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Background: Migrants are vulnerable to communicable diseases and face barriers in access to immunization programs. Individual studies suggest that they suffer immunization inequity, but the gap in vaccination compared to non-migrants has not been quantified. This systematic review quantitatively determined the level of vaccination coverage among migrants compared to non-migrants, collating the published literature. Methods: A search without language restrictions was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, from database inception to February 2021. Observational studies that provided the vaccination rates among migrant and non-migrant groups were included. Study quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data were synthesized pooling data from individual studies to generate summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using random effects model, assessing heterogeneity with I2 statistic and publication bias with funnel asymmetry analysis. Findings: There were 44 relevant studies (7,937,996 participants). Overall risk of bias was low in 13 (30%), moderate in 22 (50%) and high in 9 (20%) studies. Point estimates of individual ORs showed lower vaccination coverage among migrants in 36 of 39 meta-analyzable studies. Overall, the odds of vaccination coverage among migrants were lower compared to non-migrants (7,375,184 participants, summary OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.66, I2 99.9%). There was no funnel asymmetry. Interpretation: Migrants are half as often vaccinated compared to non-migrants. Public health prevention programs need to prioritize vaccination equity, not just to protect migrants but also to protect the host communities. Registration Details: Review protocol was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42021228061). Funding Information: No source of funding. Declaration of Interests: KSK is Distinguished Investigator at University of Granada funded by the Beatriz Galindo (senior modality) program of the Spanish Ministry of Education. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Introducción: Los alimentos que se comercializan para población vegetariana deben proporcionar los micronutrientes que se están dejando de consumir por eliminar de la dieta los productos de origen animal. En el etiquetado de alimentos dirigidos a esta población debe mostrarse claramente su composición nutricional y otro tipo de información necesaria para una adecuada selección de este tipo de productos. Objetivo: Evaluar el etiquetado de alimentos comercializados para población vegetariana en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se adquirieron productos vegetarianos de análogos cárnicos, sustitutos de quesos, bebidas vegetales y helados vegetales para estimar el cumplimiento de los ítems del etiquetado, analizar la composición nutricional declarada y evaluar el perfil de nutrientes. Se estudió un producto de cada categoría por análisis fisicoquímico, a fin de contrastar la información con lo reportado en el etiquetado nutricional. Resultados: Se analizaron 167 productos. Se encontró que el 27% de los productos no cumplió con los lineamientos básicos normativos del etiquetado, además, un 16,8% de estos no arrojaron datos de aporte de nutrientes. En la composición se observaron grandes diferencias en el aporte nutricional en una misma categoría de producto. Estos alimentos se caracterizaron por bajos aportes de calcio y hierro, y altos de sodio. Respecto al contraste fisicoquímico, hay variaciones superiores al 50% de lo declarado en la etiqueta de varios nutrientes. La mayoría de las bebidas y helados vegetales fueron clasificados como poco saludables. Conclusiones: Se requiere mejorar la composición nutricional de los productos dirigidos para población vegetariana proporcionando mayor cantidad de nutrientes que son críticos en esta población.

Un snack es una porción pequeña de alimentos consumida entre comidas principales con el fin de obtener energía. Su presencia en la dieta de adultos ha incrementado en la última década. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el tamaño de porción ingerida y la percepción de la capacidad saciante esperada (CSE) de diferentes alimentos si son ofrecidos como “comida” o “snack”. Se diseñó y validó la encuesta para evaluar las elecciones de tamaño de porción ingerida y la CSE de 12 alimentos seleccionados a través del Análisis Descriptivo Cuantitativo (QDA). Participaron 453 estudiantes de 22±4,0 años, los resultados se evaluaron mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En la mayoría de los alimentos (83,3%) la CSE fue mayor cuando eran “snack” que en “comida”. El tamaño de porción elegido en 5 alimentos fue menor cuando eran “snack” (p

