, Pocco, Foquet. UMMZ. Additional type material. One male paratype same data as above. CAFESI. Geographic distribution. Only known from its type locality (Fig. 11) in the external versant of the Sierra Madre del Sur near the limits between the Guerrero and Oaxaca states. This species is found in mid elevations in association with cloud forests vegetation., Published as part of Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Pocco, Martina E., Foquet, Bert & Song, Hojun, 2021, Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Four new species of Reyesacris Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampidinae), pp. 518-536 in Zootaxa 5039 (4) on pages 527-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5516017

Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Pocco, Martina E., Foquet, Bert, Song, Hojun (2021): Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Four new species of Reyesacris Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampidinae). Zootaxa 5039 (4): 518-536, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5039.4.4

5. Reyesacris tika sp. nov. Mariño-Pérez, Sanabria-Urbán, Pocco, Foquet, & Song Figs. 2E & F, 7, 10, 12C Diagnosis. Hind margin of 10 th abdominal tergite with three large dark knobs. Male supra-anal plate with 2 + 2-3 large dark knobs. Sclerotized surrounding areas of lophi of epiphallus ovoid in dorsal view. Dorsal margin of the sheath of aedeagus slightly rounded in lateral view, fused with dorsolateral projections of the dorsal aedeagal valves forming an apical groove. Short aedeagal valvae, almost covered by the sheath of aedeagus; apex of dorsal valves with anterior outer margin directed ventrally, involving laterally ventral ones. Male description (Fig. 2E & F). External genitalia (Fig. 7A). Cerci triangular with internal spine in the basal half. Margin of 10 th abdominal tergite thickened and forming three black projections. Supra-anal plate triangular with dilated margins. Four to five large knobs in a 2 + 2-3 pattern. Internal genitalia (Fig. 7B–E). Epiphallus (Fig. 7B & C). Well sclerotized, bridge almost straight, anterior projections globose and rounded. Ancorae triangular. Lophi prominent with an anterior portion and surrounding areas well sclerotized. Ovoid shape of this sclerotized area from dorsal view. Lateral plates poorly developed. Posterior projections enlarged. Oval sclerites semi-triangular. Ecto + Endophallus complex (Fig. 7D & E). Ectophallus. Apodemes of cingulum elongated. Zygoma welldeveloped. Rami well-developed. Sheath of aedeagus folded at tip with dorsal margin slightly rounded in lateral view. This dorsal margin fuses with the lateral-dorsal projections of the dorsal valvae of aedeagus forming an apical groove evident in lateral view of ectophallus. Endophallus. Apodemes of endophallus laterally compressed, arch of aedeagus elevated (“L shaped, in lateral view). Dorsal valvae well sclerotized, with dorsolateral quadrated projections (“anterior margins nearly perpendicular to body axis). Apex of the dorsal valvae with anterior outer margin directed ventrally and involving laterally ventral ones. Ventral valvae a little longer than dorsal ones, semicircular and with expanded rounded apex. Both valvae almost covered by sheath of aedeagus. Female description. Cerci small conical and supragenital plate semi triangular. Etymology. The specific epithet is referring to the name given by local people to grasshoppers in Mixteco language. Male measurements (4). Pronotum length 3.41–3.61 (3.49; 0.09); tegmen length 2.47–3.35 (2.95; 0.36); hind femur length 9.85–10.32 (10.07; 0.21). Female measurements (1). Pronotum length 4.93; tegmen length 3.79; hind femur length 13.08. Male holotype. Mexico, Oaxaca, San Isidro Paz y Progreso. L 22-2018. 1365 m (17.0734°N; 97.837°W). 30- X-2018. Legit Sanabria-Urbán, Jiménez-Arcos. CAFESI. Additional type material. Five males and one female (adults) and five males and five females (nymphs) same data as above. UMMZ, CAFESI. Geographic distribution. Only known from type locality (Fig. 11), which is found in the Mixtec region, along the external versant of the Sierra Madre del Sur near the boundaries between Oaxaca and Guerrero states. This species al also found in mid-elevations in association mainly with tropical mountainous and cloud forests vegetation., Published as part of Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Pocco, Martina E., Foquet, Bert & Song, Hojun, 2021, Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Four new species of Reyesacris Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampidinae), pp. 518-536 in Zootaxa 5039 (4) on pages 529-530, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5516017

1. Reyesacris amedegnatoae Figs. 1A–D, 3 Diagnosis. Hind margin of 10 th abdominal tergite with three large dark knobs. Male supra-anal plate with 2 + 2 large dark knobs. Lophi of epiphallus prominent, anterior portion and surrounding areas well sclerotized; sclerotized area semi-circular in dorsal view. Dorsal valves of aedeagus subtrapezoidal in dorsal view. Dorsal and ventral valves almost covered by the sheath of aedeagus. Male redescription. External morphology (Fig. 1A & C). External genitalia (Fig. 3A). Cerci triangular with internal spine in the basal half. Margin of 10 th abdominal tergite thickened and forming three black projections. Supra-anal plate triangular with dilated margins. Four large and clear knobs in a 2 + 2 pattern. Internal genitalia (Fig. 3B–E). Epiphallus (Fig. 3B & C). Well sclerotized, bridge almost straight, anterior projections globose and rounded. Ancorae triangular. Lophi prominent with an anterior portion and surrounding areas well sclerotized. Semi-circular shape of this sclerotized area from dorsal view. Lateral plates poorly developed. Posterior projections enlarged. Oval sclerites semi-triangular. Ecto + Endophallus complex (fig 3D & E). Ectophallus. Apodemes of cingulum elongated with zygoma and ramus well-developed. Sheath of aedeagus complex and folded at tip. Endophallus. Apodemes of endophallus laterally compressed, arch of aedeagus elevated, “L shaped (in lateral view). Dorsal valvae well sclerotized, expanded laterally and subtrapezoidal in dorsal view with anterior outer margin concave and involving laterally ventral ones. Ventral valvae a little longer than dorsal ones, semicircular and with expanded rounded apex. Both valvae almost covered by sheath of aedeagus. Female description (Fig. 1B & D). See genus description. Cerci small conical and supragenital plate triangular. Male measurements (15). Pronotum length 2.98–3.51 (3.35; 0.18); tegmen length 2.27–3.61 (2.8; 0.31); hind femur length 8.19–10.01 (9.07; 0.46). Female measurements (5). Pronotum length 4.14–4.48 (4.32; 0.15); tegmen length 3.66–3.97 (3.80; 0.13); hind femur length 10.84–12.10 (11.46; 0.57). Type material. Male holotype (CNIN-UNAM): Mexico, Oaxaca, Pluma Hidalgo W, Portillo del Rayo, 1492 m. (15.9825°N; 96.52°W). 17.XI.2008, Legit P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti and R. Mariño-Pérez; same data, female Allotype and 4 paratypes (3 males and 1 female); Mexico, Oaxaca, Pluma Hidalgo (pueblo), 1340 m. (15.9255°N; 96.42°W), 17.XI. 2008, Legit P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti and R. Mariño-Pérez, 1 female paratype; Mexico, Oaxaca, Portillo del Rayo, carr. # 175, km 184, 1465 m. (15.9828°N; 96.52°W), 30.IV.2008, Legit F.M. Buzzetti, 7 males and 1 female paratypes; Mexico, Oaxaca, Between Pluma Hidalgo and Herradura, km 11/ 12, 681 m, (15.8826°N; 96.39°W), Legit F.M. Buzzetti, 1 male and 1 female paratypes; Mexico, Oaxaca, Pluma Hidalgo W, 1175 m, 17.XI.2008 (15.9397°N; 96.43°W), Legit P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti and R. Mariño-Pérez, 6 males and 1 female paratypes. Additional records. Mexico, Oaxaca, 24–25 mi N Pto Escondido, rd to Oaxaca, mountain national forest, roadside # 45. 775 m (16.121°N; 97.064°W), 2-IX-1981, Legit Otte, Azuma, Newlin, 3 males. Mexico, Oaxaca, 85 km N Pto Angel, mountain forest roadside. # 43. 1496 m (15.9825°N; 96.5195°W), 1-IX-1981, Legit Otte, Azuma, Newlin, 3 males and 3 females. ANSP. Mexico, Oaxaca, San Macario Las Trancas, Ca. Pluma Hidalgo L 27-2016. 1153 m. (15.9398°N; 96.4299°W), 7-XI-2016, Legit Sanabria-Urbán, Cueva del Castillo, 3 males, 2 females, 1 nymph male. CAFESI. Mexico, Oaxaca, La Soledad, Camino a Buenavista Loxicha VHJA 2017. 1801 m. (16.0415N; 96.5058°W), X-2017, Legit Jiménez-Arcos, 1 male, 1 female, 1 nymph female. CAFESI. Mexico, Oaxaca, La Soledad VHJA jun 2018. 1801 m. (16.0415°N; 96.5058°W), 2-XI-2018, Legit Jiménez-Arcos 1 nymph female. CAFESI. Mexico, Oaxaca, Puente Pluma Hidalgo L 35-2018. 1153 m. (15.9263°N; 96.4563°W), 2-XI-2018, Legit Sanabria-Urbán, Jiménez-Arcos, 1 male, 3 females. CAFESI. Mexico, Oaxaca, La Soledad, desviacin, L 36-2018. 1801 m. (16.0415°N; 96.5058°W), 2-XI-2018, Legit Sanabria-Urbán, Jiménez-Arcos, 5 males, 1 nymph male. CAFESI. Geographic distribution (Fig. 11). This species has only been found along the cloud forests of the municipalities of Pluma Hidalgo and Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, in the southernmost portion of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range elevations ranging from 775 to 1801 masl., Published as part of Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Pocco, Martina E., Foquet, Bert & Song, Hojun, 2021, Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Four new species of Reyesacris Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Ommatolampidinae), pp. 518-536 in Zootaxa 5039 (4) on pages 521-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5516017

2. Reyesacris zihua sp. nov. Mariño-Pérez, Sanabria-Urbán, Pocco, Foquet, & Song Figs. 2A & B, 4, 8 Diagnosis. Hind margin of 10 th abdominal tergite with three small dark knobs. Male supra-anal plate with many small dark knobs. Only tip of lophi sclerotized. Dorsal margin of the sheath of aedeagus slightly pointed in lateral view. Dorsal valves of aedeagus widened at the base, with lateral margins tapering towards the apex, semicircular apex. Male description (Fig. 2A & B). External genitalia (Fig. 4A). Cerci triangular with internal spine in the basal half. Margin of 10 th abdominal tergite thickened and forming three small black projections. Supra-anal plate triangular with dilated margins and many small dark knobs. Internal genitalia (Fig. 4B–E). Epiphallus (Fig. 4B & C). Well sclerotized, bridge almost straight, anterior projections globose and rounded. Ancorae triangular. Lophi prominent with an anterior portion well sclerotized. Semi-circular shape of this anterior portion sclerotized area from dorsal view. Lateral plates poorly developed. Posterior projections enlarged. Oval sclerites semi-triangular. Ecto + Endophallus complex (Fig. 4D & E). Ectophallus. Apodemes of cingulum elongated. Zygoma well-developed. Rami well-developed. Sheath of aedeagus folded at tip with dorsal margin slightly pointed in lateral view. Endophallus. Apodemes of endophallus laterally compressed, arch of aedeagus elevated (almost “L shaped, in lateral view). Dorsal valvae in dorsal view well sclerotized, widened at the base, with lateral margins tapering towards the apex, and semicircular in the apex with anterior outer margin concave and involving laterally ventral ones. Ventral valvae a little longer than dorsal ones, semicircular and with expanded rounded apex. Both valvae almost covered by sheath of aedeagus. Female description. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is referring to the name given to the zone by local people, which also mean woman in Náhuatl. Male measurements (2). Pronotum length 3.82–4.05; tegmen length 3.85–4.02; hind femur length 10.55. Male holotype. Mexico, Guerrero, 16–20 km NE RT 200, Ixtapa-Altamirano Rd. mountain forest. # 60. 382 m. (17.804 N; 101.445°W), 9-IX-1981. Legit Otte. ANSP. Additional type material. One male paratype same data as above. ANSP. Geographic distribution. This species is only known from its type locality (Fig. 11) which is found in the Pacific Coast biogeographic province near the Northwestern limit of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range. Reyesacris zihua is found in the most northern boundary of the genus and in the lowest elevation ranges, probably in association with tropical deciduous forest.

