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La interacción entre la mente y el cerebro es un tema de gran interés y relevancia en el campo de la salud mental. La comprensión de cómo funciona el cerebro y cómo influye en nuestros pensamientos, emociones y comportamientos puede ayudarnos a desarrollar tratamientos más efectivos y personalizados para diversos trastornos mentales, como la depresión, la ansiedad, el trastorno bipolar y otros.

The reference of a suevian embassy to Constantinople in De Trina Mersione, one epistle of Saint Martin of Braga, written in the second half of the sixth century, bring us the oportunity to search for the reason that the suevian king Miro had to had to send his legates to the capital of the Roman Eastern Empire.In our opinion Miro's reason was the requeast to the Emperor Justin, then Tiberius, for military help in face of the visigothic menace in his kingdom. The military presence of the Byzantines in the south and eastern peninsula and their enmity with the visigothic king Leovigild was the main reason, in our opinion, that could explain the diplomatic action of Miro, king of the suevians.

The phrase in the title comes from a letter sent by the Visigoth king Sisebut to the Byzantine Patrician Cesarius on the occasion of the exchange of emissaries in order to achieve a peace treaty. It is the first time we have directly documented diplomatic contacts between Visigoths and Byzantines in the 70 years of the Byzantine presence in the Iberian Peninsula; the fact remains that the letter reveals initial mutual mistrust. Previous documents concerning pacts between Visigoths and Byzantines provide the same perception. This contribution examines the relations and diplomatic correspondence between Sisebut and Cesarius and the possible covenants made by them, bearing in mind those previously signed between Visigoths and Byzantines.

This volume examines how power was framed in Visigothic society and how a diverse population with a complex and often conflicting cultural inheritance was thereby held together as a single kingdom. Indeed, through this dynamic process a new, early medieval society emerged. Understanding this transformation is no simple matter, as it involved the deployment of an array of political and cultural resources: the production of knowledge, the appropriation of Patristic literature, controlling and administering rural populations, reconceptualizing the sacred, capital punishment and exile, controlling the manufacture of currency, and defining Visigothic society in relation to other polities such as the neighbouring Byzantine state. In order to achieve an analysis of these different phenomena, this volume brings together researchers from a variety of disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach therefore expands the available sources and reformulates topics of traditional scholarship in order to engage with a renewal of Visigothic Studies and reformulate the paradigm of study itself. As a result, this volume rethinks frameworks of power in the Peninsula along not only historical and archaeological but also anthropological terms, presenting the reader with a new understanding of Iberian society as a whole.

Se identificaron 8 variables asociadas al concepto de competencia tecnologica para estudiar una empresa productora de medicamentos: integracion de la cadena de abastecimiento primaria, evaluacion de escala de produccion, transferencia tecnologica, tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion, perfil exportador, innovacion y desarrollo, recursos humanos y sistemas de garantia y aseguramiento de calidad. Se estudio el comportamiento de cada una de las variables y como su relacion permitiria establecer criterios de comparacion entre empresas del mismo sector. Se aplico una encuesta en 22 laboratorios de produccion de medicamentos y los datos obtenidos fueron analizados a traves de la estrategia metodologica propuesta.

Se desarrollaron sistemas poliméricos bioadhesivos del tipo película polimérica y comprimido empleando el biopolímero pullulan, para el transporte de digluconato de clorhexidina, el cual es un principio activo utilizado como alternativa terapéuticaen el tratamiento de la gingivitis y de la enfermedad periodontal. Inicialmente, se evaluó la capacidad del polímero para formar películas y tabletas, luego, fueron propuestas formulaciones de cada uno de los sistemas. A las películas y comprimidos obtenidos se les determinaron propiedades mecánicas y de transporte, actividad antiséptica, caracterización de las microestructuras obtenidas, además, se comprobó la liberación del fármaco desde los sistemas estudiados. Con las formulaciones seleccionadas se determinó su capacidad mucoadhesiva in vitro, empleando como sustrato mucosa oral porcina. As a therapeutic alternative in the transport of active substances in treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease, bioadhesive polymeric systems type polymeric film and tablet were developed using the biopolymer pullulan. First, the ability of pullulan polymer to form films and tablets was evaluated and formulations were proposed for each system. Mechanical and transport properties, as well as antiseptic activity and microstructures characteristics were determined for these polymeric systems. Drug release behavior in the studied systems was also verified. The in vitro mucoadhesive capacity was determined with the formulations selected, using porcine oral mucous membrane like substrate.

ResumenLa calidad desde el diseño ofrece ventajas sobre modelos previos de aseguramiento de la calidad, siendo útil en sectores donde la calidad signifique diferenciación y la flexibilización de los procesos estimule el mejoramiento continuo y la innovación. Como una contribución para facilitar su implementación en la industria farmacéutica en Colombia, en el presente artículo se analizan las circunstancias que la originaron. Igualmente, partiendo de un estudio de literatura especializada, se explica su importancia en el desarrollo de productos y se proponen algunos aspectos metodológicos para su puesta en práctica. La evidencia reportada sugiere que esta nueva visión de la calidad es una estrategia que genera confianza en clientes, industria y organismos reguladores, respecto a la calidad de los productos farmacéuticos.AbstractQuality by design offers advantages over previous quality assurance models, being useful in areas where quality means the differentiation and implementation of flexible processes to stimulate continuous improvement and innovation. As a contribution to making quality by design easier to implement in the Colombian pharmaceutical industry, this paper discusses why this concept was originated. Likewise, based on a literature analysis, the noteworthiness of quality by design when products are being developed is discussed, and methodological strategies for its accomplishment are proposed. The reported evidence suggests that quality by design builds consumer, industrial and regulatory confidence on the quality of pharmaceutical products.

