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The aim of this study was to relate common toxicity endpoints with dose to the macula, optic disc, and lens for uveal melanoma patients treated with Iodine-125 Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) eye plaque brachytherapy.A cohort of 52 patients treated at a single institution between 2005 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, dosimetry, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Univariate, relative risk, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to relate dose to toxicity endpoints including retinopathy, vision decline, and cataracts.By the end of follow up (Median = 3.6 years, Range = 0.4 - 13.5 years), 65 % of eyes sustained radiation retinopathy, 40 % demonstrated moderate vision decline (5 Snellen lines lost), and 56 % developed cataracts. Significant (p 0.05) risk estimates exist for retinopathy and VA decline for doses52 Gy to the macula and42 Gy to the optic disc. Moreover, dose to the lens 16 Gy showed a significant risk for cataract formation. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly different incidence of radiation retinopathy for 52 Gy to the macula and 42 Gy to the optic disc. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly different incidence of cataract formation for patients with lens dose 16 Gy.Dose-effect relationships exist for the macula and optic disc with respect to the loss of visual acuity and the development of retinopathy. To better preserve vision after treatment, further research is needed to reduce macula, optic disc, and lens doses while maintaining tumor control.

While homelessness in Australia has remained relatively stable at the national level, its spatial distribution is becoming more nuanced. This paper draws on homelessness estimates produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to explore the spatial dynamics of homelessness in Australia over a fifteen-year period. Building on existing work, we show that homelessness is becoming more urbanised with evidence of spatial convergence, mainly driven by a surge in severe crowding in our major cities. However, when exploring intra-city patterns, we find distinctive intra-city spatial dynamics featuring strong suburbanisation of ‘couch surfing’ in state capital cities, contrasting with shifts in severe crowding numbers toward middle and inner regions of most state capitals. We argue that these dynamics reflect the retreat of affordable rental housing supply to the outer suburban fringe, and the coping strategies that ‘couch surfers’ and those aspiring to live in the inner cities are compelled to follow in response to the changing spatial configuration of affordable housing.

‘The Lion, the Children and the Bookcase’, Margaret Reynolds C.S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Anne Frank’s diary, or The Diary of a Young Girl, were published in 1950 and 1947 respectively. Frank’s document is a testament to history. Lewis’s story is usually read as a fantasy or Christian allegory. But both books deal with the experience of racial hatred, betrayal, displacement, alienation, loss of identity and the damage inflicted on adults and on children. This article examines the connections, metaphorical and real, that link Frank’s statement of witness to Lewis’s reinterpretation of the effects of the 1939–45 war.

This study aims to characterize the eye-related quality of life of children with neurodevelopmental and ocular disorders at baseline and after refractive surgery.Prospective interventional case series.We enrolled children and adolescents 5 to 18 of age with neurodevelopmental disorders undergoing refractive surgery (6 for pre-/postsurgical assessment and 14 for baseline analysis). Eye-related quality of life was measured using the Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ). Baseline levels of adaptive functioning and social behaviors were measured using the Adaptive Behavioral Assessment System (ABAS-3) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). We assessed the correlation between baseline PedEyeQ scores, number of ocular comorbidities, magnitude of refractive error, and ABAS-3 and SRS-2 scores.At baseline, 14 patients demonstrated decreased median eye-related quality of life (60/100) in 5 of 9 PedEyeQ domains, moderate deficiencies in social behaviors (SRS-2 median 71, range 49-90), and low adaptive functioning (ABAS-3 median percentile for age of 0.100). Baseline PedEyeQ scores did not correlate with magnitude of refractive error or adaptive functioning scores but did correlate with number of ocular comorbidities and social behavior scores. Six patients have undergone refractive surgery without complication. Postoperatively, 11 of 11 eyes were within ±1.5 diopters spherical equivalent. Four of 6 patients exhibited clinically significant improvements in PedEyeQ scores after surgery.Even in the presence of significant social and adaptive impairments, quality of life in children with neurodevelopmental disorders is decreased by ocular disorders. Refractive surgery is associated with clinically significant improvements in eye-related quality of life.