Pedies andreae sp. nov. Fontana, Mariño-Pérez, & Woller http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:502398 Diagnosis: Different from congeneric species for the shape of male cerci that are elongate, apically thin and subcylindrical, and relatively short (Figs. 3A&B and 10A–F), and for the phallic complex resembling a lizard head with a deep, open “mouth” formed by the ventral valves of aedeagus when viewed in profile (Figs. 3C, 4C, and 10G,I,K). Although this latter characteristic is shared with P. capotamius, the “upper jaw” (ventral portion) is more prominent here coupled with the presence of longer cerci in P. capotamius. Compared with P. malinchensis, the most similar species by geographic distribution (40 km, different mountain system – see Fig. 7), the cerci are of similar length but different form (wider in the second half in P. malinchensis) and the “jaws” of the ventral valves of aedeagus are less developed overall. In Table 1 and Figure 10, we compare the three species. Coloration: (Figs. 1–3) Antennae brown, living males with bluish coloration in region just behind and below eyes (Fig. 1A) (not obvious in preserved specimens), side of pronotum and metanotum sides bluish in male, brown and greenish in females. Discum of pronotum, tegmina, fore and middle legs brownish in both sexes. Abdomen mostly yellow with blackish spots on sides of each dorsal tergite in male, greenish with a continuous wide dark brown band on each side in females. Blue coloration present on the ventral side of some female abomens, most obvious in live specimens. Lower exterior region of hind femora and tibiae yellow in males, reddish-orange in females. Pronotum and Tegmina: (Figs. 2 and 5) Pronotum in both sexes straight in lateral view, scarcely tectiform in transversal section. Anterior and posterior margin of pronotum almost straight in both sexes. Tegmina in both sexes lateral, not attingent on dorsum, regularly elliptical with widely rounded apex, reaching the middle of the 1 st abdominal tergites; venation dense with raised longitudinal (almost parallel) veins and less prominent transversal ones. Terminalia: Male, external. Furcula subtriangular and relatively short (Fig. 3B). Supra-anal plate subtriangular, with acute apex and convex lateral sides; surface almost plain with shallow, median groove that extends apically for almost entire length and is deepest basally (Fig. 3B). Cerci compressed laterally and lightly Sshaped (stretched anteroposteriorly), with apical halves subcylindrical and tapering to rounded points that curve slightly inwards; extend about 3/4 the length of subgenital plate (Fig. 3A&B). Subgenital plate hemiconical in lateral view and strongly pointed at apex (Fig. 3A&B). Internal phallic complex: Overall, typical for a melanopline, with the following unique characters: Epiphallus: ancorae relatively elongate, subtriangular, and gently curving ventrally; lophi prominent, subrectangular, and with internal corners the highest (Figs. 3C&D and 4B); post-epiphallic lobe (Gurney and Buxton, 1968; Carbonell, 2000; Carbonell et al., 1980) only mildly wrinkled, with two prominent and elongate sclerotized portions that angle anteriorly towards the center (Fig. 4A). Ectophallus: rami prominent, and relatively wide, narrowing posteriorly and extending well below valves of aedeagus (Fig. 4A&C). Sheath of aedeagus taking the form of two halves that do not meet, each containing a lobe that broadly attaches to apices of rami and are covered in raised microstructures resembling those on the postepiphallic lobe; posterior portion of each with a deep, but broad, envagination resembling the "lizard jaws" of the ventral valves of aedeagus that are emerging from the center of each lobe; lower posterior apex of each extending further posteriorly (Fig. 4A,C,D). Endophallus: arch of aedeagus well-developed. Dorsal valves of aedeagus hidden within sheath of aedeagus and not visible without dissection; do not meet flexures and about ½ the length of ventral valves, relatively wide and slightly separated basodorsally just beyond the arch. Ventral valves of aedeagus meet flexures and are twice as long as the dorsal valves, robust throughout with unusual apices that are sclerotized, and covered in raised microstructures; strongly resemble the head of a lizard when viewed laterally, with an open, deep "mouth" that has both "jaws developed", upper/ventral more-so (where the eye would be); in posterodorsal view, the apices of the upper jaws are lightly excavated (Figs. 3C&D and 4A,C,D). Female, external: Female supra-anal plate subtriangular, elongated, with acutely rounded apex and surface almost plain (Fig. 6A). Cerci subconical, flattened longer 1.5 times as wide at base (Fig. 6A&B). Ovipositor quite long; ventral valves with strong tooth on the lower margin (Fig. 6B). Subgenital plate with posterior margin subtriangular, acute apex on concave lateral sides (Fig. 6B&C). Male measurements (in mm) (n=3): Body length “Entire body” 18.80–19.55 (19.14 ± 0.37); pronotum length 3.94–4.04 (4.01 ± 0.05); prozona length 2.44–2.53 (2.47 ± 0.05); metazona length 1.50–1.59 (1.53 ± 0.05); hind femur length 9.87–10.34 (10.15 ± 0.24) and tegmina length 3.10–3.29 (3.22 ± 0.10). Female measurements (in mm) (n=8): Body length “Entire body” 22.09–25.00 (24.09 ± 0.87); pronotum length 4.51–4.88 (4.74 ± 0.12); prozona length 2.72–3.00 (2.92 ± 0.10); metazona length 1.69–1.88 (1.82 ± 0.06); hind femur length 11.75–14.00 (12.90 ± 0.63) and tegmina length 3.76–4.51 (4.24 ± 0.29). Etymology: This species is dedicated to our colleague Laura Andrea Abela-Posada who helped us to collect the type material. The specific name is a female noun in the genitive case. Holotype: Male (Figs. 2–4). Mexico, Puebla, La Cañada, near Libres, [19.510436, -97.773011] (WGS84). 2820 masl. 8-XII-2010. Grassland with Pinus, Cupressus, and Quercus patches of forest. Coll. Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, and Laura Andrea Abela-Posada. CNIN-UNAM. Additional Type Material: CNIN-UNAM. 6 paratypes (1 male, 5 females). Same data as holotype. CPF. 4 paratypes (1 male, 3 females). Same data as holotype. TAMUIC. 2 paratypes (both female) in ethanol. Same data as holotype, but 3-XII-2011. Coll. Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, Derek A. Woller, and Paola Tirello. Geographic Distribution and Habitat: This species was collected in the Aztec district of the east subprovince of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt province. It is on its edge, very close to the Carso Huasteco subprovince of the Sierra Madre Oriental province. Both provinces belong to the Mexican Transition Zone, which harbors both Neartic and Neotropical biota, plus endemic biota (Morrone, 2017). The habitat in which this species was found (Fig. 1C&D) can be described as mixed vegetation with patches of forest (Pinus, Cupressus, and Quercus), with native grasses, such as Muhlenbergia sp. and crops, such as maize.

Perixerus triqui sp. nov. (Figs. 1E,F, 30–34) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:498236 Diagnosis. This species is very similar to P. obscurus in terms of general external morphology both in males and females, although parts of the terminalia and internal genitalia are fairly unique among conspecifics. Male: general coloration dark often with a more orange to reddish colorations, pronotum more rugose with longer metazona, absence of median carina, and larger tegmina cell than in P. squamipennis. Furculae vestigial with long gap between, supra-anal plate triangular overall with slightly rounded apex and shallow, median groove that extends apically for approximately ½ the total length, cerci longer and curved strongly inwards. Phallic complex with the following unique characters: ancorae of epiphallus curving strongly inwards and valves of aedeagus relatively complex compared to conspecifics, with dorsal valves forming a large, mostly fused ½ hourglass shape and the ventral valves forming prominent flower-like structures. Female: markedly similar to that of P. obscurus, but mainly differs from its congeners by its shorter and more compact ovipositor valves. Coloration. Antennae blackish, pronotum dark brown; tegmina light brown with contrasting dark reticulation; eyes pale orange; head, fore and middle legs blackish; abdominal tergites blackish-brown with orange to reddish posterior margins; hind femur with upper and lower margin yellowish to orange and dark blue to blackish medial area on external surface; hind tibia blackish with basal portion orange to reddish; ventral portion of the body orange to reddish (Figs. 1E,F, 30, 33). Pronotum and Tegmina. Generally, pronotum with raised metazona in lateral view, rugose both in prozona and metazona; median carina not detectable; metazona about 4/9 of total length of pronotum, except in nymphs; pronotum from above with almost parallel sides in males, more divergent in females; posterior pronotal margin widely rounded, partly emarginated; tegmina reaching the end of 2nd abdominal tergite, meeting on dorsum, reticulation with bigger cells than in P. squamipennis (Figs. 30 & 33). Terminalia. Male, external: Furculae vestigial with long gap between. Supra-anal plate triangular with slightly rounded apex and longer than in P. obscurus sp. nov.; lateral sides sinuous and with shallow, median groove that extends apically for approximately ½ the total length. Cerci elongate compared to conspecifics: wider at base and narrowing in middle and then expanding towards apices, which are spoon-shaped (sometimes with sharper ventral edge); strongly curving inwards beginning around midway point. Subgenital plate short with pointed apex (Fig. 31C,D). Internal phallic complex: overall, typical for a melanopline, with the following unique characters: Epiphallus: ancorae relatively short, subtriangular and more robust than conspecifics, and curve strongly inwards; lophi prominent, subrectangular, and typically bent slightly anteriorly; post-epiphallic lobe moderately wrinkled, similar to conspecifics, and covered in raised microstructures (Figs. 31C,D & 32A,B). Ectophallus: rami prominent, fairly robust, and resembling a stretched-out “N” shape, extending well below valves of aedeagus. Sheath of aedeagus composed of two lobes of similar size that are attached to apical 1/3rd of rami with each side extending upwards to the lower edges of the dorsobasal region of the dorsal valves of aedeagus, meeting only occasionally along ventral margins; covered in raised microstructures resembling those on the post-epiphallic lobe (Figs. 31C,D & 32A,C,D). Endophallus: arch of aedeagus well-developed. Dorsal valves of aedeagus do not meet flexures with overall shape resembling ½ of an hourglass with lower apices extending a bit further and narrowing to points that project posteriorly; majority fused with narrow medial cleft beginning at midway point and extending apically; when viewed dorsally, apex of component often appears to almost completely cover ventral valves. Ventral valves of aedeagus meet flexures and are relatively complex compared to P. obscurus and P. triqui sp. nov.; when viewed posteriorly, apices resemble two sets (left and right) of lightly sclerotized, lobe-like flowers that the apices of the dorsal valves rest upon, with the center of both flower sets containing more darkly sclerotized microstructures; when viewed lateroventrally, it can be seen that these flower shapes are created by a deviation of the apical 1/3rd of the valves with one portion forming the center structures and the other portion bending ventrally and then back up to form a ring-like frame from which the lobe portion of the flowers emerge (Figs. 31C,D & 32A,C,D). Female, external: as in P. squamipennis and P. obscurus: supra-anal plate subtriangular and cerci relatively small and subconical; dorsal valves of ovipositor with small teeth along dorsobasal margin; ventral valves of ovipositor without teeth; both dorsal and ventral valves appear to be slightly more compact compared to P. squamipennis and P. obscurus sp. nov. (Fig. 34). Male measurements (in mm) (n=3) (Table 1): Body length 20.12–22.44 (20.99 ± 1.26); pronotum length 5.03–5.73 (5.28 ± 0.39); prozona length 2.67–2.74 (2.70 ± 0.04); metazona length 2.34–2.99 (2.58 ± 0.36); hind femur length 11.12–11.95 (11.55 ± 0.42); and tegmina length 4.00–5.10 (4.60 ± 0.56). Female measurements (in mm) (n=1) (Table 1): Body length 25.92; pronotum length 6.92; prozona length 3.63; metazona length 3.29; hind femur length 14.07; and tegmina length 5.55. Etymology. This species is named after the ancient Triqui people, who still live and preserve their culture and language, in the northwestern highlands of Oaxaca, the only region from which this species is known so far. The specific name is a male noun in the genitive case. Holotype. Male (Figs. 30–32). Mexico, Oaxaca, Near San Andres Huaxpaltepec on Km 14 Highway #200 Pinotepa Nacional-Puerto Escondido. 16°20’06”N 97°55’46”W (WGS84). 210 m. a.s.l. 3-IX-1980. (E. Barrera and A. Cadena). (CNIN-UNAM). Additional type material. 10 Paratypes. [3 adult males, 1 nymph male, 3 adult females (2 of them in ethanol), 1 nymph female]. Mexico, Oaxaca, San Andrés Chicahuaxtla. 97°50'27.15" W; 17°10'2.47" N. 2459 m a.s.l. (18- X-2015 and XI-2016) Legit Salomón Sanabria-Urbán (CNIN-UNAM). 1 male and 1 female. Mexico, Oaxaca, San Martin Itunyoso 97°52'23.62" W; 17°12'5.72" N. 2469 m a.s.l., (18-X-2015) Legit Salomón Sanabria-Urbán. (TAMUIC) Geographic distribution. This species is distributed in elevation ranging from 210 to 2,469 m.a.s.l. on the outer slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range and almost reaching the Pacific Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 36).