Resumen En el contexto de su creencia en la superación personal, Agatías, hist. 2, 17, 1–8 (s. VI d. C.) menciona un viaje de un ciudadano de Trales a la Hispania del año 26 a. C. Ello nos lleva a analizar aspectos como la veracidad de ese viaje, la personalidad del ciudadano de Trales y las fuentes utilizadas por aquel autor para narrar ese episodio; nos detenemos especialmente en la posible modificación de algunos datos importantes de éste que, por razones literarias, pudo hacer Agatías.

Biopolymers have been widely studied for use in pharmaceutical applications. They have been used for modifying drug release, orientating a drug towards its therapeutic target, penetrating physiological barriers (tissues and cells) and protecting unstable therapeutic agents against physiological conditions which are present in a less invasive administration routes. The importance of biopolymers in designing new biomedical devices must thus be stressed, especially when a pharmaceutical substance must be incorporated into a polymer matrix. A new generation of alternatives for human health has thus been generated by designing pharmaceutical therapeutic systems in line with the concept of “integrated custom-made product design”. This document reviews the trends concerning using biopolymers for designing products having pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The paper also introduces the elements which should be mastered by engineers for obtaining material which can be used in the health field and tries to provide a reference point regarding the state of the art in this specific field of knowledge.

Novel CrTiAlN multilayered nanocomposite thin films have been developed. They consist of alternating CrN and TiAlN layers of 10–12 nm individual thickness, up to a total thickness of 1– 3 μ m . These coatings were grown on WC-Co insets and high-speed steel samples by simultaneous arc evaporation (physical vapour deposition, PVD) of pure Cr and Ti-Al alloy targets. Wear resistance of these coatings was studied through high temperature pin-on-disk experiments. Results demonstrate that this kind of coating structures improves several times the wear resistance at high temperature of commercially available TiAlN coatings.

Some conceptual elements regarding the axiomatic design method were applied to a specific case-study regarding developing modified liberation compressed product (CLM-UN), for use in the agricultural sector as pH regulating agent in solil. The study was orientated towards defining functional requeriments, design parameters and process variables for manufacturing the product. Independence and information were evaluated, supporting axiomatic design as an alternative for integral product and process design (as a rational and systemic exercise), facilitating producing products having the quality which future users expect from them.

Some conceptual elements regarding the axiomatic design method were applied to a specific case-study regarding developing modified liberation compressed product (CLM-UN), for use in the agricultural sector as pH regulating agent in soil. The study was orientated towards defining functional requirements, design parameters and process variables for manufacturing the product. Independence and information were evaluated, supporting axiomatic design as an alternative for integral product and process design (as a rational and systemic exercise), facilitating producing products having the quality which future users expect from them.

Dans le De Civitate Dei 16,8-9, Augustin adapte la culture paienne classique a la finalite de la vie chretienne. En effet deux problemes se posent a l'Antiquite classique et apparaissent comme deux croyances remanentes: l'existence des antipodes et des races monstrueuses. Sur ces deux problemes, Augustin developpe une argumentation a la fois en faveur et contre ces idees en fonction de leur adequation au modele chretien. Le theme de l'existence de peuples monstrueux et des antipodes est toujours traite en fonction de l'universalite de l'Eglise. Il est du devoir de l'Eglise d'apporter la bonne nouvelle aux peuples qui ne la connaissent pas

El Sector Farmacéutico está constituido por los subsectores: medicamentos, cosméticos, fitoterapéuticos, artículos de aseo y limpieza e insumos para la salud, el subsector de medicamentos lo integran organizaciones que elaboran, importan y comercializan estos productos. La mayoría de estudios sobre la industria de medicamentos se direccionan a los aspectos económicos sin evaluar los aspectos tecnológicos de los procesos productivos, razón por la cual se propone una metodología para evaluar y describir el sector productor de medicamentos de acuerdo con su grado de desarrollo tecnológico, empleando el concepto capacidad de manufactura.El estudio fue llevado a cabo con la información obtenida de las bases de datos del Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos (Invima), de plantas de producción de medicamentos en la ciudad de Bogotá que realizan procesos de transformación de materiales. El estudio permitió la identificación de tres características que definen la capacidad de manufactura de los laboratorios farmacéuticos: las relacionadas con el grupo farmacológico al que pertenecen los principios activos, las que corresponden a especificaciones del medicamento por su condición de esterilidad, y las asociadas a la tecnología requerida para la fabricación de cada forma farmacéutica. Como resultado, se presenta un análisis de estas características y se identifican algunas tecnologías que no han sido transferidas o asimiladas por las organizaciones bajo estudio, encontrando en la capacidad de manufactura un criterio para ser considerado como indicador del grado de desarrollo tecnológico del subsector en Colombia. The pharmaceutical industrial has five subsectors: medicines, cosmetics, phytotherapeutics, cleaning products and medical devices. The medicine subsector consists of organisations producing, importing and selling these products. Most studies about this industry have been guided by economic interests without assessing technological aspects of production. This article was aimed at proposing a methodology for assessing and describing the medicine sector according to its technological development by using the manufacturing capability concept. The main information was taken from the Colombian Medicaments and Food Surveillance Institute´s (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos - INVIMA) databases related to pharmaceutical plant production in Bogotá, including material transformation facilities. This study led to three characteristics being identified for defining the pharmaceutical industry´s manufacturing capability: that related to the pharmacological group to which active pharmaceutical ingredients belong, that linked to specifications regarding medicines´ sterility and that related to the technology required for manufacturing each pharmaceutical product. An analysis of these features has thus been presented and some technologies have been identified which have not been transferred or assimilated by the organisations being studied. It was found that manufacturing capability should be considered as being an indicator of the degree of technological development in these subsectors in Colombia.