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The multi-attribute method (MAM) was conceived as a single assay to potentially replace multiple single-attribute assays that have long been used in process development and quality control (QC) for protein therapeutics. MAM is rooted in traditional peptide mapping methods; it leverages mass spectrometry (MS) detection for confident identification and quantitation of many types of protein attributes that may be targeted for monitoring. While MAM has been widely explored across the industry, it has yet to gain a strong foothold within QC laboratories as a replacement method for established orthogonal platforms. Members of the MAM consortium recently undertook an interlaboratory study to evaluate the industry-wide status of MAM. Here we present the results of this study as they pertain to the targeted attribute analytics component of MAM, including investigation into the sources of variability between laboratories and comparison of MAM data to orthogonal methods. These results are made available with an eye toward aiding the community in further optimizing the method to enable its more frequent use in the QC environment.

Objective: This paper aims to explore the experiences of rural family physicians using virtual healthcare in their clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Design: A community-based participatory approach. Setting: Rural and remote communities in Canada. Participants: Thirteen rural family physicians with at least one year of clinical experience. Results: The data illustrate significant issues associated with virtual healthcare in rural healthcare. The adoption of virtual healthcare has been expressed to pose a harsh polarity; the benefit conferred to rural family physicians with the opportunity to have flexible working hours and work at home while interacting with family members is starkly contrasted with the struggles of insufficient financial support to facilitate setting up virtual healthcare for rural physicians, unreliable technological infrastructure, and inadequate technological resources, which are all exacerbated by the lack of adequate health literacy in rural communities. Results were compiled into five major categories underpinning the lived experiences of rural family physicians: 1—potential trade-off between convenience and quality of care; 2—work–family boundaries; 3—patient-doctor communication; 4—technology as barrier or enabler; 5—increased call duration. Conclusion: The differing trends assessed in the findings illustrate the complications faced in providing virtual healthcare, which resonates with the experiences and views of rural physicians. The findings of this study may guide the development of tailored technologies that adjust for the complexity of administering virtual healthcare in rural communities.

The Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) Consortium was initially formed as a venue to harmonize best practices, share experiences, and generate innovative methodologies to facilitate widespread integration of the MAM platform, which is an emerging ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry application. Successful implementation of MAM as a purity-indicating assay requires new peak detection (NPD) of potential process- and/or product-related impurities. The NPD interlaboratory study described herein was carried out by the MAM Consortium to report on the industry-wide performance of NPD using predigested samples of the NISTmAb Reference Material 8671. Results from 28 participating laboratories show that the NPD parameters being utilized across the industry are representative of high-resolution MS performance capabilities. Certain elements of NPD, including common sources of variability in the number of new peaks detected, that are critical to the performance of the purity function of MAM were identified in this study and are reported here as a means to further refine the methodology and accelerate adoption into manufacturer-specific protein therapeutic product life cycles.

BackgroundThe Building on Existing Tools to Improve Chronic Disease Prevention and Screening in Primary Care (BETTER) randomised control trial (RCT) showed that the BETTER Program improved chronic disease prevention and screening (CDPS) by 32.5% in urban team-based primary care clinics.AimTo evaluate outcomes from implementation of BETTER in diverse clinical settings.Design & settingAn implementation study was undertaken to apply the CDPS intervention from the BETTER trial to diverse settings in BETTER 2. Patients aged 40–65 years were invited to enrol in the study from three clinics in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.MethodAt baseline, eligibility for 27 CDPS actions (for example, cancer, diabetes and hypertension screening, lifestyle) was determined. Patients then met with a trained provider and prioritised goals to address their eligible CDPS actions. Providers received training in behaviour change theory and practice. Descriptive analysis of clinical outcomes and success factors were reported.ResultsA total of 154 patients (119 female and 35 male) had a baseline visit; 106 had complete outcome assessments, and the remainder had partial outcome assessments. At baseline, patients were eligible for a mean of 12.3 CDPS actions and achieved a mean of 6.0 (49%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 24% to 74%) at 6-month follow-up, including reduced hypertension (86% of eligible patients, 95% CI = 67% to 96%), weight control (51% of eligible patients, 95% CI = 42% to 60%), and smoking cessation (36% of eligible patients, 95% CI = 17% to 59%). Male, highly educated, and lower income individuals achieved a higher proportion of CDPS manoeuvers than their counterparts.ConclusionClinical outcomes from this implementation study were comparable with those of the prior BETTER RCT, providing support for the BETTER Program as an effective approach to CDPS in more diverse general practice settings.