Perixerus obscurus sp. nov. (Figs. 1C,D & 25–29) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:498235 Diagnosis. This species looks fairly different from P. squamipennis in terms of coloration, with the hind legs particularly distinct due to the orange that is often mixed in. In terms of terminalia, the external male components are more similar to P. squamipennis while the external female components resemble those of P. triqui sp. nov. The internal genitalia of the male are fairly unique among conspecifics. Male: general coloration dark compared to P. squamipennis, pronotum more rugose with metazona that is often longer, absence of median carina, and larger tegmina cells. Furculae vestigial with short gap between, supra-anal plate subtriangular overall with slightlyrounded apex and relatively shorter than conspecifics, and with shallow, median groove that extends apically for approximately 1/3rd the total length, cerci relatively short and curved gently inwards. Phallic complex with the following unique characters: lophi of epiphallus more prominent and bent further anteriorly than conspecifics, rami sharply angled towards posterior, and sheath of aedeagus most elaborate with two shovel-shaped lobes enveloping apices of dorsal valves of aedeagus and extending further posteriorly. Valves of aedeagus relatively simple compared to conspecifics, with dorsal valves quite small and weak compared to ventral valves, which widen apically and have bulbous, hollow structures emerging ventrally. Female: looks different, in terms of general appearance, color, and other assorted characters; in particular: the position of the sulcus on the pronotum, the larger reticulated cells of the tegmina, and the overall color pattern of the body, especially that of the abdomen. Additionally, the ventral valves of ovipositor are without teeth. Coloration. Antennae dark brown to blackish, often lightly colored towards the base. Pronotum dark brown to pale blue; tegmina light brown with contrasting dark reticulation. Eyes pale orange to red. Head, fore and middle legs bluish to blackish; abdominal tergites blackish-brown with yellowish posterior margin; hind femur with upper and lower margin yellowish to orange and blackish medial area on external surface; hind tibia blackish with basal portion orange to reddish. Ventral portion of the body yellowish. (Figs. 1C,D, 25, 28). Pronotum and Tegmina. In most cases, pronotum often with raised metazona in lateral view, rugose both in prozona and metazona; median carina not detectable, except in nymphs; metazona about 4/9 of total length of pronotum; pronotum from above with almost parallel sides in males, more diverging in females; posterior pronotal margin widely rounded, partly emarginated; tegmina often reaching the end of 2nd abdominal tergite, meeting on dorsum, reticulation with bigger cells than in P. squamipennis (Figs. 25 & 28). Terminalia: Male, external. In most examined specimens furculae vestigial with short gap between. Supraanal plate subtriangular with slightly rounded apex and shorter than in P. squamipennis and P. triqui; lateral sides sinuous and with shallow, median groove that extends apically for approximately 1/3rd the total length. Cerci relatively short and similar to P. squamipennis: wider at base and narrowing in middle with rounded apices; gently curving inwards beginning around midway point. Subgenital plate short with pointed apex (Fig. 26A,B). Internal phallic complex: overall, typical for a melanopline, with the following unique characters: Epiphallus: ancorae relatively short, subtriangular, and curve slightly inwards; lophi prominent and most robust of conspecifics, subrectangular, and typically bent slightly anteriorly; post-epiphallic lobe moderately wrinkled, similar to conspecifics, and covered in raised microstructures (Figs. 26C,D & 27A,B). Ectophallus: rami prominent and resembling a stretched-out “N” shape that is angled posteriorly more sharply than in conspecifics, basal portion wider than conspecifics, and extending well below valves of aedeagus. Sheath of aedeagus comprised of two halves, each with two lobes of similar size that are attached to apical 1/4th of rami with each side extending upwards to the upper dorsobasal region of the dorsal valves of aedeagus, meeting only occasionally along ventral margins; dorsoapical portion of each lobe also extends posteriorly along dorsal valves, covering them completely, and forming shovel-like structures that taper to rounded points and almost reach apices of ventral valves of aedeagus; covered in raised microstructures resembling those on the post-epiphallic lobe (Figs. 26C,D & 27A,C,D). Endophallus: arch of aedeagus weakly developed. Dorsal valves of aedeagus do not meet flexures, are fused for most of their length with a short separation towards apex, and shorter than ventral valves, which are often up to 1/ 3rd longer; sheath of aedeagus essentially covers these relatively weak valves, extending beyond their apices to give the appearance that it is the valves themselves that are projecting posteriorly for some distance. Ventral valves of aedeagus meet flexures and are up to1/3rd longer than dorsal valves; apical ½ about twice as wide with relatively large, bulbous, hollow regions appearing ventrally on both sides as the valves widen (Figs. 26C,D & 27A,C,D). Female, external: as in P. squamipennis and P. triqui: supra-anal plate subtriangular and cerci relatively small and subconical; dorsal valves of ovipositor with small teeth along dorsobasal margin; ventral valves of ovipositor without teeth (Fig. 29). Male measurements (in mm) (n=6) (Table 1): Body length 19.92–21.06 (20.54 ± 0.48); pronotum length 5.17–5.66 (5.46 ± 0.16); prozona length 2.46–2.79 (2.66 ± 0.11); metazona length 2.38–2.97 (2.80 ± 0.22); hind femur length 11.12–11.46 (11.36 ± 0.12); and tegmina length 4.81–5.19 (5.00 ± 0.14). Female measurements (in mm) (n=5) (Table 1): Body length 23.19–27.83 (25.62 ± 1.70); pronotum length 6.72–8.08 (7.22 ± 0.63); prozona length 3.36–4.20 (3.76 ± 0.31); metazona length 3.03–3.88 (3.46 ± 0.41); hind femur length 12.64–15.32 (14.02 ± 0.1.05); and tegmina length 5.15–7.16 (6.11 ± 0.76). Etymology. This species is named for its generally dark appearance and the fact that it was hidden within museum specimens of P. squamipennis. In fact, the Latin word “ obscurus ” not only means dark, but covered as well. Holotype. Male (Figs. 25–27), México, Oaxaca, San Juan Atepec. 17.43977398, -96.51481697 (WGS84). 2,703 m.a.s.l. 16-X-2015. (S. Sanabria-Urbán); # M024-L56 (Fig. 25). (CNIN-UNAM) Additional Type Material. 14 paratypes (7 adult males and 7 adult females). 5 males and 4 females same locality as holotype (CNIN-UNAM). 1 male and 1 female México, Oaxaca, Ixtlán. -96.48401398; 17.32114197. 1926 m a.s.l. (17-X-2015) Legit S. Sanabria-Urbán & L. Laroo # M028-L40. (CPF) 1 female Oaxaca, Km 40 Highway #175 Oaxaca-Guelatao. 17°18’35’’ N; 96°32’18’’ W. 1746 m a.s.l. (4-XII-1979) Legit G. Ortega-Leon. (CPF) México, Oaxaca, Santa Maria Jalteanguis. -96.52176901; 17.35841897. 2299 m a.s.l. (14-X-2015) Legit S. Sanabria-Urbán. 1 male and 1 female (in ethanol) from México, Oaxaca, Llano de las flores. -96.503902; 17.446855. 2866 m a.s.l. (14-X-2015) Legit S. Sanabria-Urbán & L. Laroo. (TAMUIC) Geographic distribution. This species is apparently isolated geographically from its congeners and is confined to the inner slope of the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca mountain range, in elevations ranging from 1,746 to 2,866 m.a. s.l. in Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 36).

Liladownsia gen. nov. Fontana, Mariño-Pérez, Woller & Song http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:463900 Type species: Liladownsia fraile sp. nov. Fontana, Mariño-Pérez, Woller & Song, here designated. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:463901 General. Body stout; legs quite thin; bright colors with mixed combination of blackish-steel blue, red, yellow, and sometimes orange. Body surface heavily pubescent (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 4). Extremely peculiar pronotum shape with raised, swollen, and smooth prozona, and extremely rugose metazona. Sulcus very deep, lateral carinae absent (Figs. 2C and 3B). Tegmina brachypterous and tectiform, widely oval, densely-reticulated, covering 3/4 of male and 3/5 of female abdomen; overlapping partially on dorsum (Figs. 2A&B and 3A). Etymology. We are pleased to name the new genus in honor of the Mexican singer-songwriter and Grammy Award-winner, Ana Lila Downs Sánchez, whose stage name is Lila Downs. This taxon is dedicated to her for a number of reasons, such as the fact that she was born in the vicinity of the type locality and because she incorporates several indigenous tongues from Mexico into her musical style, including Mixteco and Zapoteco (the latter of which is spoken in the type locality). Additionally, Lila Downs has not only promoted the vast cultural diversity of Mexico worldwide via her music, but also through the use of bright colors, a staple of Mexican culture, and considering that this new genus is brightly-colored, we would like to recognize her efforts through the dedication of this new genus. Diagnosis and Taxonomic affinity. Aside from its brilliant coloration, the shape and proportions of the respective parts of the body in L. fraile identify it as a unique grasshopper, one that is quite squat, relatively heavy, and also slow-moving, akin, in many ways, to the members of Romaleidae. A closer examination reveals the originality of the shape of the pronotum (Figs. 2C and 3B) (especially in females (Fig. 3 B)) and the frailty of the hind femora (Figs. 2A&B and 3A), a feature probably related to the slow and ponderous movements of this organism. Despite its superficial resemblance to a romaleid, the primary exterior aspect that makes this taxon more similar to some Dactylotini genera, like Dactylotum and Perixerus, is the short, highly-reticulated tegmina (Figs. 2A&B and 3A). In the genus Dactylotum, however, reticulation of the tegmina only exists in two dimensions with light color veins on a dark background. In Perixerus, reticulation is in the form of actual raised veins, which are either darker or similar in color to the tegmina. The tegmina of L. fraile exhibit a strong similarity to those of Perixerus, but are longer and clearly tectiform (Figs. 2A&B and 3A). Other morphological characters that liken L. fraile to Perixerus are the dense hairs that cover the entire body (Figs. 2A&B and 3A) and the general structure of the internal genitalia of the males of each species (Figs. 6 and 7). There are, however, clear differences in these internal structures, such as the apical valves of the penis being far more sclerotized in Liladownsia compared to Perixerus (Figs. 6 and 7A,C, & D). Also, the fact that the apical valves of the penis of Perixerus, in dorsal view, appear to emerge from a structure that is dilated and corrugated while, in Liladownsia, the general structure of the apical portion of the phallic complex appears to be more rounded and simple (Figs. 6B and 7A&D).