The present study evaluated the effect of the change in the orientation of the VH-VL variable domains to VL-VH on the physicochemical and functional properties of two scorpion toxin-neutralizing scFvs. The results showed that the level of expression of proteins obtained from the periplasm of E. coli is the factor mainly affected, either with an increase or decrease in the amount of protein recovered. Likewise, the functional recognition activity in the presence of a denaturing agent showed slight variations in the two orientations. In contrast, recognition and biological activity (neutralizing capacity) are maintained. At the interaction level, the change marginally modified the kinetic association and dissociation constants without significantly modifying the value of the affinity constants. Similarly, it was observed that the thermodynamic stability of the proteins did not show significant variations either. These results contrast with some reports of the effect of changing the orientation of domains, suggesting that it is not possible to predict which orientation of the variable domains of an scFv is more favorable or if they are equivalent, as in the case of scFvs previously matured by directed evolution techniques.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del cáncer de esófago de acuerdo a su localización, caracterización clínica, anatomopatológica y su tratamiento quirúrgico en el servicio de cirugía general del hospital central del IPS durante el periodo de enero del 2016 a diciembre del 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo mediante la revisión de 37 fichas clínicas de los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Central del IPS y como cirugía programada con el diagnóstico de cáncer esofágico en quienes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente, durante el periodo de enero del 2016 y diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se incluyeron 37 pacientes con el diagnóstico de cáncer esofágico. Predominó el sexo masculino en 86,48% (n: 32). La edad promedio es de 72 años. El motivo de consulta predominante fue la disfagia. Se encontró predominancia hacia el cáncer de esófago medio en un 40,54%. Se realizó mayormente la gastrostomía para alimentación. El carcinoma escamoso grado III predominaba en un 40,55%. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes con cáncer del esófago se ubican entre los 71 a 80 años. El carcinoma escamoso predomina sobre el adenocarcinoma. La disfagia fue un síntoma común en todos los pacientes.

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del manejo quirúrgico de la acalasia esofágica en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central del IPS en el periodo enero 2016-diciembre 2018. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal de 26 fichas operatorias de pacientes con diagnóstico de Acalasia quienes requirieron intervención quirúrgica en nuestro servicio en el periodo enero 2016- diciembre 2018. Resultados: Se observó que el método quirúrgico más utilizado fue a predominio del laparoscópico, siendo la técnica de Heller-dor el procedimiento de elección.Hubo una sola complicación posoperatoria: la fistula esofágica. La mortalidad de la serie en este periodo asociada a intervención quirúrgica fue nula. Discusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico cumple con los objetivos de lograr alivio de la disfagia, con una mejoría significativa de la deglución, normalizar la condición nutricional y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. La cirugía laparoscópica logra resultados comparables a la cirugía convencional y agrega las ventajas de los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Conclusión: La miotomía de Heller modificada por laparoscopia con funduplicatura parcial es la técnica preferida para el manejo de la acalasia, con la cual es posible obtener un adecuado control de los síntomas y satisfacción a largo plazo en rangos aceptables.

En el presente trabajo, aplicamos la metodología de los planos de corte Fenchel para resolver el problema de Localización de Plantas Capacitadas de fuente única en dos etapas (TSCFL). Las desigualdades Fenchel describen la envolvente convexa de un conjunto X⊂R^n sin conocer explícitamente la estructura. La relajación Fenchel es una relajación lineal, se obtiene al agregar las desigualdades Fenchel más violadas obtenidas como solución del problema de separación asociado al problema primal. El valor de la relajación Fenchel constituye una cota inferior fuerte para el problema de localización. Simultáneamente se aplica una heurística basada en la relajación Fenchel para obtener una solución factible la cual constituye una cota superior. Ambas cotas se integran al algoritmo de Ramificación y Acotación basado en programación lineal para obtener el óptimo global. Asimismo, los cortes Fenchel presentan eficientes propiedades computacionales.

The expression of chloroplast genes relies on a host of nucleus-encoded proteins. Identification of such proteins and elucidation of their functions are ongoing challenges. We used ribosome profiling to revisit the function of the pentatricopeptide repeat protein LPE1, reported to stimulate translation of the chloroplast psbA mRNA in Arabidopsis. Mutation of the maize LPE1 ortholog causes a photosystem II (PSII) deficiency and a defect in translation of the chloroplast psbJ open reading frame (ORF) but has no effect on psbA expression. To reflect this function, we named the maize LPE1 ortholog Translation of psbJ 1 (TPJ1). Arabidopsis lpe1 mutants likewise exhibit a loss of psbJ translation, and have, in addition, a decrease in psbN translation. We detected a small decrease in ribosome occupancy on the psbA mRNA in Arabidopsis lpe1 mutants, but ribosome profiling analyses of other PSII mutants (hcf107 and hcf173) in conjunction with in vitro RNA binding data strongly suggest that this is a secondary effect of their PSII deficiency. We conclude that maize TPJ1 promotes PSII synthesis by activating translation of the psbJ ORF, that this function is conserved in Arabidopsis LPE1, and that an additional role for LPE1 in psbN translation contributes to the PSII deficiency in lpe1 mutants.