It has been the prevailing view that young offenders are more present oriented than their peers, but this view has little empirical basis other than the actions that have defined these youth as offenders. In the present study, we used a decision task with actual monetary consequences to assess the tendency of young offenders and a control group of high school students to discount the future. The young offenders were not significantly different from the students in discounting the future, even though the young offenders scored significantly higher on a sensation-seeking personality scale, were less likely to have lived with their fathers, and had changed schools more often. Young offenders and control participants were also similar in the extent to which they manifested a clear vision of the future by anticipating which future milestones would occur sooner, in a task pairing milestones with each other and with year markers.

Two Statistics Canada data sources provide case information on violence against Canadian wives : the "Homicide Survey", an archive of all homicides known to police since 1974, and the 1993 national telephone "Violence against Women Survey". When combined with population-at-large information, these sources illuminate risk patterns for lethal and nonlethal violence, which are similar in most, but not all, particuliars. Rates of both lethal and nonlethal violence against wives vary in relation to age, registered versus common law status, separation, and autonomy-limitating behaviour by the husband. These risk patterns are discussed in relation to factors affecting the intensity of male sexual proprietariness. Risk patterns in Quebec parallel those for Canada as a whole in most, but not all, particulars.

Organisms typically “discount the future” in their decision making, but the extent to which they do so varies across species, sexes, age classes, and circumstances. This variability has been studied by biologists, economists, psychologists, and criminologists. We argue that the conceptual framework required for an interdisciplinary synthesis of knowledge in this area is the evolutionary adaptationist analysis of reproductive effort scheduling pioneered by George Williams.

We report effects of affective recollections on performance in two logically identical, content-rich reasoning problems. The between-groups manipulation entailed requesting a written autobiographical recollection of an event in which research volunteers had been cheated, had been the beneficiary of another's altruism, had been happy, or had been angry. The reasoning problems were two published variants of the Wason selection task: "cheater detection" and "altruist detection". Subjects who recalled having been cheated or angry performed significantly better on the cheater detection problem than those who recalled being happy or benefited, and those who recalled being benefited did significantly worse on the altruism detection problem than the other groups. We discuss the relevance of these results to the proposition that emotions are functional operating systems that facilitate situation-appropriate cognition.

We investigated whether names in common promote altruistic behaviour, predicting that this would be especially so for relatively uncommon names, for surnames (which are better kinship cues than first names), and among women (who, although less willing than men to help strangers, according to prior research, are also the primary "kin keepers"). We solicited help from 2960 email addressees, with the request ostensibly coming from a same-sex person sharing both, either, or neither of the addressee's first and last names. As anticipated, addressees were most likely to respond helpfully when senders shared both their names (12.3%) and least likely when they shared neither (2.0%), and this was especially true for relatively uncommon names. A shared surname was more effective than a shared first name only if it was relatively uncommon. Women were substantially more likely to reply than men. These results indicate that names elicit altruism because they function as salient cues of kinship.

People readily make attributions about the likely behavior of others, based on very limited information. We exploited this tendency to assess people's sensitivity to personological and social-circumstantial evidence of risk of coercive control in romantic relationships, by unobtrusively varying information about a fictitious couple in a between-groups design and asking viewers to make predictions about the feelings and behavior of the three characters–a man, his girlfriend, and his sister. Key features of the story were systematically altered to elicit attributions of the man's aggressive and jealous inclinations to see if people are sensitive to the psychological link between sexually proprietary inclinations and risk of violence. The story manipulations were effective in eliciting attributions of the man's aggressive inclinations, of the woman's polyandrous inclinations, and of the man's likely jealousy. As expected, people predicted that an aggressive and jealous man would be likely to use violence and other controlling actions against his girlfriend.

Certaines recherches, demontrant que les inegalites des revenus (etablis au moyen de l’indice Gini) predisent (ils sont peut-etre meme determinants) les taux d’homicides au niveau national ainsi qu...