Liladownsia fraile sp. nov. Fontana, Mariño-Pérez, Woller & Song http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:463901 Taxonomic description (of male except where specified). General. Liladownsia fraile is a medium-large showy grasshopper. Body is primarily colored with blackish-steel blue, yellow, red, and sometimes orange depending on color form (Figs. 2–4 and 10,11). Both sexes are very colorful, and are characterized by wrinkled teguments, reticulate tegmina, and diffuse hair on the body, which makes them appear almost silky (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). The shape of the pronotum (Figs. 2C and 3B) and hind femora is very peculiar. Prozona (especially in females) with a bulging appearance and almost smooth while metazona is markedly wrinkled and raised posteriorly. The overall look of the pronotum resembles the lowered hood of a monk/friar (fraile in Spanish) (Figs. 2–4 and 10). Hind femora are thin in comparison to body size and general body structure (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). Contrary to the generally more complicated structure of the overall exterior, the male genitalia are quite simple. The external genitalia do not have any special features with the cerci subconical, absent furcula, and the supra-genital plate subtriangular (Fig. 5). The internal phallic complex also lacks any peculiarities (Figs. 6 and 7). Coloration. Two general color forms appear to exist across both sexes: a lighter color form with blackish-steel blue and yellow more dominant overall (Figs. 2A, 4A, 10B, and 11A&D) and a darker color form with blackishsteel blue, yellow, red, and sometimes orange more dominant overall (Figs. 2B, 3A, 4B&C, 10A, and 11 B,C,&E). Head blackish-steel blue with fastigium, vertex, frontal ridge, and cheeks red, yellow, or orange. Antennae yellow to orange with first two segments blackish (Figs. 2–4 and 10). Pronotum black on anterior margin, lateral sides of prozona, along and behind sulcus; prozona mainly red, orange, or yellow and metazona posteriorly red (Figs. 2C and 3B). Tegmina clear brown with blackish reticulation. Fore and middle femora red and/or yellow and blackishblue steel apically. Fore and middle tibia blackish-blue steel, all tarsi blackish-blue steel. Hind femora with blackish medial area on external side and red or yellow-orange upper and lower marginal areas. Apical portion of hind femora and knees entirely blackish-blue steel; hind tibia blackish-blue steel with reddish-yellow or yellow basal portion. Thorax brownish; abdomen reddish brown and terminalia in both sexes blackish (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). Head. Head short, fastigium projecting moderately from eyes, widely- rounded when viewed laterally; frontal ridge well-marked with almost parallel lateral keels. Antennae filiform, semi-flattened with parallel sides; about 24 segments, median segments about 2.5 times as long as wide. Eyes scarcely prominent in females, not spaced very far apart; in males, more prominent, larger, and closer together. Prosternal process cylindro-conical, slightly bent posteriorly (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). Pronotum and wings. Pronotum with swollen prozona, more pronounced in female; metazona arising posteriorly from sulcus, posterior margin widely rounded. Prozona as long as metazona in both sexes. Aside from some setae, prozona smooth with some scattered indentations. Metazona wrinkled and highly rugose. Sulcus very deep; median carinae present on prozona, but more prominent anteriorly, and also present on metazona (Figs. 2C and 3B). Tegmina brachypterous, tectiform, and widely oval; homogeneously reticulated; longer than pronotum and reaching midpoint of hind femora in both sexes; partially overlapping on dorsum in both sexes. Hind wings vestigial and more or less half the length of the tegmina (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). Legs. Fore tibia with 3–5 spines on both inner and outer lower margins. Middle tibia with 3–5 spines on both outer and inner lower margins. Upper margins of hind tibia with 11–12 spines on outer side and 10–11 on inner side. Hind femora thin in relation to body size: 5.45 times as long as high in males and 6.5 times in females (Figs. 2A&B, 3A, and 10). Terminalia. Male. Furcula almost absent; only two vestigial protuberances present. Supra-anal plate subtriangular, with rounded apex and slightly convex lateral sides. Median impression and median keels hardly developed (Fig. 5B). Cerci subtriangular, gradually tapering from basal part; apex moderately flattened and rounded (Fig. 5). When viewed laterally (Fig. 5A), subgenital plate resembling 1/4 of a sphere, hemielliptical from above; apex truncated and barely concave. Female. Supra-anal plate subtriangular, apex rounded with concave lateral sides (Fig. 8B). Dorsal valvae of the ovipositor (Fig. 8A&B) almost twice as tall as ventral ones (Fig. 8A&C). Lower margin of ventral valvae uniformly sinuous without teeth or hooks (Fig. 8C). Subgenital plate with scarcely projecting subtriangular posterior margin and with concave lateral sides (Fig. 8C). Phallic complex. Epiphallus well-sclerotized; anterior margin of bridge concave; anterior spines short, conical, directed inwards and downwards, arched lophi with superior margin almost straight (Figs. 6 and 7A&B); well-elevated over anterior processes from a lateral viewpoint (Fig. 6A). Valvae of penis short, subequal in length. Dorsal valvae subtrapezoidal; ventral valvae longer, transversally flattened (Figs. 6 and 7A,C,&D). Etymology. This specific epithet comes from the common name used for this species by the local people of the type locality. In Spanish, “fraile” translates to monk or friar, referring to the swollen prozona, which resembles the hood of a monk’s robe. For the same reason some locals also refer to it as “chapulín de capucho” (hooded grasshopper). Based on this, we propose the following common name for this amazing grasshopper: Lila Downs’ friar grasshopper. Male measurements (in mm) (n=4). Body length 24.09–29.49 (27.70 ± 2.49); pronotum length 7.15–7.88 (7.44 ± 0.35); prozona length 3.79–4.08 (3.97 ± 0.13); metazona length 3.21–3.79 (3.46 ± 0.24); hind femur length 13.87–15.33 (14.78 ± 0.69) and tegmina length 7.30–11.68 (10.18 ± 2.03). Female measurements (in mm) (n=5). Body length 32.70–41.46 (37.23 ± 3.85); pronotum length 10.07–12.84 (11.53 ± 1.15); prozona length 5.54–6.71 (6.1 ± 0.44); metazona length 4.52–6.27 (5.4 ± 0.74); hind femur length 18.39–20.14 (19.27 ± 0.67) and tegmina length 10.07–12.99 (11.18 ± 1.19). Holotype. Male. Mexico, Oaxaca, Near Suchixtepec. 26 km after San José del Pacífico. 16.0779500, - 96.4945833 (WGS84). 2,321 m.a.s.l., edge of a pine forest. 10-XII-2011. (Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, Derek A. Woller, and Paola Tirello) (Fig. 1 B-1). Additional specimens examined. Eight paratypes (three males and five females) with the same collecting information as the holotype (Fig. 1 B-1); two paratypes (females): Mexico, Oaxaca, On Km 165, near Suchixtepec. 29 km after San José del Pacífico. 16.0586944, -96.4996667 (WGS84), 2127 m.a.s.l., pine-oak forest. 12-XII- 2013. (Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez and Salomón Sanabria-Urbán) (Fig. 1 C-2); two paratypes (one male and one female: 1.3 km Northwest of Suchixtepec. 16.104083, -96.471722 (WGS84). 2,663 m.a.s.l., pine-oak forest. 12-XII-2013. (Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez and Salomón Sanabria-Urbán) (Fig. 1 C-3); two paratypes (one male and one female: 6 km Northeast of Suchixtepec at Rio Molino, Sierra del Sur, 2,591 m.a.s.l., 5- V-1962. (J. Stuart Rowley). Also, some nymphs were collected and examined from the holotype locality (Fig. 1 C- 1) and the locality 29 km after San José del Pacífico (Fig. 1 C-2). Type depository. Male holotype and five paratypes (one male and four females) at UCFC, five paratypes (two males and three females) at CNIN-UNAM, two paratypes (one male and one female) at MNHN, and two paratypes (one male and one female) at CPF. Ecology. The habitat of the localities is in the boundaries of oak, pine-oak, and pine forests (1,900 –3,000 m.a.s.l.) (Fig. 9C) within the southern parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range in Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 1). These vegetation types have been observed on diverse classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, and do not tolerate draining deficiencies. Associated soil is of moderate acidity (pH 5.5–6.5) with abundant litter and organic matter in the superficial horizon and often in deeper horizons as well. Soil texture varies from clay to sand and the color is typically red, although sometimes it is also possible to find yellow, black, brown, or grey. According to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the climate of the region in which these forests can be found is primarily Aw (equatorial, winter dry), but also: Am (equatorial, monsoonal), Bsh (arid, summer dry, hot arid), Cfa (warm temperate, fully humid, hot summer), Cfb (warm temperate, fully humid, warm summer), Cwa (warm temperate, winter dry, hot summer), and Cwb (warm temperate, winter dry, warm summer) (García, 1973; Kottek et al., 2006). The mean precipitation per year ranges from 350 to over 2,000 mm, but is usually in the range of 600–1,200 mm. Temperatures vary from 10 to 26° C, but are quite often in the range of 12 to 20° C (Rzedowski, 1981). The forests are comprised of various species of oaks (Quercus conspersa, Q. laeta, Q. laurina, Q. rugosa, and Q. ocoteifolia among others in addition to nunemrous species of pines (Pinus), hornbeams (Carpinus), Styrax, and Ternstroemia. All of these trees can range from 4 to 20 m in height, sometimes up to 30 m. The shrubby layer is comprised of the following genera: Bejaria, Comarostaphylis, Gaultheria, Lyonia, Litsea, Myrica, Calliandra, and Symplocos while herbaceous layer contains Salvia, Arenaria, Lobelia, and Lupinus. Climbing plants, epiphytes and rock-growers, are also quite common in these types of forests (Rzedowski, 1981). During both collecting expeditions (2011 and 2013) we found adults (Figs. 2, 3, and 10), but also nymphs (Figs. 4 and 11) representing almost all developmental stages (Fig. 11), indicating that this species persists, at least, until the end of January, throughout some of the coldest times of the year in Mexico, which suggests, based on its size and overlapping presence of almost all life stages, that this grasshopper has a lifespan lasting several months. This idea was seemingly confirmed by the fact that the two adult specimens discovered in MNHN were collected in May. According to multiple conversations with local residents, this grasshopper is abundant and easy to find throughout the area. Based on the currently known localities (Fig. 1), it is possible that the geographic range of this grasshopper is confined to the southern parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range (Fig. 1C). Additionally, in 2013, a male and female were observed copulating in the typical manner of other Melanoplinae (Otte, 1970) while the pair was hanging from a shrubby plant in the Lamiaceae family about two meters from ground level. In 2011, both nymph and adult specimens were collected on a single (possible) host plant, Salvia elegans (Pineapple sage) (Fig. 9A&B), which is also part of Lamiaceae, possesses showy red flowers, and is native to the pine-oak forests (Fig. 9C) of Mexico and Guatemala. During the 2013 expedition we collected further specimens of the new species in the same kind of habitat, but on a wider range of plants, mostly members of Lamiaceae as well. Phylogenetic analysis. Our matrix based on COI and COII consisted of 2,289 aligned nucleotides and 42 taxa. The PartitionFinder analysis found that the best-fit data-partitioning scheme was partitioning the alignment into two subsets by treating the first codon position of COI and the third codon position as a single partition with the remainders combined as the second partition. For the Bayesian analysis, PartitionFinder recommended GTR+G as the best model of nucleotide substitution for the first partition, and GTR+I+G for the second partition. Both ML and Bayesian analyses recovered nearly identical topologies and we present the ML phylogram for discussion (Fig. 12). Nodal supports varied from weak to strong depending on the nodes. Monophyletic groups were recovered for the subfamily Melanoplinae overall as well as for four of the five included tribes: Jivarini, Podismini, Melanoplini, and Dichroplini. The analysis did not recover monophyly for Dactylotini because H. viridis was placed basally to Melanoplini. Additionally, the remaining three dactylotine taxa that were included, D. bicolor bicolor, P. squamipennis, and L. fraile, formed a clade and a sister relationship between P. squamipennis and L. fraile. was robustly recovered. Based on this phylogenetic relationship, as well as the previous findings (Chapco 2006 and Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2011), we find that Hesperotettix does not belong to Dactylotini, but to Melanoplini. Thus, at the tribal level, the following relationships were recovered: ((Jivarini, ((Podismini, (Dactylotini, Melanoplini)), Dichroplini)).

Woller, Derek A., Fontana, Paolo, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun (2014): Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Liladownsia fraile, a new genus and species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) and an updated molecular phylogeny of Melanoplinae. Zootaxa 3793 (4): 475-495, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.4.6

Brachycaulopsis jovelensis sp. nov. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 185222 Figs. 1, 3, 4, 8– 12; Table 1 Fontana, Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez. 2008. Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de México. Guía fotográfica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide. Pp. 66, fig. 63. (recorded only as Copiphorini) Description (of male except where specified –main body measurements of type material are given in Table 1) General. Body slender, both sexes brachypterous, tegument moderately rugose (Figures 8 A and 9 A). Fastigium of vertex about two times as wide as scape at base, long, subconical; projection on ventral side of fastigium not reaching frons; frons weakly convex; genal carinae absent; eyes small. All legs long and slender; fore and middle legs completely without spines. Male cerci armed apically with two strongly incurved spines (Figure 10 B & C); ovipositor as long as entire female body, almost straight, gradually tapering to acute apex (Figures 8 A and 11 A–C). (1) Total length: from vertex to apex of hind femur. (2) Tegmina length: exposed portion in lateral view (starting at costal vein in males). Head. Fastigium subconical, about twice as wide as scape, forming a straight line with occiput (Figure 9 B–D). Ventral side of fastigium of vertex with a small longitudinally-flattened subtriangular projection at base that does not connect with the frons; frons weakly convex (Figure 9 B & C). Eyes small relative to head size, scarcely protruding (Figure 9 A–D). Tegument of head smooth in front and on cheeks, weakly rugose on occiput and fastigium of vertex. Frons narrowly triangular; mandibles asymmetrical, right mandible smaller. Thorax. Dorsal surface of pronotum rugose and flat, anterior margin straight, posterior margin weakly convex (Figure 9 D) (almost straight in female (Figure 8 B)); transversal section of pronotum subtrapezoidal; lateral carinae absent, but lateral sides of pronotal disk are marked on each side by a thin white band running parallel with an inner reddish-brown line. Lateral lobes with posterior angle rounded; humeral sinus not deep. Lower margin of lateral lobes almost straight, gently sinuose with anterior half feebly concave and posterior convex. Sulcus obvious, mostly linear, and located along the posterior edge of the first third of the pronotum. Thoracic auditory spiracle large, elliptical, and completely hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum. Prosternum armed with two thin, conical, widely-separated spines; meso- and metasternum with lateral lobes of basisterna subtriangular. Wings. In both sexes, tegmina reduced, surpassing the middle of hind femora in males and, in the female, ending anteriorly to it. Tegmina subtriangular, ending with acutely-rounded apex. Anterior and posterior margins convex (Figures 8 A and 9 A). Male tegmina with basal portion of costal vein thickened and whitish with traces of reddish-brownish on inner margin continuing the pronotal disk’s lateral band and forming shapes akin to rounded brackets: “()” (Figure 9 D). Stridulatory apparatus of male well-developed, almost straight: stridulatory area of left wing scarcely thickened (Figure 9 E); stridulatory file short and almost straight with a maximum width of 100 µm, and consisting of 51 thin and narrow teeth (Figures 9 G and 12 A & B). Mirror of right tegmina suboval (Figures 9 F and 13 A & B) and scraper comprised of 36 thin and narrow teeth that are gently arched. Hind wings vestigial, unfolded in situ; about 4 / 5 of tegmina. Legs. All legs thin, fore coxae with elongated, forward-projecting spine located dorsally. Fore and mid femora and tibia completely lacking spines; hind femora armed apically on lower margin with one spine in both sexes on inner side and with 4 to 6 spines in males and 7 in females on external side; in both sexes, hind tibiae without any spines on ventral side, but with a few thin spines on both apical margins of dorsal side. Apex of fore and middle tibiae with only two movable spines. Apex of hind tibiae with 2 pairs of ventral and 1 pair of dorsal movable spines. Tympanum of fore tibia bilaterally closed, tympanal slit facing forward; tympanal area weakly swollen. Abdomen and terminalia. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergites smooth, unmodified (Figure 10 A & B). 10 th tergite in male with widely rounded to obtusely angular concave posterior margin and two lateral triangular expansions. Supra-anal plate elongated, triangular. Male cercus with two strong spines at apex, both bent inwards at a right to acute angle; upper spine half as long as lower one; both spines flattened, subconical with acute dark apex (Figure 10 B & C). Male subgenital plate with a pair of styli and concave, rounded posterior margin (Figure 10 C). Female cercus subconical, slender and straight (Figure 11 A & B). Ovipositor as long as female body, almost straight, slightly bent upwards, upper and lower margins almost parallel, and apex acutely-rounded (Figures 8 A and 11 A–C); ovipositor length = 18.76 mm and width = 1.12 mm. Ovipositor longer than hind femur (ratio ovipositor/ hind femur = 1.675). Coloration. Live and dried, mounted specimens light green (Figures 8 A and 9 A). Apex of ovipositor brownish (Figure 11 A). Type locality. Mexico, Chiapas, 15 km NW of Comitan, near San Francisco, on Highway 190 Comitan-San Cristóbal de Las Casas. 16 ° 22.437 ’ N; 92 ° 13.769 ’ W. 1936 m.a.s.l. Grassland in a Pine Forest (Figures 1 and 3). Type material. Male holotype and three paratypes (two males and one female) from type locality. 7 -XII- 2011. Collected by Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, Derek A. Woller, and Paola Tirello. Other material examined. One male. Mexico, Chiapas, 15 km SE San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Highway 190 Comitán-San Cristóbal de Las Casas. 16 ° 37 ’ 51 ’’ N; 92 ° 31 ’ 59 ’’ W; 2325 m.a.s.l. 14 -XII- 2006. Collected by Paolo Fontana and Patricia Lucero García-García. Type depository. Male holotype, and one male and one female of paratype series in UCFC. One male of paratype series in CPF. Etymology. The specific epithet for this species, jovelensis, is derived from the Tzotzil name for the type locality: Jovel (pronounced ho-vell), meaning “the place in the clouds”, which is also known as San Cristóbal de las Casas, the official government name. Tzotzil is a Maya language that is spoken by the indigenous people of the region and is also one of the most wide-spread native languages in the state of Chiapas. Ecology. Adults of the species have been found in dense grasses patches within pine forests.