Las artes y la cultura costarricenses crecieron y se difundieron de modo especial durante la década de 1970. Esa situación se combinó con la integración de numerosos artistas e intelectuales latinoamericanos que llegaron al país exiliados debido a dictaduras y guerras en sus países. Este artículo intenta sintetizar la información parcial que existe sobre esos años y al mismo tiempo estudiar el nuevo centroamericanismo que se desarrolló entonces bajo la forma de una lucha por la democracia y la solidaridad entre los pueblos del istmo.

Este artículo es una indagación sobre la relación entre la literatura modernista y la búsqueda de la unidad centroamericana a finales del siglo XIX. Rubén Darío fue la figura clave que guio la generación; su escritura concretó la idea política de la unidad mediante la noción de la armonía universal. Otros escritores como Francisco Gavidia, Máximo Soto Hall y Alberto Masferrer también publicaron en Costa Rica novelas, poemas, cuentos y ensayos sobre el tema. Este es el primer resultado parcial de una investigación acerca de las elaboraciones literarias del concepto de la unión centroamericana. This article is an inquiry about the relationship between modernist literature and the search for Central American unity, at the end of the 19th century. Rubén Darío was the key figure that guided the generation; his writing concretized the political idea of unity through the notion of universal harmony. Other Central American writers such as Francisco Gavidia, Máximo Soto Hall, and Alberto Masferrer also published novels, poems, stories and essays on the subject in Costa Rica. This is the first partial result of an investigation about the literary elaborations of the concept of the Central American union. Escuela de Literatura y Ciencias del Lenguaje

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las manifestaciones clínicas asociada a la localización del Cáncer de Colon en pacientes internados en el servicio de cirugía general del hospital central del IPS durante el periodo de enero del 2017 a diciembre del 2018. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo mediante la revisión de 264 fichas operatorias donde se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, localización del tumor, cuadro clínico y tipo histopatológico. Resultados: de los 264 pacientes de la muestra, 127 pacientes fueron operados de tumores de colon derecho correspondiendo al 51,89 %, 96 pacientes de tumores de colon izquierdo (36,36%), 23 pacientes de tumores del colon transverso (8,71%) y 18 pacientes de tumores de la unión recto sigmoidea, correspondiendo al 18 %. El rango de edad encontrado más frecuente para el cáncer de colon fue de 61 a 70 años. Conclusión: el cáncer de colon fue encontrado más frecuentemente en el sexo masculino en el 51,13% de los casos. El rango etario predominante fue el de 61 a 70 años.La localización más frecuente fue en el colon derecho (51,8%) que en el izquierdo (36,3%). ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the clinical manifestations associated with the location of Colon Cancer in patients admitted to the general surgery service of the IPS central hospital during the period from January 2017 to December 2018. Material and methods: descriptive, retrospective study using the review of 264 operative files where the following variables were analyzed: age, sex, tumor location, clinical picture and histopathological type. Results: of the 264 patients in the sample, 127 patients were operated on for tumors of the right colon corresponding to 51.89%, 96 patients for tumors of the left colon (36.36%), 23 patients for tumors of the transverse colon (8, 71%) and 18 patients with sigmoid rectum tumors, corresponding to 18%. The most frequent age range found for colon cancer was 61 to 70 years. Conclusion: colon cancer was found more frequently in males in 51.13% of cases. The predominant age range was 61 to 70 years. The most frequent location was in the right colon (51.8%) than in the left (36.3%).