This article uses samples of siblicide from Canada, Great Britain, Japan, and Chicago to explore the possible relevance of seniority in siblicide. The tendency for the killer to be the younger party was especially true of cases in which victim and killer were same-sex adults and, especially, brothers close in age. The older party was much more likely to be the killer when one or both were children, but this tendency is adequately accounted for by the changing age-specific likelihood that one will commit a homicide at all. Only the Japanese data set contains information on actual birth orders, which were not demonstrably related to the likelihood of either killing or being killed by a sibling. An analysis of the Canadian data suggests that the rate of siblicide is unaffected by the age difference between siblings. The substance of lethal sibling conflicts is discussed in the light of these results, case descriptions, and literature on nonlethal sibling conflict.

More than 5,000 juvenile books are published each year. For this reason school and children’s librarians depend on reviews to assist them with their selection responsibilities. Through a review of professional literature, we identified 10 criteria that librarians, authors, editors, and publishers thought were important to include in a book review. Using content analysis, we applied the criteria to 152 reviews of 1996 Notable Books for Children in four journals commonly used by school and children’s librarians. We found that although the journals include several of the criteria for quality book reviews, no single journal stood out as consistently providing all the criteria. The findings can be used by children’s books reviewers, librarians with the responsibility of selecting reviewing journals and children’s books, and researchers interested in further studies to help determine the criteria needed for quality book reviews.

There is a cross-culturally universal sex difference in homicide perpetration, and motives of male sexual proprietariness and rivalry are implicated in some substantial proportion of all homicides everywhere. With the exception of some forensic psychiatrists, however, criminologists have paid these motives little explicit attention. Human motives and emotions have evolved by selection, and the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology can be used to develop hypotheses about the psychological links between violence and sexually rivalrous and possessive motives in men. Violent inclinations are not simply pathological, but self-interested, although their expression is often counterproductive where social and material circumstances differ greatly from those in which the human social psyche evolved. Evolutionary psychology is also a rich source of hypotheses about how situational, economic, demographic and other factors are likely to affect men's uses of violence against wives and rivals, and hence about the sources of cross-cultural and historical variations in rates of homicide and assault.

Information about uxoricides (killings of wives) in one Canadian city between 1974 and 1995 was extracted from media reports. Among those slain women who were mothers of coresident minor children, half had children sired by former partners, compared to just 7% of comparable such mothers in the population at large, yielding an odds ratio of 12.7. This risk factor is likely to be widespread but has not previously been demonstrated because homicide archives typically lack relevant information. Female-initiated separation was apparently a motivational factor in more than half of all uxoricides, and media reports can be informative with respect to the timing and circumstances of uxoricide risk in relation to marital dissolution.

Criminological theories are usually framed in sociological terms but always entail psychological assumptions. Psychological accounts, in their turn, entail assumptions about the adaptive "design" of evolved mental mechanisms and processes. Thus, explicit attention to recent theory and research on psychology and evolution can sometimes help criminologists generate productive hypotheses and avoid blind alleys. Homicide research is illustrative. Interpersonal conflicts are engendered by interactions among individuals whose psyches were designed by natural and sexual selection to make them effective competitors and effective nepotists (kin-benefactors). These considerations suggest numerous testable hypotheses about such matters as who is likely to kill whom, and how the demography of homicide perpetration and victimization is likely to vary among victim-killer relationships. An evolutionary psychological perspective inspires us to criticize recent criminological discussions of sex differences and age pattern...

Sexual selection theory affords a rationale for predicting that men, especially young men, may be more willing than women to risk harms and to discount the future in the pursuit of short-term gains. These propositions apply to many domains of risky behavior, and it is likely that they apply to decisions involving potential harms to the environment and health hazards as well. Two preliminary studies of university subjects' responses to hypothetical dilemmas that support the predicted sex difference are described. Important understudied questions are, to what extent reckless risk acceptance may be mitigated by material wellbeing, by marriage, and by parenthood.

Demographic patterns of risk of lethal and nonlethal violence against wives in Canada were compared utilizing Statistics Canada's Homicide Survey (1974-1992) and Violence Against Women Survey (1993...

structure and reciprocity in social dilemmas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 252-267. Kramer, R. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1044-1057. McClintock, M. K. (1987). A functional approach to the behavioral endocrinology of rodents. In D. Crews (Ed.), Psychobiology of reproductive behavior: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 176203). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Oyama, S. (1985). The ontogeny of information. New York: Cambridge University Press. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man 18711971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago: Aldine. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M., Oakes, P., Riecher, S., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Blackwell. Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Wilson, D. S., & Sober, E. (in press). Re-introducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