Subfamily Conocephalinae Burmeister, 1838

Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus Rehn & Hebard, 1915 http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 17163 Figs. 1, 2, 6, 7, 14–22; Table 2 Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard. 1915. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 41 (2): 287. Conocephalus leptopterus Hebard. 1932. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 58 (3): 336. Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus Otte, D. 1997. Orthoptera Species File 7: 39. Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus García-García & Fontana. 2006. Entomología Mexicana 5 (2): 251. Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus García-García & Fontana. 2008. Guía para el reconocimiento y estudio de los chapulines del Parque Nacional “El Cimatario”, Querétaro. 48 pp. Conocephalus (Aphauropus) leptopterus Fontana, Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez. 2008. Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de México. Guía fotográfica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide. p. 62. Description (of male except where specified—main body measurements of examined specimens are given in Table 2.). (1) Total length: from vertex to apex of hind femur. (2) Tegmina length: exposed portion in lateral view (starting at costal vein in males). Head. Fastigium from above subrectangular, 2.5 times as long as wide and about 0.7 times as wide as scape, forming a rounded line with occiput. Ventral side of fastigium of vertex rounded, hardly protruding over the separation with frons; frons weakly convex. Eyes small relative to head size, well-protruding and tegument of head smooth (Figures 14 B and 15 B & D) with face oval and mandibles symmetrical. Thorax. Dorsal surface of pronotum smooth, concave with anterior and posterior margin weakly concave; transversal section of pronotum cylindrical; lateral carinae absent (Figures 14 B and 15 B & D). Lateral lobes subtriangular with posterior margin almost straight; humeral sinus not deep. Anterior margin of lateral lobes convex. Fairly linear sulcus at posterior end of the second third. Thoracic auditory spiracle large, elliptical, and almost completely hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum. Prosternum armed with two thin, cylindrical, widelyseparated spines; meso- and metasternum with lateral lobes of basisterna subtriangular, emarginated. Wings. In both sexes, wings absent, Tegmina strongly reduced. Male tegmina subtriangular, rounded at apex, hardly surpassing the end of the first abdominal tergite (Figure 14 A & B); female tegmina extremely reduced and as small as eyes, separated, lateral (Figure 15 A–D). Stridulatory apparatus of male well-developed; stridulatory file and scraper both short and with the former consisting of 37 thin and narrow tooth ordered in a gently sinuous line (Figures 14 C and 16 A & B) and 43 on the latter ordered in a sinusoidal line (Figures 14 D and 17 A & B). Mirror of right tegmina subquadrate (Figure 14 D). Legs. All legs thin (Figures 14 A and 15 A & C), fore coxae with elongated, forward-projecting spine located dorsally. Fore and mid femora completely lacking spines except for genicular lobes and fore and mid tibia armed only ventrally with 8 coupled sets of thin and dark spines. Hind femur without consistent genicular spines; hind tibiae armed dorsally with strong black spines on apical portion along ¾ of total length and also armed ventrally with thin dark spines at apical portion along 1 / 3 of total length. Tympanum of fore tibia bilaterally closed with tympanal slit facing forward; tympanal area weakly swollen. Abdomen and terminalia. Dorsal surface of abdominal tergites smooth, unmodified. 10 th tergite in male protruding in a subtriangular expansion formed by two digitiform-joined portions (Figures 18 A & B). Supra-anal plate poorly developed in both sexes. Male cercus very peculiar, subtrapezoidal, with a short, rounded, subtriangular apical tooth, a long, thin, incurved subapical spine and, posteriorly to the latter, an upcurved, sigmoid, short spine (Figures 18 B & C). Male subgenital plate with a pair of styli, concave, with rounded posterior margin. Female cercus subconical, slender and straight. Male titillators extremely simple, consisting of two small, semicircular, and upcurved toothless bands (Figure 19 A & B). Ovipositor twice as long as female abdomen and straight with upper and lower margins almost parallel; acute apex (Figures 15 A & C and 20 A–C). Coloration. Live (Figures 6 and 7 A & B) and dried, mounted specimens (Figures 14 A and 15 A & C) are light green or yellow with a dorsal longitudinal brown band. Remarks. Rehn and Hebard (1915) were apparently unable to obtain and describe a male of this species. Photographs of the type specimen (female) (Figure 2 A–D) as well as digital copies of Rehn and Hebard’s (1915) original description (Figure 21 A & B) and drawings (Figure 22 A & B) are also provided here for comparison and for the sake of completeness in terms of updating the description for this species. The subgenus Aphauropus Rehn & Hebard, 1915 was defined based on the presence of a single pair of spurs at the distal extremity of the hind tibiae (Figures 21 A & B and 22 A). The small size and extremely reduced tegmina of this species means that it can be easily confused with immature individuals of other related taxa. Ecology. Nymphs of the species are active from August to November while adults are active from August to December (Figure 6 B). This species lives in meadows in wooded reforested habitats (García-García & Fontana, 2008) (Figure 6 A). Material examined. 1 female holotype. Mexico, Nayarit. Tepic (ANSP) (Figure 2 A–D). 2 males and 2 females. Mexico, Querétaro, Parque Nacional El Cimatario, 20 ° 32 ’ N; 100 ° 31 ’ W, 2150 m.a.s.l. 18.XI. 2006, Collected by: P. L. García-García (CPF); 2 males and 1 female Mexico, Querétaro, Parque Nacional El Cimatario, 20 ° 32 ’ N; 100 ° 31 ’ W, 2150 m.a.s.l. 3–4.XII. 2005, Collected by: P. Fontana and P. L. García-García (CPF); 4 males and 1 female Mexico, Jalisco, Guadalajara, 1 km NW Jocotepec, road 15, 20° 17 ’N; 103 ° 27 ’ W, 1585 m.a.s.l. 14.X. 2004, Collected by: P. Fontana, R. Battiston, B. Agabiti and P. L. García-García (CPF) (Figure 1). Subfamily Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838 Tribe Insarini Rehn and Hebard, 1914 Insara Walker, 1869 Insara acutitegmina Fontana, Buzzetti, Mariño-Pérez & García García 2011 http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 8687 Figs. 5, 23– 26; Table 2 Insara sp. Fontana, Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez. 2008. Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de México. Guía fotográfica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide, pp. 89–90. Insara acutitegmina Fontana, Buzzetti, Mariño-Pérez & García García. 2011. Zootaxa 2879: 23. Insara acutitegmina is a short-winged Tettigonidae from Mexico, recently described using only male specimens (Fontana et al., 2011) (Figure 23). Recently-collected material from Mexico by the authors provided further specimens from geographically-close localities and included female specimens as well. The description of the female of this species completes the morphological knowledge of this interesting taxon. Female description. Head. Fastigium of vertex narrow, laterally compressed, subhorizontal, with a marked medio-longitudinal sulcation in anterior portion; sides divergent posteriorly; fastigium of vertex in contact with facial fastigium; both anteriorly flat when viewed laterally (Figures 24 B and 25 B). Eyes oval in lateral view, highly prominent from above. Antennae filiform, very long, thickened basally with 2 nd antennal joint slightly more than half as long as 1 st joint (Figures 24 A and 25 A). Dorsal portion of pronotum constricted medially; disk flattened, with distinct lateral carinae; posterior margin wider than anterior one, gently convex and slightly incised in the middle (Figures 24 B and 25 B); lateral lobes angularly inserted into disc, caudal margin of lobes sinuate and humeral sinus marked. Wings and legs. Tegmina abbreviate, about half of hind femur length, narrowly tapering, and with rounded apex. Wings present and slightly shorter than tegmina. Fore and middle femora apically carinate dorsally; genicular lobes of hind femora armed with only one spine with rounded apex. Fore tibiae with basal extremity highly swollen, narrowing below tympanum, which is open on both sides (Figures 24 A and 25 A). Abdomen and terminalia. Abdomen dilated; tergites dorsally angulated in the middle of posterior margin; last abdominal tergite depressed in the middle. Cerci conical, stout, 2.5 times as long as wide at base (Figure 26 A & B). Subgenital plate subtriangular, elongated, with narrow truncate apex; a barely detectable rounded expansion showing at each side. Ovipositor gradually upcurved; dorsal valvae slightly longer than ventral and both acutely pointed; apical portion of both valvae denticulate (Figure 26 A–C). Coloration. Two color morphs: brown (Figures 5 A and 24 A & B) and green (Figures 5 B and 25 A & B). Brown form. General body color brown, pronotal disk with dark lateral spots at anterior and posterior margins; postocular region with disintegrating dark bands. First abdominal tergite with two dorsolateral subrectangular dark spots; second to fourth abdominal tergites with median blackish band, increasing in size from 2 nd to 4 th, laterally outlined by a thin whitish line. Green form. General body color light green with dark spots and bands more or less as in brown form, but less defined on head and pronotum. Remarks. The two female forms share the main morphological characters, especially in the shape and size of the head, pronotum, and tegmina shape as well as the peculiar dorsal pattern on the abdomen. The female of Insara acutitegmina is distinct from the female of I. oaxacae for two main reasons: 1) tegmina length is as long as in the male and 2) its terminalia curve upwards gently while I. oaxacae ’s terminalia curve upwards sharply. The two new localities provided do not modify the distribution of the species, which is restricted to Chiapas, Mexico (Figure 1). Material examined. 2 males. Mexico, Chiapas, 15 km NW of Comitan, near San Francisco, on Highway 190 Comitán-San Cristóbal de Las Casas. 16 ° 22.437 ’ N; 92 ° 13.769 ’ W. 1936 m.a.s.l. Grassland in a Pine Forest. 2 males and 2 females. Mexico, Chiapas, Teopisca. 16 ° 31.754 ’ N; 92 ° 26.859 ’ W. 1816 m.a.s.l. Grassland in a Pine Forest. Both localities 7 -XII- 2011. Collected by: Paolo Fontana, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez, Derek A. Woller, and Paola Tirello (Figure 1). (1 male and 1 female at UCFC and 3 males and 1 female at CPF). Ecology. Adults of the species have been found in dense grasses within pine and oak forests.

Discophrya gessneri Matthes, 1954 Fig. 1 d. Freshwater species with flattened asymmetrical body. Stalk short, cup-like apically covering about a quarter of body. Clavate tentacles not arranged in fascicles, evenly distributed over apical body surface and each one beginning from small projections of the cortex. Macronucleus spherical, centrally located. Reproduction has not been observed. Dimensions: body length 20���42; width 17���36; length of the tentacles about 60. Previous measurements: body length 18���38; body width 18���38; length of tentacles until 60. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Aphelocheirus aestivalis. Ukraine. Psel river near village Kamennoe. 17.07. 1988. Psel river near village Malyj Perevoz, Poltava region. 24.07. 1988. Belarus. Ubort��� river between villages Kopishche (Zhytomir region, Ukraine) and Milashevichi (Gomel��� region, Belarus) 12.08. 1983. Additional records. Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Matthes et al. 1988)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp."]}

Melanoplus mixes n. sp. Diagnosis. Differs from the congeneric species for the male terminalia and internal genitalia. Male description. Body colour dark brown (Figs. 6, 16). Dorsal surface of head, pronotal disc and abdominal dorsal surface brown. Black stripes behind the eyes (Fig. 23). Lateral lobes of pronotum black in the upper half, brown in the lower half. White oblique stripe on metathoracic episternum. Tegmina dark brown. Sides of abdomen black. Limbs brown, dorsal and ventral surfaces of hind femora reddish brown, hind genicular lobes and hind tibiae dark brown. Pronotum with fore margin slightly emarginated, hind margin emarginated. Metazona rugulose. Median longitudinal carina from fore margin of pronotal disc to the end of abdomen. Tegmina ovate with hind margin emarginated, extending beyond the hind margin of abdominal segment I and covering the tympana (Fig. 16). Furculae bluntly triangular (Fig. 37). Supragenital plate triangular, elongated, with deep median longitudinal groove on basal half, apex rounded (Fig. 37). Cerci spatulated, constricted after the middle and with pointed downward apex (Figs. 30, 37, 44). Subgenital plate with tubercle on distal margin (Fig. 30). Phallic complex: epiphallus well sclerotized, bridge almost straight, anterior process with strong dark downwards directed tooth, highly prominent lophi (Fig. 51); dorsal valvae scarcely sclerotized, short, subtriangular, rugose, with rounded apex; ventral valvae as long as dorsal, rugose, ventrally dilated in lateral view (Figs. 61–62). Female description (Fig. 7). Similar to male. Cerci small, conical. Male measurements (3). Body length 17.8–18.4 (18.25; 0.35); pronotum length 3.1; prozona length 2.0; metazona length 1.0– 1.1 (1.08; 0.02) and hind femur length 9.5–9.8 (9.68; 0.15). Female measurements (2). Body length 20.9–21.8 (21.38; 0.65); pronotum length 3.6–3.9 (3.75; 0.21); prozona length 2.2–2.4 (2.30, 0.14); metazona length 1.4–1.5 (1.45; 0.07) and hind femur length 11.53 – 10.92 (11.22; 0.43). Type material. Male holotype: Mexico, Oaxaca, Carr. # 179, Mitla a Santiago Zacatepec, km 80, 2493 m (17 °07’ 23 ’’ N; 96 °02’ 20 ’’W), 21.IX. 2008, legit R. Mariño-Pérez, B. Riveros-Lara, O. Padrón-Estrada and J. Villanueva; same data, female Allotype and two paratypes (1 male and 1 females): Mexico, Oaxaca, Monte Albán, 1843 m (17 °03’04’’ N; 96 ° 45 ’ 50 ’’W), 20.IX. 2008, Legit R. Mariño-Pérez, 1 male paratype. Type depository. male Holotype and female Allotype, CNIN; 1 male and 1 female paratypes, CPF; 1 male paratype, CFMB. Etymology. the specific name mixes refers to the ethnical group Mixe, inhabiting central Oaxaca state.