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de litiasis coledociana diagnosticadas por colangiografía intraoperatoria en el periodo 2014-2018. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal mediante la revisión de fichasclínicas de pacientes a quienes se les efectuó colangiografía intraoperatoria durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2014 y diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se incluyeron 70 pacientes a quienes se les efectuaron colangiografia intraoperatoria. La distribución por género fue la siguiente, sexo femenino 65,71% (46) y sexo masculino 34,28% (24).El 25,71% (18) se encontraban entre 31 y 40 años. El 32,85% (23) de los pacientes a quienes se les realizó colangiografía intraoperatoria presentaron cálculos en el colédoco, 18 pacientes (25,71%) con preoperatorio de coledocolitiasis. El 30,43% (7) de los casos positivos para coledocolitiasis tienen entre 71 y 80 años, mientras que el 17,39% tienen entre 61 y 70 años. El 56,52% con coledocolitiasis eran de sexo femenino. Conclusión: Apreciamos la elevada prevalencia de coledocolitiasis en aquellos pacientes que tuvieron la indicación de colangiografia intraoperatoria, sobre todo en el sexo femenino y en la tercera edad. ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of choledocholithiasis detected by intraoperative cholangiography during the period 2014-2018. Material and methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study by reviewing the clinical records of patients who underwent intraoperative cholangiography during the period between January 2014 and December 2018. Results: 70 patients were included who were performed intraoperative cholangiography. The distribution by gender was as follows, female sex 65.71% (46) and male sex 34.28% (24). 25.71% (18) were between 31 and 40 years old. 32.85% (23) of the patients who underwent intraoperative cholangiography had stones in the common bile duct, 18 patients (25.71%) with preoperative choledocholithiasis. 30.43% (7) of the positive cases for choledocolithiasis are between 71 and 80 years old, while 17.39% are between 61 and 70 years old. 56.52% with choledocholithiasis were female. Conclusion: We appreciate the high prevalence of choledocolithiasis in those patients who had the indication of intraoperative cholangiography, especially in the female sex and in the third age.

The chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain is a RNA-binding domain found in a plant-specific protein family whose characterized members play essential roles in splicing group I and group II introns in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Together, these proteins are required for splicing of the majority of the approximately 20 chloroplast introns in land plants. Here, we provide evidence from Setaria viridis and maize that an uncharacterized member of this family, CRM Family Member1 (CFM1), promotes the splicing of most of the introns that had not previously been shown to require a CRM domain protein. A Setaria mutant expressing mutated CFM1 was strongly disrupted in the splicing of three chloroplast tRNAs: trnI, trnV and trnA. Analyses by RNA gel blot and polysome association suggest that the tRNA deficiencies lead to compromised chloroplast protein synthesis and the observed whole-plant chlorotic phenotypes. Co-immunoprecipitation data demonstrate that the maize CFM1 ortholog is bound to introns whose splicing is disrupted in the cfm1 mutant. With these results, CRM domain proteins have been shown to promote the splicing of all but two of the introns found in angiosperm chloroplast genomes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del manejo quirúrgico de la acalasia esofágica en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central del IPS en el periodo enero 2016-diciembre 2018. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal de 26 fichas operatorias de pacientes con diagnóstico de Acalasia quienes requirieron intervención quirúrgica en nuestro servicio en el periodo enero 2016- diciembre 2018. Resultados: Se observó que el método quirúrgico más utilizado fue a predominio del laparoscópico, siendo la técnica de Heller-dor el procedimiento de elección.Hubo una sola complicación posoperatoria: la fistula esofágica. La mortalidad de la serie en este periodo asociada a intervención quirúrgica fue nula. Discusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico cumple con los objetivos de lograr alivio de la disfagia, con una mejoría significativa de la deglución, normalizar la condición nutricional y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. La cirugía laparoscópica logra resultados comparables a la cirugía convencional y agrega las ventajas de los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Conclusión: La miotomía de Heller modificada por laparoscopia con funduplicatura parcial es la técnica preferida para el manejo de la acalasia, con la cual es posible obtener un adecuado control de los síntomas y satisfacción a largo plazo en rangos aceptables. ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the experience of the surgical management of esophageal achalasia in the General Surgery Service of the IPS Central Hospital during the period January 2016-December 2018. Material and Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of 26 operative files of patients with diagnosis of achalasia who required surgical intervention in our service in the period January 2016- December 2018. Results: It was observed that the most used surgical method was predominantly laparoscopic, with Heller-dor's technique being the procedure of choice. There was only one postoperative complication: the esophageal fistula. The mortality of the series in this period associated with surgical intervention was nil. Discussion: The surgical treatment meets the objectives of achieving relief of dysphagia, with a significant improvement in swallowing, normalize the nutritional condition and improve the patient's quality of life. Laparoscopic surgery achieves results comparable to conventional surgery and adds the advantages of minimally invasive procedures. Conclusion: Heller myotomy modified by partial fundoplication laparoscopy is the preferred technique for the management of achalasia, with which it is possible to obtain adequate control of symptoms and long-term satisfaction in acceptable ranges.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are helical repeat-proteins that bind RNA in a modular fashion with a sequence-specificity that can be manipulated by the use of an amino acid code. As such, PPR repeats are promising scaffolds for the design of RNA binding proteins for synthetic biology applications. However, the in vivo functional capabilities of artificial PPR proteins built from consensus PPR motifs are just starting to be explored. Here, we report in vivo functions of an artificial PPR protein, dPPRrbcL, made of consensus PPR motifs that were designed to bind a sequence near the 5’ end of rbcL transcripts in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. We used a functional complementation assay to demonstrate that this protein bound its intended RNA target with specificity in vivo and that it substituted for a natural PPR protein by stabilizing processed rbcL mRNA. We targeted a second protein of analogous design to the petL 5’ UTR, where it substituted for the native stabilizing PPR protein PGR3, albeit inefficiently. These results showed that artificial PPRs can be engineered to functionally mimic the class of native PPR proteins that serve as physical barriers against exoribonucleases.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are a large family of helical repeat proteins that bind RNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Sites of PPR action have been inferred primarily from genetic data, which have led to the view that most PPR proteins act at a very small number of sites in vivo. Here, we report new functions for three chloroplast PPR proteins that had already been studied in depth. Maize PPR5, previously shown to promote trnG splicing, is also required for rpl16 splicing. Maize PPR10, previously shown to bind the atpI-atpH and psaJ-rpl33 intercistronic regions, also stabilizes a 3′-end downstream from psaI. Arabidopsis PGR3, shown previously to bind upstream of petL, also binds the rpl14-rps8 intercistronic region where it stabilizes a 3′-end and stimulates rps8 translation. These functions of PGR3 are conserved in maize. The discovery of new functions for three proteins that were already among the best characterized members of the PPR family implies that functional repertoires of PPR proteins are more complex than have been appreciated. The diversity of sequences bound by PPR10 and PGR3 in vivo highlights challenges of predicting binding sites of native PPR proteins based on the amino acid code for nucleotide recognition by PPR motifs.