Purpose Trachoma, the world's leading infectious cause of blindness, has been targeted by the WHO for elimination through the SAFE strategy: surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. Although significant progress has been made, there remains a gap in care. This project studied the association of geographical distribution of the remaining need for trachoma intervention and its association with access to basic handwashing facilities at home, as an indicator of water/sanitation infrastructure. We hypothesized that poor water sanitation would correspond to areas where trachoma intervention is still required. Design Retrospective analysis using the WHO Global Health Observatory. Spatial, correlation, and simple and multivariable regression analyses were used. Methods Using data from the WHO Global Health Observatory, a total of 194 countries were analyzed. Two choropleth maps were created, with inset maps focused on the South Pacific region, where the top 5 countries with the greatest population proportion requiring trachoma intervention are located. Results Correlations and the simple regression model of total population with access to handwashing facilities as the only risk factor were insignificant. However, the multivariable regression models with access to handwashing facilities (total, urban, and rural) and population density as risk factors for trachoma intervention were significant. Conclusion Poor water/sanitation infrastructure correlates with trachoma burden. Therefore, water/sanitation infrastructure improvement is a worthwhile target in the efforts toward trachoma elimination, but further research on the association between these important public health indicators is warranted.

Background GammaTile® (GT) is a recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared brachytherapy platform. Here, we report clinical outcomes for recurrent glioblastoma patients after GT treatment following maximal safe resection. Methods We prospectively followed twenty-two consecutive Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma patients (6 O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylated (MGMTm); sixteen MGMT unmethylated (MGMTu)) who underwent maximal safe resection of recurrent tumor followed by GT placement. Results The cohort consisted of 14 second and eight third recurrences. In terms of procedural safety, there was one 30-day re-admission (4.5%) for an incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak, which resolved with lumbar drainage. No other wound complications were observed. Six patients (27.2%) declined in Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) after surgery due to worsening existing deficits. One patient suffered a new-onset seizure postsurgery (4.5%). There was one (4.5%) 30-day mortality from intracranial hemorrhage secondary to heparinization for an ischemic limb. The mean follow-up was 733 days (range 279–1775) from the time of initial diagnosis. Six-month local control (LC6) and twelve-month local control (LC12) were 86 and 81%, respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was comparable for MGMTu and MGMTm patients (~8.0 months). Median overall survival (OS) was 20.0 months for the MGMTu patients and 37.4 months for MGMTm patients. These outcomes compared favorably to data in the published literature and an independent glioblastoma cohort of comparable patients without GT treatment. Conclusions This clinical experience supports GT brachytherapy as a treatment option in a multi-modality treatment strategy for recurrent glioblastomas.

This article investigates the politico-cultural processes underpinning the financialization of private rental housing. Exploring the case of Australia, it shows how debt-financed landlords have bee...

This study examined relationships between urban productivity and affordable rental housing, focusing particularly on the location and availability of affordable rental housing relative to employment and labour markets in Australia’s capital cities and satellite cities.

The purpose of this study was to describe the academic performance of childhood retinoblastoma (RB) survivors.Retrospective cohort study.Retrospective chart review of children followed in a survivorship clinic.A total of 73 patients with RB (median age at diagnosis: 9.97 months; range: 0.29-65.1) were followed for a median of 6.4 years (0.2-1.76). A total of 48 patients (65.8%) had unilateral RB; 43 patients (63.0%) received systemic chemotherapy; and 57 patients (78.1%) underwent enucleation. At last follow-up, 5 children (6.8%) had bilateral visual acuity (VA)20/70. Seventeen subjects (23.3%) reported school difficulties, and 10 subjects (13.7%) had an individualized education program (IEP). Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of receiving chemotherapy" Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of receiving chemotherapy was associated with self-reported school difficulties (odds ratio [CI]: 5.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36-21.69; P = .016), and undergoing an IEP (OR: 11.47; 95% CI: 1.34-98.16; P = .03). The degree of visual impairment and history of enucleation did not influence the risk of self-reported school difficulties or the implementation of an IEP. Among unilateral RB patients, chemotherapy was an independent risk factor for self-reported school difficulties (OR: 12.8; 95% CI: 1.45-113; P = .009) and implementation of an IEP (OR: 15.2; 95% CI: 0.78-292; P = .02).Academic difficulties in childhood RB survivors are associated with chemotherapy treatment, a risk factor independent of VA.

This report delivers a comprehensive account of the diverse housing circumstances of Australians at mid-life.

Translational research involving the development, implementation, and assessment of evidence-based interventions has shown promise in improving outcomes for children from lower socioeconomic-status...