Arachnitus filicrus Hebard, 1932 Figs. 33 ���34, 37, 41, 44 This species was based on material collected in Oaxaca and preserved in the Mus��um National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. Nothing has been added to the literature ragarding this species since the original description. We collected long series of A. filicrus from different localities, extending its known distribution in Oaxaca and Puebla (Fig. 44). Examined material. Mexico, Oaxaca. Macuiltxochitl, 13.X. 1979, leg. C. Marquez, 1 male (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. km 10 carr. Oaxaca-Guelatao, 19.X. 1979, leg. E. Mari��o, 1 male (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. km 40 carr. Oaxaca-Guelatao, 04.XII. 1981, leg. C. Marquez, 1 female (CPF); same locality, 9.XII. 1979, leg. E. Mari��o, 1 male (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. carr. 190 Huajuapan de Leon-Oaxaca, km 44, Tierra Blanca, 2051 m, (17 �� 40 ���6,9������ N; 097�� 36 ��� 35 ������ W), # 4, 24.X. 2007, leg. P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti & R. Mari��o-P��rez, 6 males and 11 females (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. km 40 carretera Oaxaca-Guelatao, 4.XII.1981, 1 male (CNIN); same locality, 9.XII.1979, 3 males and 1 female (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. carr. 190 Huajuapan de Le��n-Oaxaca, km 117, Santa Rosa, 25.X.2007, 1 male and 1 female (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca, Monte Alb��n 19 XI 2008 carr. 175 km 87, 20.XI.2008, 1 male and 1 female (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. El Capul��n, 2020 m, (17 �� 32 ��� 5.7 ������ N; 96 �� 57 ��� 13.9 ������ W) 26.IX. 2009, leg. I. Castellanos-Vargas, 10 males and 10 females (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Km 172.5 carr. Tehuac��n-Oaxaca, 2232 m, (17 �� 29 ��� 22 ������ N; 96 �� 56 ��� 17.5 ������ W) 19.XI. 2008, leg. R. Mari��o-P��rez & A. Abela-Posada, 2 males (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Carr. # 175 km 87, 1554 m, (16 �� 23 ��� 59.5 ������ N; 96 �� 39 ��� 18.7 ������ W) 2.X. 2009, leg. R. Mari��o-P��rez & A. Abela-Posada, 1 male and 1 female nymph (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. San Juan Nacaltepec, 1741 m, (17 �� 34 ��� 1.3 ������ N; 96 �� 56 ��� 7.6 ������ W) 26.IX. 2009, leg. R. Mari��o-P��rez & A. Abela-Posada, 8 males, 5 males nymph, 2 females and 2 females nymph (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Yogana, 1520 m, (16 �� 29 ��� 1.2 ������ N; 96 �� 44 ��� 15.4 ������ W) 22.X. 2008, leg. I. Castellanos-Vargas, 1 male (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Carr. # 125 km 43.5, 2401 m, (17 �� 21 ��� 54 ������ N; 97 �� 36 ��� 37 ������ W) 27.IX. 2009, leg. R. Mari��o-P��rez & A. Abela-Posada, 2 males and 1 female nymph (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Carr. # 125 km 4.5, 2281 m, (17 �� 32 ��� 36 ������ N; 96 �� 25 ��� 48 ������ W) 27.IX. 2009, leg. R. Mari��o-P��rez & A. Abela-Posada, 5 males and 5 females (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. San Vicente Coatlan, 1777 m (16 �� 24 ���6,4������; 96 �� 48 ���2,6������ W), 22.X. 2008, leg. I. Castellanos-Vargas, F. Castellanos-Lopez & I. Castellanos-Reynas (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Cerca de San Juan de los Cues, 737 m, (18 ��01��� 5.2 ������ N; 97 ��03��� 8.4 ������ W) 25.IV. 2008, leg. S. Monge-N��jera, 4 males and 2 females (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. R��o Poblano, 2124 m, (17 �� 47 ��� 29.7 ������ N; 97 �� 15 ��� 24.4 ������ W) 29.IX. 2008, leg. S. Monge-N��jera, 2 males (CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca. Monte Alban, 1848 m, (17 ��03���03.7������ N; 096�� 45 ���49,8������ W) # 6, 20.XI. 2007, Leg. P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti & R. Mari��o-P��rez, 9 males and 5 females (CPF); same locality, 20.XI. 2008, Leg. P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti & R. Mari��o-P��rez, 3 males (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. 4 ml NW Oaxaca (main plaza) on Hwy 190, 5250 ft., 14.IX. 1959, leg. I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn, 1 male (CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca. 15,5 ml NW Oaxaca, 5780 ft., 9.XI. 1961, leg. I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn, 2 females (CPF); Puebla. Coxatlan, carr. Tehuacan-Oaxaca, 8.IX. 1979, leg. E. Mari��o, 1 female (CPF). Arachnitus apterus Fontana, Buzzetti, Mari��o-P��rez and Garc��a-Garc��a Figs. 35 ���36, 38���40, 42��� 44 Diagnosis. Fastigium of vertex reduced, with a medio-longitudinal sulcation in anterior portion; pronotum elongate, gently constricted in meso-cephalic portion; principal sulcus, positoned caudally; tegmina and wings absent in both sexes. Male: Body (Fig. 42) very small, slender with extremely long legs. Eye only three-fifths as wide as long. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 38) reduced, subhorizontal, often with a medio-longitudinal sulcation in anterior portion, in contact with facial fastigium. Pronotum (Figs. 35, 36) elongate, gently restricted in meso-cephalic portion, lateral carinae almost absent, indicated only by light stripes. Principal sulcus, positioned caudally, very weak, rounded caudad on disk, but deep dorsal on lateral lobes; average ratio prozona/metazona is 2.67; posterior margin of disk convex; lateral lobes with greatest depth caudad, ventrocephalic angle rounded, rectangulate, ventro-caudal angle sinuate; humeral sinus lacking. Tegmina and wings completely absent. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 39) transverse, rounded latero-caudad. Cercus (Fig. 39) simple, moderately stout, tapering and curving inward distad to the acute apex. Male chitinous titillator-like structure Absent. Subgenital plate with exposed lateral margins straight and weakly convergent to the feebly convex apical rectangulate emargination, so that the lateral apices are acute. Genicular lobes of femora blunt and unarmed as are the ventral femoral margins. Female: Much more robust than male (Fig. 43); general characters as in male. Average ratio prozona/metazona 3.64. Tegmina completely absent. Supra-anal plate broader than long, rounded, with convex margin. Ovipositor (Fig. 40) minute, gradually tapering to apex, curved gently dorsad; dorsal margin to base and distal half of ventral margin very heavily toothed, lateral surfaces sharply nodose. Subgenital plate broader than long, almost semicircular, subemarginate, with a very coarse medio-longitudinal keel. Colour. General coloration (Figs. 42, 43) light greenish on face and sides with a thin post-ocular line, reddish in upper side, white in the middle and black in lower side, running more or less to apex of abdomen. Legs and antennae often pinkish or lighter. Male measurements. Pronotum length 3.2���3.6 (3.28 *; 3.37; 0.17); ratio prozona/metazona 2.33���3.10 (2.73 *; 2.67; 0.35); hind femur length 30.24���36.16 (33.92 *; 33.87; 1.66); cercus length 1.52���1.84 (1.60 *; 1.68; 0.11). Female measurements. Pronotum length 4.16���4.96 (4.49; 0.28); ratio prozona/metazona 3.23���4.27 (3.64; 0.36); hind femur length 32.96���34.88 (33.97; 0.86); ovipositor length 7.6���8.32 (8.05; 0.26); ovipositor maximum high 1.52���1.84 (1.68; 0.11). Type material. Male Holotype, female, 19 male, 11 female paratypes, Mexico, Puebla. carr. 125 Tehuacan- Huajuapan de Leon, km 51, Plan de San Miguel 2032 m (18 �� 13 ���12,2������N; 97 �� 36 ���22,4������W), 23.X. 2007, leg. P. Fontana, F. M. Buzzetti and R. Mari��o-P��rez; Mexico; Puebla. 3 km W of Cacaloapan at km 226, 11 km SE Tlacotepec, 6250 ft., 1.IX. 1959, leg. I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn, 1 male paratype. Type depository. Male Holotype, 3 male and 2 female paratypes, CNIN; 8 male and 4 female paratypes, CPF; 9 male and 5 female paratypes, CFMB. Derivation of name. The species is named after the absence of tegmina and wings from the Latin word apterous = wingless. Remarks. A. apterus n. sp. can be easily distinguished from Arachnitus filicrus Hebard, 1932 being completely apterous in both sexes, having the fastigium of vertex usually with a medio-longitudinal sulcation in anterior portion. Pronotum is shorter with principal sulcus placed more posteriorly, with ratio prozona/metazona being 2.67 in males and 3.64 in females while in A. filicrus is 1.63 in males and 2.28 in females; female ovipositor is longer in A. apterus. A. filicrus Hebard, 1932 is known from many localities in Oaxaca state and one in Puebla, while A. apterus n. sp is known only from two localities in Puebla (fig. 44). Both species seem to live in the same kind of habitat: grassland with sparse, small bushes. One male and one female of this new species are erroneously reported as A. filicrus in Fontana et al. (2008) at page 75, while the true A. filicrus is reported as Arachnitus sp. by same authors at page 76., Published as part of Fontana, Paolo, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo & Garc��a-Garc��a, Patricia Lucero, 2011, Three new species of Tettigoniidae from Mexico (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Phaneropterinae; Insarini and Odonturini), pp. 22-32 in Zootaxa 2879 on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203427, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of The American Entomological Society, 58, 201 - 371.","Fontana P., Buzzetti, F. M. & Marino-Perez, R. (2008) Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de Mexico. Guia fotografica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide. WBA Handbooks, 1, Verona, 1 - 272."]}

Melanoplus oaxacae n. sp. Diagnosis. M. oaxacae n. sp. belongs to the “ Melanoplus reflexus group” as defined in Fontana & Buzzetti (2007) in being small sized, having short wide ovate tegmina posteriorly emarginated and hind tibiae bluish. It differs from other congeneric species for the male terminalia and internal genitalia. Male description. Body colour dark brown (Figs. 8 –9, 17). Dorsal surface of head, pronotal disc and abdominal dorsal surface brown. Black stripes behind the eyes (Fig. 24). Lateral lobes of pronotum black in the upper half, white in the lower half. White oblique stripe on metathoracic episternum. Tegmina dark brown, darker in the basal lower portion. Sides of abdomen black. Limbs brown, ventral surfaces of hind femora reddish brown, hind genicular lobes black and hind tibiae bluish with basal tip black. Pronotum with fore margin straight, hind margin convex. Metazona rugulose. Median longitudinal carina from fore margin of pronotal disc to the end of abdomen, cut by one sulcus. Tegmina ovate with hind margin emarginated, extending beyond the hind margin of abdominal segment I and covering the tympana. Furculae very small, rounded (Fig. 38). Supragenital plate triangular, with median longitudinal groove on basal half (Fig. 38). Cerci spatulated, tapering toward the rounded spoon-shaped apex and curved inward (Figs. 31, 38, 45). Subgenital plate produced in tubercle on distal margin (Figs. 17, 31). Phallic complex: epiphallus, extremely peculiar, small, well sclerotized, bridge convex, thin, anterior process in a very short, downwards directed tooth, lophi almost longitudinal, thick, sinuate (Fig. 52); dorsal valvae well sclerotized, smooth, blackish, extremely short, strongly frontward curved, with rounded apex; ventral valvae bigger and longer than dorsal, longitudinally flattened, semicircular in a lateral view, frontward curved with acute blackish apex (Figs. 63–64). Female description (Fig. 9). Similar to male. Supragenital plate triangular, basally impressed in the middle. Cerci small, conical. Ovipositor valvae very short and stout with blunt apex. Male measurements (5). Body length 14.4–15.2 (14.82; 0.28); pronotum length 2.6–2.8 (2.70; 0.10); prozona length 1.6–1.7 (1.62; 0.04); metazona length 1.0– 1.2 (1.08; 0.08) and hind femur length 7.7–8.1 (7.78; 0.28). Female measurements (5). Body length 18.7–20.7 (19.56; 0.77); pronotum length 3.6–3.9 (3.72; 0.13); prozona length 2.0– 2.2 (2.10; 0.07); metazona length 1.5–1.7 (1.62; 0.08) and hind femur length 10.4–11.2 (10.7; 0.31). Type material. Male Holotype: Mexico, Oaxaca, Carr. # 175 Oaxaca-Puerto Ángel, km 53, 1496 m (16 ° 37 ’07,7’’ N; 96 ° 44 ’18,6’’W), 28.X. 2007, Legit P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti and R. Mariño-Pérez; same data, female Allotyope and 6 paratypes (4 males and 2 females);. Mexico, Oaxaca, Carr. # 190 Huajuapan de León-Oaxaca, km 117, Santa Rosa, 2072 m (17 ° 18 ’50,8’’ N; 97 °06’32,4’’W), 24.X. 2007, legit P. Fontana, F.M. Buzzetti and R. Mariño-Pérez. 1 male and 2 female paratypes; Mexico, Oaxaca, Monte Albán, 1848 m (17 °03’03,7’’ N; 96 ° 45 ’49,8’’W), 20.XI.2008, 1 male and 1 female paratypes; same locality, 25.X.2007, 1 male and 6 female paratypes. Type depository. male Holotype, female Allotype and 2 paratypes (1 male and 1 female), CNIN; 3 male and 5 female paratypes, CPF; 3 male and 5 female paratypes, CFMB. Etymology. the specific name oaxacae derives from the state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico where the species was discovered.