Se describe el proceso de digitalización de la revista Repertorio Americano, de Joaquín García Monge, llevado a cabo por el proyecto Biblioteca Electrónica Scriptorium de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Se explica la diferencia entre el texto impreso y el texto digital. Se hace una breve síntesis de los diversos intentos de digitalización de la revista en el país.

Se estudian conjuntamente las tres novelas de la escritora costarricense Catalina Murillo con el objetivo de proponer una significación común. Es un ejercicio de lectura e interpretación realizado principalmente desde la perspectiva de la semiótica literaria. Se concluye que el proceso de aceptación y crecimiento individual también integra un cuestionamiento de algunos aspectos del discurso colonialista referente a la visión particular de la relación entre España y América Latina.

The engineering of plant genomes presents exciting opportunities to modify agronomic traits and to produce high-value products in plants. Expression of foreign proteins from transgenes in the chloroplast genome offers advantages that include the capacity for prodigious protein output, the lack of transgene silencing and the ability to express multicomponent pathways from polycistronic mRNA. However, there remains a need for robust methods to regulate plastid transgene expression. We designed orthogonal activators that boost the expression of chloroplast transgenes harbouring cognate cis-elements. Our system exploits the programmable RNA sequence specificity of pentatricopeptide repeat proteins and their native functions as activators of chloroplast gene expression. When expressed from nuclear transgenes, the engineered proteins stimulate the expression of plastid transgenes by up to ~40-fold, with maximal protein abundance approaching that of Rubisco. This strategy provides a means to regulate and optimize the expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts and to avoid deleterious effects of their products on plant growth. A study used engineered, nuclear-expressed pentatricopeptide repeat proteins with programmable RNA sequence specificity to boost the expression of chloroplast transgenes harbouring cognate cis-elements, providing a method for regulating plastid transgene expression.