Background Interdisciplinary plans of care (IPOCs) guide care standardization and satisfy accreditation requirements. Yet patient outcomes associated with IPOC usage through an electronic medical record (EMR) are not present in the literature. EMR systems facilitate the documentation of IPOC use and produce data to evaluate patient outcomes. Objectives This article aimed to evaluate whether IPOC-guided care as documented in an EMR is associated with inpatient mortality. Methods We contrasted whether IPOC-guided care was associated with a patient being discharged alive. We further tested whether the association differed across strata of acuity levels and overall frequency of IPOC usage within a hospital. Results Our sample included 165,334 adult medical/surgical discharges for a 12-month period for 17 hospitals. All hospitals had 1 full year of EMR use antedating the study period. IPOCs guided care in 85% (140,187/165,334) of discharges. When IPOCs guided care, 2.1% (3,009/140,187) of admissions ended with the patient dying while in the hospital. Without IPOC-guided care, 4.3% (1,087/25,147) of admissions ended with the patient dying in the hospital. The relative likelihood of dying while in the hospital was lower when IPOCs guided care (odds ratio: 0.45; 99% confidence interval: 0.41–0.50). Conclusion In this observational study within a quasi-experimental setting of 17 community hospitals and voluntary usage, IPOC-guided care is associated with a decreased likelihood of patients dying while in the hospital.

Introduction In independent clinical trials, ~30% of brain metastases recur locally after radiosurgery (BMRS). For these lesions, treatment with stereotactic laser ablation (SLA, also known as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)) alone achieves a 12-month local control (LC12) of 54–85% while repeat SRS achieved LC12 of 54–79%. Here, we report favorable outcomes for BMRS treated with SLA followed by consolidation radiosurgery (SLA/cSRS). Methods Clinical outcome of 18 patients with 19 histologically confirmed BMRS treated with SLA followed by consolidation SRS and >3 months follow-up were collected retrospectively across three institutions. Local control was defined as stability or decrease in contrast-enhancing (CE) and FLAIR volume. Results SLA achieved ablation of 73–100% of the BMRS CE volumes. Consolidation hypo-fractionated radiosurgery (5 Gy x 5 or 6 Gy x 5) was carried out 16–40 days post-SLA (median of 26 days). With a median follow-up of 185 days (range: 93–1367 days) and median overall survival (OS) of 185 days (range: 99–1367 days), 100% LC12 was achieved. 13/18 (72%) patients that required steroid therapy prior to SLA/cSRS were successfully weaned off steroid by three months post-SLA/cSRS. Post-SLA, KPS declined for 3/19 (16%) patients and improved for 1/19 (5%) patients. No KPS changes occurred subsequent to consolidation SRS. There were no 30-day mortalities or wound complications. Two patients required re-admission within 30 days of SRS (severe headache that resolved with steroid therapy (n=1) and new-onset seizure (n=1)). Except for two patients who suffered histologically confirmed, local failure at 649 and 899 days, all other patients are either alive (n=5) or died from systemic disease progression (n=11). None of the treated patients developed symptomatic radiation necrosis. Conclusions This collaborative institutional experience support efficacy and safety of SLA followed by consolidation SRS as a treatment for BMRS. The treatment strategy warrants further investigations.

The relationship between urban housing markets and spatial patterns of socio-economic disadvantage has fascinated urban scholars for decades. The gentrification and subsequently suburbanisation of disadvantage literatures have explained how housing markets are both a driver, and outcome, of changes in the socio-economic composition of urban areas, albeit focusing mainly on owner occupation and social housing. In the 2000s, research into the financialisation of housing finds increased household-level investment in private rented housing as an important contemporary driver of housing markets. Based on a detailed study of Melbourne (Australia) in 2001–2011, the article identifies established suburbs of persistent population socio-economic disadvantage, which were characterised by sale prices and rents increasing above citywide rates in 2001–2011 and a disproportionate increase in private rented housing. The article offers a new concept of investification to explain a process whereby disproportionately high levels of household investor purchases in disadvantaged suburbs contribute to higher prices/rents and to the persistence of socio-economic disadvantage, as properties are rented on the private market to low socio-economic households, indicating replacement rather than displacement. Connecting with research on the financialisation of housing through the concept of ‘investification’ can provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between contemporary housing market change and the geography of suburban disadvantage in the Australian context. The concept is likely to be of broader significance given the recent increase in Buy-to-Let activity in countries such as the UK, opening up new research questions on the interrelationship between households as investors and consumers and the geography of urban disadvantage.

