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OBJECTIVE: To assess rates of offering and uptake of HIV testing and their predictors among women who attended prenatal care. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among postpartum women (N=2,234) who attended at least one prenatal care visit in 12 cities. Independent and probabilistic samples were selected in the cities studied. Sociodemographic data, information about prenatal care and access to HIV prevention interventions during the current pregnancy were collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to assess independent effects of the covariates on offering and uptake of HIV testing. Data collection took place between November 1999 and April 2000. RESULTS: Overall, 77.5% of the women reported undergoing HIV testing during the current pregnancy. Offering of HIV testing was positively associated with: previous knowledge about prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; higher number of prenatal care visits; higher level of education and being white. HIV testing acceptance rate was 92.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate that dissemination of information about prevention of mother-to-child transmission among women may contribute to increasing HIV testing coverage during pregnancy. Non-white women with lower level of education should be prioritized. Strategies to increase attendance of vulnerable women to prenatal care and to raise awareness among health care workers are of utmost importance.OBJETIVO: Estimar las tasas de oferta y realización de la prueba anti-HIV y sus predictivos entre mujeres que recibieron atención prenatal. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con 2.234 puérperas en 12 ciudades de Brasil. Las muestras probabilísticas fueron seleccionadas independientemente por ciudad, entre puérperas que asistieron a por lo menos una visita prenatal. Se colectaron datos sociodemográficos, informaciones sobre cuidado prenatal y acceso a intervenciones de prevención del HIV durante el embarazo, con la utilización de una encuesta. Se realizaron análisis bivariadas y multivariadas para verificar los efectos independientes de las co-variables en la oferta y realización de la prueba anti-HIV. Los datos fueron colectados en el período de noviembre de 1999 a abril de 2000. RESULTADOS: La realización de la prueba anti-HIV durante el embarazo fue realizada por el 77,5% de las encuestadas. La oferta de la prueba fue positivamente asociada con: el conocimiento previo sobre la prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del HIV; mayor número de visitas prenatal; mayor nivel de escolaridad y presencia de color blanco de piel. La tasa de aceptación de la prueba anti-HIV fue de 92,5%. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican que La diseminación de la información sobre prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del HIV puede contribuir para aumentar la cobertura de la evaluación anti-HIV durante el embarazo. Las mujeres no-blancas con menores niveles de educación deben ser priorizadas. La estrategias para aumentar la participación de poblaciones vulnerables al cuidado prenatal y la sensibilización de trabajadores de la salud son de gran importancia.OBJETIVO: Estimar as taxas de oferta e realização do teste anti-HIV e seus preditores entre mulheres que receberam atendimento pré-natal. MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 2.234 puérperas em 12 cidades do Brasil. Amostras probabilísticas foram selecionadas independentemente por cidade, entre puérperas que compareceram a pelo menos uma visita pré-natal. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre cuidado pré-natal e acesso a intervenções de prevenção do HIV durante a gravidez corrente, com a utilização de um questionário. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e multivariadas para verificar os efeitos independentes das covariáveis na oferta e realização do teste anti-HIV. Os dados foram coletados no período de novembro de 1999 a abril de 2000. RESULTADOS: A realização do teste na gravidez foi relatada por 77,5% das entrevistadas. A oferta do teste anti-HIV foi positivamente associada a: conhecimento prévio sobre a prevenção da transmissão materno-infantil do HIV; maior número de visitas pré-natal; maior nível de escolaridade e ter cor da pele branca. A taxa de aceitação do teste anti-HIV foi de 92,5%. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam que a disseminação da informação sobre prevenção da transmissão materno-infantil do HIV pode contribuir para aumentar a cobertura da testagem anti-HIV durante a gravidez. Mulheres não-brancas com menores níveis educacionais devem ser priorizadas. Estratégias para aumentar a participação de populações vulneráveis ao cuidado pré-natal e a sensibilização de trabalhadores de saúde são de grande importância.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desempenho gerencial de hospitais filantrópicos com operadoras de planos de saúde em comparação com o conjunto de hospitais filantrópicos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram comparadas as estruturas gerenciais presentes nos hospitais filantrópicos com operadoras próprias de planos de saúde com aquelas observadas num conjunto representativo do setor hospitalar filantrópico, em seis dimensões: direção e planejamento, econômico-financeira, recursos humanos, serviços técnicos, serviços logísticos e tecnologia de informações. Consideraram-se os dados de uma amostra aleatória de 69 hospitais, extraída do setor hospitalar filantrópico, e 94 hospitais filantrópicos com operadoras próprias de planos de saúde. Nos dois casos incluíram-se apenas os hospitais com menos de 599 leitos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados resultados mais positivos para o conjunto de hospitais com operadoras próprias de planos de saúde em todas as dimensões gerenciais comparadas. Em particular, destacaram-se as dimensões econômico-financeira e de tecnologia de informações, nas quais mais de 50% dos hospitais com operadoras apresentaram quase todas as condições consideradas. CONCLUSÕES: O setor hospitalar filantrópico é importante na prestação de serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Os desafios para a sua manutenção e desenvolvimento impõem encontrar alternativas. O fomento de uma parceria público-privado neste segmento, por meio da operação de planos próprios ou prestação de serviços a outros planos de saúde convivendo com o SUS, constitui um campo que merece uma análise mais aprofundada.OBJECTIVE: To describe the management performance of philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans, in comparison with philanthropic hospitals as a whole in Brazil. METHODS: The managerial structures of philanthropic hospitals that operated their own health plans were compared with those seen in a representative group from the philanthropic hospital sector, in six dimensions: management and planning, economics and finance, human resources, technical services, logistics services and information technology. Data from a random sample of 69 hospitals within the philanthropic hospital sector and 94 philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans were evaluated. In both cases, only the hospitals with less than 599 beds were included. RESULTS: The results identified for the hospitals that operate their own health plans were more positive in all the managerial dimensions compared. In particular, the economics and finance and information technology dimensions were highlighted, for which more than 50% of the hospitals that operated their own health plans presented almost all the conditions considered. CONCLUSIONS: The philanthropic hospital sector is important in providing services to the Brazilian Health System (SUS). The challenges in maintaining and developing these hospitals impose the need to find alternatives. Stimulation of a public-private partnership in this segment, by means of operating provider-owned health plans or providing services to other health plans that work together with SUS, is a field that deserves more in-depth analysis.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a rede hospitalar filantrópica no Brasil e suas relações com o Sistema Único de Saúde e o mercado de saúde suplementar. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo descritivo que considerou a distribuição geográfica, porte de leitos, presença de equipamentos biomédicos, complexidade assistencial e perfil de produção e de clientela. Baseou-se em uma amostra de 175 hospitais de um universo de 1.917, constituindo 102 entidades distintas. Destas, incluíram-se 66 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao Sistema único de Saúde (SUS) com menos de 599 leitos selecionadas aleatoriamente, 26 das 27 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao SUS com pelo menos 599 leitos e 10 entidades não prestadoras de serviços ao SUS. O estudo é transversal, com dados obtidos em 2001. A coleta de dados foi feita por pesquisadores treinados, utilizando um questionário, em entrevistas com dirigentes dos hospitais. RESULTADOS: Da amostra aleatória, 81,2% dos hospitais estão localizados em municípios do interior, sendo que 53,6% desses se