La presente reflexión pretende entregar y aportar a la reflexión metodológica de aquellas personas, técnicos y profesionales que han optado por la defensa de los Derechos de los niños y niñas en los espacios científico-disciplinarios y técnico-profesionales, respetando y resguardando los principios de la dignidad infantil transversalmente en su quehacer, reconociéndoles en todo momento su integralidad de derechos en todos los espacios sociales como sujetos plenos. Este trabajo es fruto de la doble miradade los autores. Por una parte, las diversas asesorías metodológicas a profesionales y estudiantes que eligieron desarrollar investigaciones en y con la "infancia" en sus áreas críticas, donde el niño o niña fue considerado actor fundamental, y la otra, fruto de la vivencia profesional directa en los diversos programas gubernamentales que atiende a la infancia vulnerable y donde se han registrado cambios progresivos en áreas claves de la acción profesional en Chile.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins comprise a large family of helical repeat proteins that bind RNA and modulate organellar RNA metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the functions attributed to PPR proteins are unknown. We describe in vitro studies of the maize protein PPR10 that clarify how PPR10 modulates the stability and translation of specific chloroplast mRNAs. We show that recombinant PPR10 bound to its native binding site in the chloroplast atpI–atpH intergenic region ( i ) blocks both 5′→3′ and 3′→ 5 exoribonucleases in vitro; ( ii ) is sufficient to define the native processed atpH mRNA 5′-terminus in conjunction with a generic 5′→3′ exoribonuclease; and ( iii ) remodels the structure of the atpH ribosome-binding site in a manner that can account for PPR10’s ability to enhance atpH translation. In addition, we show that the minimal PPR10-binding site spans 17 nt. We propose that the site-specific barrier and RNA remodeling activities of PPR10 are a consequence of its unusually long, high-affinity interface with single-stranded RNA, that this interface provides a functional mimic to bacterial small RNAs, and that analogous activities underlie many of the biological functions that have been attributed to PPR proteins.

Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and cadmium are environmental pollutants found in foodstuffs, cigarette smoke, and polluted air. BP is converted in liver and lung to benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) by the enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, namely CYP1A1/1A2, and CYP1B1. BPDE reacts with DNA primarily at the N(2)-position of guanine, producing benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-N(2)-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-dG) adduct. BPDE reacts with DNA also at N(6) position of adenine, producing the minor N(6)-deoxyadenosine adduct, but BPDE-dG adduct is a well-established risk factor for lung cancer. We thus argue that BPDE-dG adduct could be used as a model biomarker in searching and validating of approaches to reducing lung cancer risk. If the formation of BPDE-dG adduct were to be inhibited or blocked in bronchial epithelial cells, so could lung cancer development. The best way to lower BPDE-dG formation in the lung is to stop smoking. However, the following approaches could also be considered for highly addicted smokers: (a) decrease BP and cadmium intake from food, cigarettes and other environmental sources; (b) avoid meat and other food high in BP and cadmium; (c) decrease the CYP-mediated conversion of BP in liver and lung; (d) lower free radicals and cadmium in cigarette smoke; and (e) increase BPDE detoxification.

El presente trabajo sintetiza el desarrollo de la actividad académica inscrita en el Sistema de información académica de la Universidad Nacional y describe la primera experiencia utilizada para la gestión y el control de la producción intelectual de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Ello se realizó mediante la creación de una biblioteca electrónica y un repositorio con el propósito de identificar, conservar y preservar la memoria histórica que constituye esa producción académica en las áreas de conocimiento que se han estudiado y las que se estudian actualmente: filosofía, cultura, literatura, traducción, lingüística, bibliotecología, documentación, estudios de género, religión y sociedad, ética, derechos humanos, estudios centroamericanos y latinoamericanos. Esa información no había sido registrada y no se encontraba disponible para su consulta en los acervos documentales en las colecciones de las bibliotecas; además, en su mayoría, estaba dispersa en los escritorios y en las casas de habitación, en estantes de los escritores, en su gran mayoría, en formato impreso; y otra, hasta en los recuerdos personales.