A familicide is a multiple-victim homicide incident in which the killer's spouse and one or more children are slain. National archives of Canadian and British homicides, containing 109 familicide incidents, permit some elucidation of the characteristic and epidemiology of this crime. Familicides were almost exclusively perpetrated by men, unlike other spouse-killings and other filicides. Half the familicidal men killed themselves as well, a much higher rate of suicide than among other uxoricidal or filicidal men. De facto unions were overrepresented, compared to their prevalence in the populations-at-large, but to a much lesser extent in familicides than in other uxoricides. Stepchildren were overrepresented as familicide victims, compared to their numbers in the populations-at-large, but to a much lesser extent than in other filicides; unlike killers of their genetic offspring, men who killed their stepchildren were rarely suicidal. An initial binary categorization of familicides as accusatory versus despondent is tentatively proposed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en

Killings of children less than five years of age by stepfathers versus (putative) genetic fathers are compared on the basis of Canadian and British national archives of homicides. In addition to previously reported differences in gross rates, the two categories of killings differed in their attributes. Beatings constituted a relatively large proportion of steppaternal homicides, whereas genetic fathers were relatively likely to shoot or asphyxiate their victims. A substantial proportion of killings by genetic fathers, but almost none of those by stepfathers, were accompanied by suicide and/or uxoricide. These contrasts lend support to the hypothesis that the differential risks incurred by children in different household types reflect the differential parental solicitude that is predictable from an evolutionary model of parental motivation.

In a 12-year study involving 191 radio-tracked Merriam's kangaroo rats and 337 subcutaneous radio implantations, females were killed by predators at a rate of 0.0054 per radio-bearing night and males at a rate of 0.0116. Both the mortality rate and the sex difference therein declined over the course of several nights after radio implantation. Females reduced their excursions from the day burrow for the first few nights after radio implantation, whereas males exhibited little if any such inhibition of movement. This sexually differentiated behavioural response to the transmitters is a likely source of the sexually differentiated mortality patterns.

The temporal and spatial distribution of above-ground activith in Merriam's kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami , radio-tracked during 10 winters varied in relation to phases of the moon. At the full moon, animals were more likely to be found in their day burrows at scheduled hourly radio fixes, and when they emerged, they stayed closer to home. At partial moon phases, above-ground activity was preferentially allocated to hours when the moon was down. As predicted from an extension of Rosenzweig's (1974, J. Mammal. , 55 , 193–199) model of optimal above-ground activity, the suppression of nocturnal activity at the full moon was partially offset by relatively great activity at dusk and dawn, and losses to nocturnal versus diurnal predators were distributed differently over the lunar cycle. Gross predation rates did not differ significantly among moon phases, but the kangaroo rats' relatively crepuscular activity pattern at the full moon both reduced their vulnerability to nocturnal predators, as compared with the new moon phase, and raised their vulnerability to diurnal shrikes.

A hitherto unremarked peculiarity of homicide in the United States is that women kill their husbands almost as often as the reverse. For every 100 US. men who kill their wives, about 75 women kill their husbands; this spousal “sex ratio of killing” (SROK) is more than twice that in other Western nations. Our analyses of spousal homicide samples from the United States, Canada, Australia, and Great Britain indicate that this contrast cannot be attributed to greater gun use in the United States, nor to a domain-general convergence of the sexes in their uses of violence. Significant predictors of the spousal SROK include registered versus de facto marriage, coresidency versus separation, ethnicity, and age disparity, but the impacts of these variables are not sufficient to explain the differences between US. and other nations’victim sex ratios.

A currently fashionable claim is that violence against husbands is about as prevalent as violence against wives; spousal violence has been said to be symmetrical in its extent, severity, intentions, motivational contexts, and even its consequences. The evidence for this alleged symmetry derives from two sources: (I) surveys employing the “Conflict Tactics Scales” (CTS), a checklist of self-reported “acts” perpetrated or experienced, and (2) U.S. homicide data. We criticize the claim of sexual symmetry by reviewing other contradictory survey evidence; by showing that the CTS provides an account of marital violence that is neither reliable nor valid; and by demonstrating that the sexual symmetry of spousal homicide victimization does not reflect sexually symmetrical motivation or action—and is in any case peculiar to the United States. Confining self report data to a checklist of acts, devoid of motives, meanings and consequences cannot insure objectivity, validity or an adequate development of theory to explain violence.