constituem nos únicos hospitais do município. Na amostra aleatória, predominaram os hospitais de clínicas básicas sem UTI (44,9%). Entre os hospitais individuais das grandes entidades e os hospitais especiais, a maioria - respectivamente 53% e 60% - caracterizou-se como hospital geral nível II, categoria de maior complexidade. A complexidade assistencial mostrou-se associada ao porte do hospital, estando os hospitais mais complexos predominantemente situados em capitais. CONCLUSÕES: Dada a importância do setor hospitalar filantrópico para o Sistema de Saúde no Brasil, identificam-se possíveis caminhos para a formulação de políticas públicas adequadas às especificidades dos seus diferentes segmentos.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Brazilian philanthropic hospital network and its relation to the public and private sectors of the Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS) [Brazilian Unified Health System]. METHODS: This is a descriptive study that took into consideration the geographic distribution, number of beds, available biomedical equipment, health care complexity as well as the productive and consumer profiles of philanthropic hospitals. It is based on a sample of 175 hospitals, within a universe of 1,917, involving 102 distinct institutions. Among these, there were 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds randomly included in this study. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven SUS inpatient care providers with at least 599 beds, as well as ten institutions which do not provide their services to SUS, were also included. This is a cross-sectional study and the data was obtained in 2001. Data collection was conducted by trained researchers, who applied a questionnaire in interviews with the hospital's managers. RESULTS: Within the random sample, 81.2% of the hospitals are located in cities outside of metropolitan areas, and 53.6% of these are the only hospitals within their municipalities. Basic clinical hospitals, without ICUs, predominate within the random sample (44.9%). Among the individual hospitals of the large philanthropic institutions and the special hospitals, the majority - 53% and 60% respectively - are level II general hospitals, a category of greater complexity. It was verified that complexity of care was associated to hospital size, being that hospitals with the greatest complexity are situated predominantly in the capitals. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of the philanthropic hospital sector within the SUS [Unified Health System] in Brazil, this paper identifies some ways of formulating appropriate health policies adjusted to the specificities of its different segments.

Este artigo apresenta uma caracterização gerencial dos hospitais filantrópicos no Brasil, a partir de dados de um estudo nacional desenvolvido ao longo de 2001. Foram incluídas aleatoriamente 66 entidades prestadoras de serviços ao SUS com menos de 599 leitos, 26 entidades com pelo menos 599 leitos e dez não prestadoras de serviços ao SUS. As análises realizadas são descritivas, focalizando a classificação do nível de desenvolvimento gerencial dos hospitais e aspectos concernentes ao uso de instrumentos gerenciais específicos, recursos humanos, serviços técnicos e terceirização de serviços. Foram identificados distintos níveis gerenciais, merecendo destaque o fato de 83% dos hospitais prestadores de serviços ao SUS com menos de 599 leitos terem sido classificados como incipientes. Discutem-se implicações do quadro observado para as políticas de assistência hospitalar no país, considerando a importância desse parque hospitalar.This paper presents the management characteristics of charity hospitals in Brazil, based on data from a national survey developed in 2001. The sample accounted for the random inclusion of 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds and all 26 hospitals with at least 599 beds. It also included 10 institutions assumed as non-providers of services to the SUS. The analyses are descriptive, focusing on the classification of the hospitals according to their managerial development level, as well as selected issues regarding the utilization of specific managerial technologies, human resources, technical services, and services contracting. Distinct managerial levels were identified, but it is important to note that 83% of the SUS providers with less than 599 beds were classified as having incipient management. The authors discuss implications of the findings for inpatient care policies, considering the importance of charity hospitals for the Brazilian Health System.