La investigación “Cognición y Movimiento” tiene como propósito fundamental establecer relaciones teóricas y practicas entre los procesos cognitivos y los procesos motores, aplicables a expresiones artísticas, lúdicas, laborales y deportivas, centrándose en la utilización de los motriz como vía de expresión de lo cognitivo.El resultado esperado en esta investigación es el diseño de un programa de intervención cognitivo que permita cualificar los desempeños del sujeto, a partir de la modificación de su estructura cognitiva, lo cual se evidencia en la calidad de su movimiento, su expresión y sus procesos de pensamiento.La investigación se fundamenta en las ciencias cognitivas y se apoya en las teorías relacionadas con el desarrollo creativo, la expresividad, el desarrollo motor, el entrenamiento deportivo y la metamotricidad.

We found previously that the human lung benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-N2-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-dG) adduct concentrate in the target bronchial cells. This adduct is now considered to be critical event in tumorigenesis by BP. In this study, we investigate the contribution of cigarette smoke on the BPDE-dG formation. In a cell-free system, the amount of (−)-anti-BPDE-dG adduct increased linearly with concentration of cigarette smoke in the presence of (+)-BP-7,8-diol. Catalase and superoxide dismutase inhibited its formation by >80%. When MCF-7 cells were treated for 2 hours with the (+)-BP-7,8-diol, cigarette smoke increased dose dependently the formation of (−)-anti-BPDE-dG and decreased the cytochrome P450 (CYP)–dependent formation of (+)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP the adduct. Then, cells were treated for up to 1 day with BP and then exposed for 2 hours with cigarette smoke. During these 2 hours, there are twice the increase in the adduct formation in cells treated with cigarette smoke compared with levels in nontreated cells due to CYP activity. Thus, cigarette smoke containing reactive oxygen species may activate the second step of BP metabolic way, leading to the formation of BPDE-dG adduct. Cigarette smoke thus seems may be in part responsible for the formation of the critical lung tumorigenic adduct. Finally, modified cigarette filter containing rosemary extract decreases by >70% of the BPDE-dG adducts level due to the cigarette smoke in MCF-7 cells. This approach may lead to decreasing lung cancer risk in addicted smokers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11938-45)

CRS2-associated factors 1 and 2 (CAF1 and CAF2) are closely related proteins that function in concert with chloroplast RNA splicing 2 (CRS2) to promote the splicing of specific sets of group II introns in maize chloroplasts. The CRS2-CAF complexes bind tightly to their cognate group II introns in vivo, with the CAF subunit determining the intron specificity of the complex. In this work we show that the CRS2-CAF complexes are stable in the absence of their intron targets and that CRS2 binds a 22 amino acid motif in the COOH-terminal region of CAF2 that is conserved in CAF1. Yeast two-hybrid assays and co-fractionation studies using recombinant proteins show that this motif is both necessary and sufficient to bind CRS2. The 22-amino acid motif is predicted to form an amphipathic helix whose hydrophobic surface is conserved between CAF1 and CAF2. We propose that this surface binds the hydrophobic patch on the surface of CRS2 previously shown to be necessary for the interaction between CRS2 and CAF2.

Se explora la figura del lector y la naturaleza envolvente del libro que lo seduce.

We set out to describe the pattern of lung function growth in Mexican students from 8–20 years of age, using internationally accepted equipment and methodology, and to compare it to values reported for Mexican-American children. Out of a total of 6,803 students from primary school to high school studied cross-sectionally in the Mexico City metropolitan area, we selected 4,009 asymptomatic, nonobese, nonsmoker subjects to generate spirometric prediction equations. We describe regression equations for the main spirometric variables (log transformed) based on age, height, and weight, and separated for males and females. Spirometric function in the population studied was above that predicted for European (Quanjer et al. [1987] Pediatr Pulmonol 19:135–142) or Mexican-American children, for the same age, height, and gender. On average, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) in Mexican children was 9.5% above that of Europeans (Quanjer et al. [1987] Pediatr Pulmonol 19:135–142), 14% and 5% above Hispanics reported by (Coultas et al. [1988] Am Rev Respir Dis 138:1386–1392) and (Hsu et al. [1979] J Pediatr 95:14–23), respectively, and 5% above Mexican-Americans from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study. Similarly, FVC was 8%, 14%, 8%, and 5.6% above the figures predicted by the same authors. The largest errors of prediction of foreign equations occurred in extremely tall or short subjects, and therefore a single proportional adjustment is unfeasible. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:177–183. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts are involved in the induction of p53 mutations and probably in the causation of human lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking. The ratio between CYP1A1 and GST enzyme activities is a critical determinant of the target dose of carcinogenic BPDE and other DNA-reactive PAH metabolites. In this review, we summarize the published data on modulation of (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels in smokers' lungs by CYP1A1*2 genotypes alone or in combination with GSTM1 polymorphism and compare these results with those reported for aromatic/hydrophobic (bulky) DNA adducts. The data published so far show only a trend for a non-significant increase in bulky DNA adduct levels in subjects with GSTM1*0 or the CYP1A1*2-GSTM1*0 genotype combination. In contrast, a clear dependence of (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels was found as a function of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genotypes: In lung parenchyma, this adduct was more pronounced in persons with the GSTM1*0 genotype, and CYP1A1*2-GSTM1*0 carriers had higher (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels than those with CYP1A1*1/*1-GSTM1*0. The homozygous CYP1A1*2/*2 carriers in the GSTM1*0 group had the highest (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels. Our analysis leads to the conclusion that the risk-modifying effects of metabolic genotypes and of gene interactions might be more easily identifiable if specific markers of structurally defined adducts were used, such as the (+)-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that BP (PAH) induce G:C to T:A transversion mutations in the hotspot codons of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and are thus involved in malignant transformation of the lung tissue of smokers.