Ichthyotettix inexpectatus n. sp. Examined material and type depository. Mexico, Morelos, Tepozteco, 26.V.1976, 1 male Holotype (CNIN); Michoacan, Sta. Maria Almaoatitlan, Morelia, 14.IX.1980, 1 male paratype (CFP). Diagnosis. Male tenth abdominal tergite produced into a broad, inflated process, as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide more than half the total width of same tergite; male cerci robust, straight, without inner tooth at inner margin and apex flattened dorso-laterally; epiproct in form of a triangle; prosternal tubercle asymmetrically pyramidal, with caudal surface almost vertical, with subquadrate apex; epiphallus with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure; aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, short, regularly subconical, with finely squamous surface. Processes arising from ramus of cingulum distant and diverging from dorsal view. Description. General colour brown-gray; lower third of lateral lobes of pronotum whitish. The green form unknown. Body smooth, cylindrical in male. Antennae filiform, triangular in section. Head conical, not distinctly triangular in dorsal view, especially in male (Fig. 28). Eyes prominent, round-ovate; frontal profile strongly oblique, nearly straight, median and lateral frontal carinae distinct. Vertex very slightly convex or almost horizontal in profile, median carinae present. Fastigium of vertex shorter than wide, somewhat elliptical. Pronotum cylindrical in male, rugose, with small dense granules present in metazona as well in prozona; disc with anterior and posterior margins truncate and very slightly excised, median and lateral carinae present, extremely reduced, transverse sulci not strong. Lateral pronotal lobes with anterior margins oblique, inferior margin slightly sinuous, with a small tooth right before posterior angle and posterior margin straight and vertical, the infero-posterior angle a right angle (Figs. 28, 31). Prosternal tubercle asymmetrically pyramidal, with caudal surface almost vertical, apically subquadrate. Mesosternal interspace just narrower than a mesosternal lobe in male and as wide as a lobe in female. Tegmina, hind wings and tympana absent. Tenth abdominal tergum of male produced into a broad, inflated process, as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide more than half the total width of same tergite; it can be apically emarginated, forming two closed rounded swellings (Figs. 36, 37). Epiproct elongated, subtriangular, with acutely rounded apex, restricted at base. Male cerci robust, straight, without inner tooth at inner margin and apex flattened dorso-laterally (Figs. 19, 22). Male subgenital plate rounded and rather inflated (Fig. 36). Epiphallus as in I. mexicanus (Fig. 46), with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure. Aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, short, regularly subconical, with finely squamous surface. Processes arising from ramus of cingulum distant and diverging from dorsal view (Figs. 49, 52). Female unknown. males (2) range average st. dev. body length 19.23 –20.0 19.62 0.54 pronotum length 2.40–2.80 2.60 0.28 prozona 1.90–2.20 2.05 0.21 metazona 0.50–0.60 0.55 0.07 hind femur length 9.23 9.23 0.00 Etymology. From the Latin word inexpectatus (= unexpected) being this new species identified within the material of I. mexicanus during the description of the previous new species. Distribution. Ichthyotettix inexpectatus n. sp. is to date known only from Michoacan and Morelos states in Mexico (Fig. 57).

Ichthyotettix mexicanus (Saussure, 1859) Ichthydion mexicanum Saussure. 1859. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie 2 (11): 390 Ichthydion mexicanum Scudder, S.H. 1868. Smithson. misc. Coll. 3 (189): 42. Partim. Ichthydion mexicanum Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum 3: 518. Partim. Ichthydion mexicanum Bol��var, I. 1884. An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 13: 440. Partim. Ichthydion mexicanum Bruner, L. 1906. Biologia Centrali-Americana 2: 202. Partim. Ichthydion mexicanum Bol��var, I. 1909. Genera Insectorum 90: 45. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Hebard. 1932. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 58: 267. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Roberts. 1941. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 93: 213. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Kevan, D.K.M., A. Singh & Akbar. 1964. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 116: 262. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Kevan, D.K.M., Akbar & Y.C. Chang. 1971 [1970]. Eos 46: 140, 143, 144. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Descamps. 1975. Folia Ent. Mex. 31���32: 47. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Kevan, D.K.M. [Ed.]. 1977. In Beier [Ed.]. Orthopterorum Catalogus 16: 69, 644. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Kevan, D.K.M. 1978 [1977]. Rev. Soc. entom. Argentina 36 (1���4):7, 9, 16, 25. Partim. Ichthyotettix mexicanus Fontana, Buzzetti & Mari��o-P��rez. 2008. Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de M��xico. Gu��a fotogr��fica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide: 245. Partim. Type locality. ��� Mexico calida��� (Saussure, 1859), probably restricted to Orizaba and Cordoba surroundings. Examined material. Mexico, Veracruz, La Cumbre, above Acultzingo, 6000 ft, 25.VIII. 1936, leg. H. R. Roberts, 1 male (CPF); Mexico, Hidalgo, Ixmiquilpan, Panales, 4 km after cross to Zimapan, 1844 m, 23.IX. 2004, leg. P. Fontana, R. Battiston, B. Agabiti, P.L. Garcia-Garcia, 1 male and 2 females (CFP); Mexico, Hidalgo, Road to Queretaro km 24, 6 km est Huichapan, 2265 m, 23.IX. 2004, leg. P. Fontana, R. Battiston, B. Agabiti, P.L. Garcia- Garcia, 1 female (CPF); Mexico, Hidalgo, 12,7 rd. mi. N Atotonilco El Grande (N of Pachuca), 17.VIII. 1964, leg. T. J. Cohn, 5 males and 1 female (CPF); Mexico, Hidalgo, Tecomatlan, 2205 m, 25.IX. 2010, leg. Ricardo Mari��o- Perez, 2 males and 1 female (CNIN). Diagnosis. Male tenth abdominal tergite produced into a broad, inflated process, as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide more than half the total width of same tergite; male cerci with robust, obtuse, rounded inner tooth, situated in the middle of inner margin and apical half curved inward, with apex spoon shaped and flattened in a lateral view; epiproct in form of a tongue; prosternal tubercle symmetrically pyramidal in side view, with obtuse apex; epiphallus with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure; aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, elongated, regularly subconical, with finely rugose surface. Description. General colour brown-gray or green; lower third of lateral lobes of pronotum whitish, in brown form, only clear in green form (Figs. 22���23). Body smooth, cylindrical in male, very slightly fusiform in female. Antennae filiform, triangular in section. Head conical, not distinctly triangular in dorsal view, especially in male (Fig. 26). Eyes prominent, round-ovate; frontal profile strongly oblique, nearly straight, median and lateral frontal carinae distinct. Vertex very slightly convex or almost horizontal in profile, median carinae present. Fastigium of vertex longer than wide, somewhat triangular. Pronotum cylindrical in male, slightly wider behind than in front in female; scarcely rugose, with not well defined granules in metazona; disc with anterior and posterior margins truncate and very slightly excised, median and lateral carinae present, extremely reduced, transverse sulci not strong. Lateral pronotal lobes with anterior margins oblique, inferior margin slightly sinuous, with a small tooth right before posterior angle and posterior margin straight and vertical, the lower-hind angle a right angle (Figs. 26, 29). Prosternal tubercle symmetrically pyramidal in side view, with obtuse apex. Mesosternal interspace just narrower than a mesosternal lobe in male and as wide as a lobe in female. Tegmina, hind wings (as well tegminal vestiges) and tympana absent. Tenth abdominal tergum of male produced into a broad, inflated process, as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide more than half the total width of same tergite (Figs. 32, 33). Epiproct in form of a tongue, with rounded apex, not restricted at base. Male cerci with robust, obtuse, rounded inner tooth, situated in the middle of inner margin and apical half curved inward and flattened in lateral view, spoon shaped (Figs. 38, 41). Male subgenital plate rounded and rather inflated (Fig. 32). Epiphallus very characteristic (Fig. 44), with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure; aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, elongated, regularly subconical, with finely rugose surface; processes arising from ramus of cingulum contiguous in dorsal view (Figs. 47, 50). Female subgenital plate with posterior margin with two deep, rounded lateral excisions, forming three subequal, acute, triangular processes; ovipositor valves slender (Fig. 53). Distribution. Kevan et al. (1964) reported this species from Veracruz, Hidalgo, Puebla, Morelos, Estado de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Probably not all of the materials examined by Kevan et al. (1964) belong to I. mexicanus. The distribution checked by authors is showed in Fig. 57. Habitat. We have collected this species in dry stony habitat (matorral xer��filo), with sparse bushes and very few herbs (Fig. 55). male (6) range average st. dev. body length 17.92���19.52 18.64 0.58 pronotum length 2.88���3.2 2.96 0.13 prozona 2.24���2.4 2.29 0.08 metazona 0.64���0.80 0.67 0.07 hind femur length 8.64���9.28 8.85 0.30 Ichthyotettix mexicanus Fontana, Buzzetti & Mari��o-P��rez. 2008. Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de M��xico. Gu��a fotogr��fica���Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide 124���125 Examined material and type depository: Mexico, Oaxaca, carr. 190 Huajuapan de Leon-Oaxaca, km 44, Tierra Blanca, 17 �� 40 ��� 6,9������ N 097�� 36 ��� 35 ������ W, 2051 m, 24.X. 2007, leg. P. Fontana, F. M. Buzzetti, R. Mari��o-P��rez, 2 males and 1 female (1 male Holotype and 1 female paratype CNIN; 1 male paratype CPF); Mexico, Oaxaca, carr. 190 Huajuapan de Leon-Oaxaca, km 60, 17�� 34 ��� 37,8������ N 097�� 25 ��� 59 ������ W, 2307 m, 2.IV. 2006, leg. P. L. Garcia Garcia, 5 females and 1 female nymph (2 female paratypes CPF; 2 females paratypes CFMB; 1 female paratype and 1 female nymph CNIN); Mexico, Oaxaca, 1 km W de Cosoltepec, N 18 �� 07��� 54 ������ W 097�� 48 ��� 08������, X. 2008, leg. B. Riveros-Lara, 1 female paratype (CNIN). Diagnosis. Male tenth abdominal tergite produced into a long, apically inflated process, twice as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide half the total width of same tergite; male cerci with acute, rounded, robust inner tooth, situated behind the middle of inner margin and apical half almost angularly curved inward and gently flattened apically, in lateral view; epiproct in form of a long tongue; prosternal tubercle symmetrically pyramidal in side view, with subacute apex; epiphallus with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure; aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, dilated and flattened subapically, elongated, with shiny smooth surface. Processes arising from ramus of cingulum contiguous from dorsal view. Description. General colour brown-gray; lower third of lateral lobes of pronotum whitish. The green form in unknown (Figs. 24���25). Body smooth, cylindrical in male, very slightly fusiform in female. Antennae filiform, triangular in section. Head conical, not distinctly triangular in dorsal view, especially in male (Fig. 27). Eyes prominent, round-ovate; frontal profile strongly oblique, nearly straight, median and lateral frontal carinae distinct. Vertex very slightly convex or almost horizontal in profile, median carinae present. Fastigium of vertex shorter than wide, somewhat triangular. Pronotum cylindrical in male, slightly wider behind in female; slightly rugose, with big sparse granules present mainly in metazona; disc with anterior and posterior margins truncate and very slightly excised, median and lateral carinae present, extremely reduced, transverse sulci not deep. Lateral pronotal lobes with anterior margin oblique, lower margin slightly sinuous, with a small tooth right before posterior angle and posterior margin straight and vertical, the lower-hind angle a right angle (Figs. 27���30). Prosternal tubercle symmetrically pyramidal from side view, with subacute apex; Mesosternal interspace just narrower than a mesosternal lobe in male and as wide as a lobe in female. Tegmina, hind wings and tympana absent. Tenth abdominal tergum of male produced into a broad, inflated process, as long as wide, covering the epiproct, wide more than half the total width of same tergite (Figs. 34, 35). Epiproct in form of a long tongue, more acutely rounded at apex and restricted at base. Male cerci with acute, rounded, robust inner tooth, situated behind the middle of inner margin and apical half almost angularly curved inward and gently flattened apically, in side view. Male subgenital plate rounded and rather inflated (Fig. 34). Epiphallus as in I. mexicanus (Fig. 45), with bridge forming with its lophi an anchor like structure. Aedeagal valvae of penis sinuose, dilated and flattened subapically, elongated, with shiny smooth surface. Processes arising from ramus of cingulum contiguous in dorsal view (Figs. 48, 51). Female subgenital plate with posterior margin with two deep, ���V��� shaped lateral excisions, forming three subequal, acute, triangular processes; ovipositor valves slender (Fig. 54). Etymology. From the latine words strictus (= narrow) and cauda (= tail); stricticaudatus means with narrow tail, referring to the narrow tenth abdominal tergum of male of the new species in comparison with I. mexicanus. Distribution. Ichthyotettix stricticaudatus n. sp. to date is known only from Oaxaca state in Mexico (Fig. 57). Remarks. We collected this species in grasslands, partially stony, with sparse bushes (Fig. 56). I. stricticaudatus n. sp. has been illustrated by Fontana et al. (2008) sub I. mexicanus (Saussure, 1859). male (2) range average st. dev. body length 19.38 ���20.0 19.69 0.44 pronotum length 2.40���2.50 2.45 0.07 prozona 1.90 ���2.0 1.95 0.07 metazona 0.50 0.50 0.00 hind femur length 8.76���9.23 9.00 0.33, Published as part of Fontana, Paolo, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo & Garc��a-Garc��a, Patricia Lucero, 2011, Two new species of the Mexican genus Ichthyotettix Rehn, 1901 with remarks on the tribe Ichthyotettigini (Orthoptera, Caelifera, Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 18-34 in Zootaxa 2872 on pages 23-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203633, {"references":["Saussure H. De (1859) Orthoptera Nova Americana (Diagnoses praeliminares). Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee. 2, 11, 201 - 212, 315 - 317, 390 - 394.","Kevan D. K. M., Singh A. & Akbar S. S. (1964) A revision of the Mexican Pyrgomorphidae (Acridoidea). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 116, 6, 231 - 298.","Fontana P., Buzzetti F. M. & Marino-Perez R. (2008) Chapulines, Langostas, Grillos y Esperanzas de Mexico. Guia fotografica - Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & Katydids of Mexico. Photographic guide. WBA Handbooks, 1, Verona: pp 272."]}