OBJETIVO: Existe uma expressiva subnotificação de casos de Aids no Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Nesse sentido, foi realizado estudo com o objetivo de analisar os fatores associados a esse evento. MÉTODOS: Com base em dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde, referentes ao ano de 1996 e ao Município do Rio de Janeiro, e do Sistema de Informações sobre Agravos de Notificação, atualizado até setembro de 1997, selecionou-se uma amostra aleatória de prontuários, pela qual os pacientes foram classificados em notificados, não notificados e sem evidência para notificação. Foi utilizado um modelo multinomial para a análise das chances de ocorrência de subnotificação versus notificação e não-notificação sem evidência de diagnóstico de Aids versus notificação. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis "idade", "estado civil", "escolaridade", "ocupação" e "gravidade da doença" e subnotificação de casos de Aids. A variável "sexo feminino" apresentou forte associação com as internações por procedimento Aids sem evidências para `fechar caso' dessa doença. Foi encontrada associação bastante expressiva entre ter sido internado no mesmo hospital mais de uma vez e estar notificado. A presença de um setor de vigilância epidemiológica no hospital esteve inversamente associada à subnotificação de casos de Aids. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a associação significativa entre variáveis organizacionais e estruturais e subnotificação de casos de AIDS apontam para a necessidade de normatização de processos e fluxos, a fim de melhorar a qualidade do sistema de informações em saúde.OBJECTIVE: The underreporting of AIDS cases in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is significant. The study intends to analyze the factors associated to this event. METHODS: Using data provided by the Hospital Information System for the year of 1996, in Rio de Janeiro city, and by the National Surveillance System, patients were randomly selected and their medical records reviewed to verify an AIDS diagnosis. A multinomial model was used to perform an analysis of the variations on the chances of underreporting of AIDS cases versus reporting and on the chances of underreporting without evidences to fulfill the case definition of AIDS versus reporting. RESULTS: No significant associations were found between the variables such as "age", "marital status", "level of education", "occupation", and "severity of illness" and the underreporting of AIDS cases. The variable "female gender" showed a strong association with hospitalization without evidence of an AIDS diagnosis. A strong association was found between two or more admissions in an inpatient unit care and reporting. The existence of a epidemiological surveillance department in the hospital is inversely associated with the underreporting of AIDS cases. CONCLUSION: The significant association between organizational variables and underreporting of AIDS cases found in the study point out to the need of standardization of the surveillance procedures, the especial need for the creation and maintenance of surveillance departments in hospitals to improve the quality of the health information system and, therefore, AIDS prevention and care.

The objective of this study was to assess the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), measured through the Child-OIDP, and demographic characteristics, self-reported oral problems, and clinical oral health measures, among 11- to 12-year-old school children in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.A cross-sectional study was conducted, having as its target population 11- and 12-year-old students of both sexes, formally enrolled in 6- and 7-year school classes at public schools. A probabilistic sample with complex design was used. OHRQoL was assessed by the Brazilian version of Child-OIDP. Oral exams were conducted, and the presence of dental biofilm, gingival bleeding, DMFT, fluorosis, enamel defects, dental trauma, and malocclusion were recorded.A total of 571 school children participated with a mean age of 12.0 years and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from 11.9 to 12.1. A total of 88.7% of the school children presented the impact of oral problems in at least one of the eight daily performances. The activities that had most impacts were eating (81.3%), cleaning mouth (40.5%), and smiling (32.2%). The mean Child-OIDP index was 7.1 with 95% CI from 6.2 to 8.1. The highest scores were in relation to eating (mean = 25.0; 95% CI from 22.4 to 27.6), cleaning mouth (mean = 12.0; 95% CI from 9.1 to 14.9), and smiling (mean = 10.0; 95% CI from 7.5 to 12.5). In the logistic regression model, the Child-OIDP was associated with dental caries experience and with the perception of sensitive teeth, perception of gingival bleeding, and perception of inadequate position of the teeth. In the multinomial regression, we found that the odds of having higher levels of Child-OIDP were positively associated with dental caries experience. Self-reported dental caries, mobile milk teeth, tooth position, bleeding gums, and bad breath were associated with worst OHRQoL.It can be concluded that there is an association between dental caries experience and the Child-OIDP index. This association indicates the impact of this condition on the quality of life of school children. Moreover, the Child-OIDP index is explained more by self-reported oral problems than by clinical normative measures.