Se ofrece una interpretación general de Los detectives salvajes, de Roberto Bolaño, a partir del análisis de su estructura. Se estudian el juego, la oposición entre la lealtad y la traición y un efecto de verosimilitud basado en las repeticiones de las entrevistas. Se hace referencia a otras obras de Roberto Bolaño como Amuleto, Estrella distante y 2666.On propose une interpretation générale de Los detectives salvajes, de Roberto Bolaño, fondée sur l’analyse de la structure du roman. De plus, on étudie le jeu, l’oposition entre loyaté et trahison ainsi que l’effet de vraisemblance produit par les répétitions des interviews. On fait allusion a d’autres ouvrages de Roberto Bolaño tels que Amuleto, Estrella distante et 2666.A general interpretation is proposed of Los detectives salvajes, by Roberto Bolaño, beginning with the analysis of its structure. Other aspects studied include games, the opposition between loyalty and betrayal, and verosimilitude based on repetitions in the interviews. Mention is also made of other works by Roberto Bolaño, such as Amuleto, Estrella distante y 2666.

Carcinogenesis 2001 Jul;22(7):1015-8 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut Myeloperoxidase--463A variant reduces benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide DNA adducts in skin of coal tar treated patients.Rojas M, Godschalk R, Alexandrov K, Cascorbi I, Kriek E, Ostertag J, Van Schooten FJ, Bartsch H.German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, PO Box 101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany.The skin of atopic dermatitis patients provides an excellent model to study the role of inflammation in benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) activation, since these individuals are often topically treated with ointments containing high concentrations of BaP. In this study we have determined, by HPLC with fluorescence detection, the BaP diol epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adduct levels in human skin after topical treatment with coal tar and their modulation by the -463G-->A myeloperoxidase (MPO) polymorphism, which reduces MPO mRNA expression. BPDE-DNA adduct levels were 2.2 and 14.2 adducts/10(8) nt for MPO-463AA/AG and -463GG, respectively. The predominant BaP tetrol observed was tetrol I-1, which is derived after hydrolysis of the anti-BPDE-DNA adduct. The tetrol I-1/II-2 ratio, corresponding to the anti/syn ratio, was 6.7. The (32)P-post-labeling assay was also performed and thin layer chromatograms showed a major spot with a chromatographic location corresponding to BPDE-DNA. The mean values of the BPDE-DNA adduct spots were 3.8 +/- 2.4 per 10(8) nt for MPO-463AA/AG (n = 3) and 18.4 +/- 11.0 per 10(8) nt for MPO-463GG (n = 7), respectively (P = 0.03). One individual with the homozygous mutant genotype (-463AA) even had a 13-fold lower adduct level (1.4 per 10(8) nt) as compared to MPO-463GG subjects. In conclusion, these data show for the first time: (i) the in vivo formation of BPDE-DNA adducts in human skin treated with coal tar; (ii) that the MPO-463AA/AG genotype reduced BPDE-DNA adduct levels in human skin.