Podophrya fixa (O.F. M��ller, 1786) Fig. 3 c. The cell is spherical, stalk long, thin, slightly bent. Numerous capitate tentacles, variable in length, equally spaced over the body surface. There is one centrally located, spherical macronucleus, and one contractile vacuole. Reproduction by pseudo-scissiparity producing a bud that is approximately a same size as a mother cell with about 12 longitudinal rows of cilia and several rudimentary tentacles (Curds, 1986). The stalked oviform cyst with four transversal ribs is characteristic for this species. Dimensions (in ��m): body diameter 10���40; length of stalk 80���100; stalk diameter 4���5; macronucleus diameter 11���15; length of tentacles 12���25. Previous measurements: body diameter 25���70; length of stalk 35���140; length of tentacles until 120. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Plea leachi. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of Desna river near village Klad���kovka, Chernigov region, 12.07. 1984. Additional records. On Cambarus Erichson (Morado & Small, 1995). On algae; seawater, wastewater; aquatic plants, copepods, sewage treatment plants (Matthes et al. 1988). On aquatic plants, copepod, sewage treatment plants (Aladro-Lubel et al. 2006). On Gammarus wilitzkii Birula (Fernandez-Leborans, 2009; Fernandez- Leborans et al. 2006)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Curds, C. R. (1986) A revision of the Suctoria (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophorea) 4. Podophrya and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 50 (2), 59 - 91.","Morado, J. F. & Small, E. G. (1995) Ciliate Parasites and Related Diseases of Crustacea: A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 3 (4), 275 - 354.","Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp.","Aladro-Lubel, M. A., Mayen-Estrada, R. & Reyes-Santos, M. (2006) Registro actualizado de ciliados (agosto 2004). Listados faunisticos de Mexico. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM. Mexico, 97 pp.","Fernandez-Leborans, G. (2009) A review of recently described epibioses of Ciliate Protozoa on Crustacea. Crustaceana, 82 (2), 168 - 189."]}

Discophrya ochthebii Matthes, 1954 Fig. 3 a. Suctorian ciliate with flattened disk-like body, and cone-shaped short stalk with transversal ridges. Numerous long, clavate, contractile tentacles distributed over edge of body. Macronucleus spherical or ovoid, centrally located. A group (12���29) of contractile vacuoles placed near edges of body, or (when their number is greatest) thorough the body is characteristic. Reproduction by inversogemmic budding. Dimensions: body length 26���50; body width 43���69; macronucleus 4���9 x 21���32; contractile vacuole diameter 3���4; length of tentacles 23���26; width of apical part of stalk 26���31. Previous measurements: body length 40���91; body width 43���124; length of stalk 9���45. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Plea leachi. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of Psel river near mouth of Ol���shanka river. 16.07. 1988. Former river-bed of Goryn��� river near village Stavok, Rovno region. 0 4.07. 1985. Small lake in high-water bed of Dnieper river (left bank) near Kiev. 0 7.08. 1985. River Oster near city Nezhyn, Chernigov region. 17.09. 1985. Small lake in high-water bed of Dnieper river (left bank) near Kiev. 24.11. 1985. Lake Lyubyaz��� near village Lyubyaz��� (high-water bed of Pripyat��� river), Volyn��� region. 0 8.06. 1986. Small lake in high-water bed of Pripyat��� river near village Kopachi, (zone of Chernobyl��� accident). 11.06. 1987. Former river-bed of Psel river near village Vorozhba, Sumy region. 13.07. 1988. Former river-bed of Psel river near village Sary, Poltava region. 21.07. 1988. Small lake in high-water bed of Psel river near villages Perevoz and Savintcy Poltava region. 22.07. 1988. Small lake in high-water bed of Severskij Donets river near village Cherkasskij Bishkin���, Kharkov region. 10.08. 1989. Small lake in high-water bed of Severskij Donets river near village Morozovka, Kharkov region. 11.08. 1992. Small lake in high-water bed of Vorskla river near village Luchki, Poltava region. 0 7.07. 1997. Small lake in high-water bed of Psel river near village Borovoe, Sumy region. 11.07.1988. Additional records. On aquatic coleopteran Ochthebius sp. Thomson (Matthes et al. 1988)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp."]}

Tokophrya lemnarum (Stein, 1859) Fig. 2 c. Freshwater species whose body shape is piryform to pyramidal. Lorica absent. Fascicles of capitate tentacles mounted on 2 actinophores. Stalk longitudinally striated, of variable length, but usually at least as long as body. There are usually 2 anterior-lateral contractile vacuoles. Macronucleus ovoid to elongate with several micronuclei. Reproduction by endogenous budding producing buds with 4 ciliary girdles (Curds, 1985 b). Dimensions: body length 30���48; body width 24���35; length of the tentacles 35���50; macronucleus diameter 9��� 12; stalk length 60���250; stalk diameter 3���7. Previous measurements: body length 18���127; body width 12���82; stalk length 54���170. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Nepa cinerea. Ukraine. Pond near village Begun���, Zhytomir region. 25.09. 1984. Naucoris cimicoides. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of river Western Bug near village Kamenka Bugskaya, Lvov region. 0 6.09. 1985. Additional records. On Lemna (Curds, 1985 b); on aquatic plants, Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus), Astacus leptodactylus, gammarids from Baikal lake (Curds, 1985 b; Matthes et al. 1988); on Gammarus Fabricius, Astacus leptodactylus (Morado & Small, 1995); on Cordylophora caspia Pallas (Aladro-Lubel et al. 2006)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Curds, C. R. (1985 b) A revision of the Suctoria (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophorea) 3. Tokophrya and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 49 (2), 167 - 193.","Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp.","Morado, J. F. & Small, E. G. (1995) Ciliate Parasites and Related Diseases of Crustacea: A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 3 (4), 275 - 354.","Aladro-Lubel, M. A., Mayen-Estrada, R. & Reyes-Santos, M. (2006) Registro actualizado de ciliados (agosto 2004). Listados faunisticos de Mexico. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM. Mexico, 97 pp."]}

Manuelophrya hannae (Guhl, 1985) Fig. 1 a. Cell is spherical with single, short, thick, rod-like tentacle by which this parasite of the peritrichs attaches to the host body. Lorica absent. Macronucleus spherical, centrally located. There are two contractile vacuoles, placed near the opposite site of the tentacular region of body. Reproduction by semi-circumvaginative budding. Dimensions: cell body diameter 30���35; length of tentacles 15���20; diameter of macronucleus 8���12. Previous measurements: cell body diameter 30���35. Material examined. Found as ectoparasite of epibiont peritrich species from Lethocerus sp. Mexico. Near Grutas de la Estrella, Ixtapan de la Sal. State of Mexico. 1550 m.a.s.l. (18 �� 43 ��� 30.7 ��� N; 99 �� 35 ��� 59.1 W). 18.09. 2005. Additional records. Ectoparasite of peritrich Haplocaulus walteri Precht (Matthes et al. 1988)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp."]}

Discophrya lichteinsteinii (Clapar��de et Lachmann, 1859) Fig. 1 e. Suctorian ciliate with flattened, disc-shaped or elongate body. Macronucleus ovoid, centrally located. Contractile clavate tentacles evenly distributed over all edge of body, but in some cases only at apical part. Stalk cup-shaped or elongate, with different length (Dovgal & Kochin, 1997), uniformly expanding upwards, with transversal folds. There are up to three contractile vacuoles. Reproduction by inversogemmic budding. Dimensions: body length 25���180; body width 15���160; macronucleus 5���7 x 12���16, stalk length 17���192; stalk diameter 4���7; length of the tentacles 6���28. Previous measurements: body length 29���180; body width 36���130. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Ranatra linearis. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of Goryn��� river near village Velyky Tceptcevichi, Rovno region. 11.07. 1985. Small lake in high-water bed of river Goryn��� near village Zbuzh, Rovno region. 0 6.07. 1985. Plea leachi. Ukraine. River Unava near Fastov city, Kiev Region. 30.05. 2004. Ambrysus sp. 2. Mexico. River Cuichat. State of Puebla. 980 m. a.s.l.. (20 �� 00��� 32 ��� N; 97 �� 30 ��� 46 ������ W). 19.03. 2010. Additional records. On Cybister, Dysticus, Graphoderes Thomson, Haliplus Latreille, Peltodytes R��gimbart, Brychius Thomson, Graptodytes pictus Fabricius, Hyphydrus ovatus Linnaeus, Coelambus impressopunctatus (Schaller), Hyphydrus Illiger, and Potamonectes elegans (Panzer) (Matthes et al. 1988). Aquatic coleopterans (families Dysticidae, Haliplidae) (Matthes et al. 1988). On Astacus Fabricius (Morado & Small, 1995)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Claparede, E. & Lachmann, J. (1859) Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Rhizopodes. Memoires de l'Institut National Genevois, 6, 261 - 482.","Dovgal, I. V. & Kochin, V. A. (1997) Fluid boundary layer as an adaptive zone for sessile protists. Zhurnal obshej biolohgii, 58 (2), 67 - 74.","Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp.","Morado, J. F. & Small, E. G. (1995) Ciliate Parasites and Related Diseases of Crustacea: A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 3 (4), 275 - 354."]}

Acineta fluviatilis Stokes, 1885 Medium sized, freshwater, loricate species that is pyriform to triangular in outline, strongly compressed laterally. The apical aperture is slit-like through which the two fascicle born upon lobe-like actinophores protrude. Actinophores independently contractile. Stalk of variable length, joining with lorica without any collar or cup-like region. With centrally located spherical macronucleus and apical contractile vacuole. Reproduction by monogemmic endogenous budding (Curds, 1985 a). Dimensions: width of lorica 24���60; length of stalk 58���68; stalk diameter 5���7; macronucleus 10���14 x 15���45; length of the tentacles 18���30, diameter of contractile vacuole 6���8. Previous measurements: length 65; length of stalk 20���90. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Ranatra linearis. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of Dnieper river (left bank) near Kiev, Ukraine. 0 8.01. 1986. Horn of river Severskyi Donetc near village Cherkasskyj Bishkin���, Kharkov region. 10.08. 1989. Naucoris cimicoides. Ukraine. Pond at left bank of river Southern Bug near village Selyscshe, Vinnitca region. 19.08. 1988. Additional records. On Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus (Curds, 1985 a)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Curds, C. R. (1985 a) A revision of the Suctoria (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophorea). 1. Acineta and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 8 (2), 75 - 129."]}