The majority of technologies in use in perinatal care were organized into 45 technological functions. Forty-six experts from 19 different regions of Brazil and other Latin American countries then selected a “basic package” (BP) of 15 technological functions. Considering the 12 main causes of perinatal mortality in Brazil, the experts estimated the number of preventable deaths, assuming universal coverage by the BP and the additional reductions that could be obtained by gradually adding other technological functions to the BP. A simulation was performed for the 26 states of Brazil to identify regional priorities for the diffusion of technological functions. For most regions, the BP appears to be the most effective intervention, with the potential of reducing perinatal mortality by 33%, followed by “coordination of services and referral of pregnant women” (14%), and “treatment of respiratory conditions” (11.8%).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation of the main quality of life instruments related to oral health. Studies on cross-cultural adaptation of oral health-related quality of life measures were searched for in LILACS and MEDLINE. Twenty-nine articles were analyzed, identifying distinct methods for cross-cultural adaptation of oral health-related quality of life measures. Such differences could jeopardize the future use of these instruments, since the instruments may not adequately represent the health status of the respective target populations.

To describe the management performance of philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans, in comparison with philanthropic hospitals as a whole in Brazil.The managerial structures of philanthropic hospitals that operated their own health plans were compared with those seen in a representative group from the philanthropic hospital sector, in six dimensions: management and planning, economics and finance, human resources, technical services, logistics services and information technology. Data from a random sample of 69 hospitals within the philanthropic hospital sector and 94 philanthropic hospitals that operate their own health plans were evaluated. In both cases, only the hospitals with less than 599 beds were included.The results identified for the hospitals that operate their own health plans were more positive in all the managerial dimensions compared. In particular, the economics and finance and information technology dimensions were highlighted, for which more than 50% of the hospitals that operated their own health plans presented almost all the conditions considered.The philanthropic hospital sector is important in providing services to the Brazilian Health System (SUS). The challenges in maintaining and developing these hospitals impose the need to find alternatives. Stimulation of a public-private partnership in this segment, by means of operating provider-owned health plans or providing services to other health plans that work together with SUS, is a field that deserves more in-depth analysis.

To characterize the Brazilian philanthropic hospital network and its relation to the public and private sectors of the Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS) [Brazilian Unified Health System].This is a descriptive study that took into consideration the geographic distribution, number of beds, available biomedical equipment, health care complexity as well as the productive and consumer profiles of philanthropic hospitals. It is based on a sample of 175 hospitals, within a universe of 1,917, involving 102 distinct institutions. Among these, there were 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds randomly included in this study. Twenty-six of the twenty-seven SUS inpatient care providers with at least 599 beds, as well as ten institutions which do not provide their services to SUS, were also included. This is a cross-sectional study and the data was obtained in 2001. Data collection was conducted by trained researchers, who applied a questionnaire in interviews with the hospital's managers.Within the random sample, 81.2% of the hospitals are located in cities outside of metropolitan areas, and 53.6% of these are the only hospitals within their municipalities. Basic clinical hospitals, without ICUs, predominate within the random sample (44.9%). Among the individual hospitals of the large philanthropic institutions and the special hospitals, the majority -- 53% and 60% respectively -- are level II general hospitals, a category of greater complexity. It was verified that complexity of care was associated to hospital size, being that hospitals with the greatest complexity are situated predominantly in the capitals.Given the importance of the philanthropic hospital sector within the SUS [Unified Health System] in Brazil, this paper identifies some ways of formulating appropriate health policies adjusted to the specificities of its different segments.

This paper presents the management characteristics of charity hospitals in Brazil, based on data from a national survey developed in 2001. The sample accounted for the random inclusion of 66 Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) inpatient care providers with less than 599 beds and all 26 hospitals with at least 599 beds. It also included 10 institutions assumed as non-providers of services to the SUS. The analyses are descriptive, focusing on the classification of the hospitals according to their managerial development level, as well as selected issues regarding the utilization of specific managerial technologies, human resources, technical services, and services contracting. Distinct managerial levels were identified, but it is important to note that 83% of the SUS providers with less than 599 beds were classified as having incipient management. The authors discuss implications of the findings for inpatient care policies, considering the importance of charity hospitals for the Brazilian Health System.