Background : Glucocorticoids (steroids) play a key role in the management of multiple medical conditions including haematological disorders. This study looked at the prevalence of steroid induced dysglycaemia in patients with haematological disorders receiving steroids as part of their treatment with the view of modifying its use and selection of patients where necessary. Methods : A retrospective review of haematology patients on treatment regimens including steroids. Information extracted included, demographic characteristics, clinical information such as age, gender, haematological disorder, type of steroid, daily and cumulative dose of steroid, duration of therapy, family history of diabetes and alcohol use. Results : The case records of 351 haematology patients were reviewed. However, eight patients with dysglycaemia before therapy were excluded. The median age of patients was 51.0 ± 26.0(IQR: Interquartile Range) years, with an age range of 13 to 87 years, and a female: male ratio of 1.2: 1 (p= 0.778). The prevalence of Steroid-Induced Dysglycaemia (SID) was 3.79% with a mean diagnosis interval of 8.8 + 2.1 months. Overall, 245 (71.4%) patients were on continuous steroids. Among the 13 patients who developed SID, 11 (84.6%) were on continuous steroids. In the majority of the patients (97.1%) there was no family history of diabetes in a first degree relative. Significant differences were found between patients with normoglycaemia and those with dysglycaemia with respect to age (p=0.049) and duration of steroid therapy (p=0.024). Conclusion : The prevalence of steroid-induced dysglycaemia is relatively low among Ghanaian patients with haematological disorders on steroid based chemotherapy. Keywords : steroids, haematological disorders, dysglycaemia, Ghana, risk factors. Funding : None declared

This research investigated the short and longer term housing aspirations and the housing aspirations gap among ‘emerging adults’ aged 18–24 years and ‘early adults’ aged 25–34 years in order to better understand how their aspirations are linked to a ‘broader life project’ across areas such as education, employment and family formation.

This research examined the housing aspirations of older Australians (i.e. aged 55 years and over), including home owners and renters in the private market and in social housing, to provide the evidence-base for policies needed to deliver their required housing and housing assistance.

This study examined the changing geography of homelessness. It outlines the extent to which homelessness has become more spatially concentrated over time; where it has risen and fallen; and the importance that housing affordability, poverty and labour market opportunities play in reshaping its distribution.

ObjectiveTwo apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk variants (RV) are enriched in sub-Saharan African populations due to conferred resistance to Trypanosoma brucei. These variants associate with adverse renal outcomes by multiple causes including SLE. Despite emerging reports that SLE is common in Ghana, where APOL1 variant allelic frequencies are high, the regional contribution to SLE outcomes has not been described. Accordingly, this prospective longitudinal cohort study tested the associations between APOL1 high-risk genotypes and kidney outcomes, organ damage accrual and death in 100 Ghanaian patients with SLE.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of 100 SLE outpatients who sought care at Korle bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Adult patients who met 4 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE were genotyped for APOL1 and followed longitudinally for SLE activity as measured by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) hybrid and organ injury as measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SDI) at baseline and every 6 months for 1 year. Outcomes of interest were kidney function, SDI and case fatality.ResultsAssuming a recessive inheritance, the APOL1 high-risk genotype (2RV) associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at an OR of 14 (p=0.008). These patients accrued more SDI points particularly in renal and neurological domains. The SDI was 81.3% higher in 2RV patients compared with 0RV or 1RV patients despite no difference in SLE activity (p=0.01). After a 12-month period of observation, 3/12 (25%) of the 2RV patients died compared with 2/88 (2.3%) of the 0RV or 1RV carriers (OR=13.6, p=0.01). Deaths were due to end-stage kidney disease and heart failure.ConclusionAPOL1 RVs were heritable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in this Ghanaian SLE cohort. Despite no appreciable differences in SLE activity, APOL1 high-risk patients exhibited progressive renal disease, organ damage accrual and a 13-fold higher case fatality.

The ‘anger of Achilles’ begins the Iliad and the whole of the Western literary canon. Opera often portrays anger, whether in the stile concitato of Monteverdi or the revenge duets of Verdi. But many of the early operas that feature Achilles are based on Statius’ Latin Achilleid, dealing with the days before Troy, when Thetis hid her son in female disguise on Scyros. La finta pazza (Venice 1641) tells a version of this story as does John Gay’s burlesque Achilles and Handel’s Deidamia. From Berlioz’s Les Troyens to Offenbach’s La Belle Hélène and Michael Tippett’s searing King Priam, Achilles continues to figure as a major operatic subject. This chapter looks at the musical impact of these depictions of the hero to show how the ‘anger of Achilles’ is as influential in operatic performance as it is in literature.

As this special issue went to press, the field of educational neuroscience lost one of its greatest visionaries – Dr. Helen Neville, Founding Director of the Brain Development Lab and Professor Eme...

This study examines the process and pattern of spatial polarisation in Melbourne Australia between 1986 and 1996. We construct a five-category polarisation typology based on the relative change in the bottom and top ends of local suburban household income distributions. The suburbs are classified as either: increasing advantage, increasing middle income, stable, polarising or increasing disadvantage. The research then examines the relationship between the suburb classification and house prices over the same period. The spatial units are 327 Melbourne suburbs. The two primary data sources include Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) household income figures and Victorian state government house sale price data for 1986 and 1996. The maps reveal a contiguous sector of increasing advantage in Melbourne’s inner and nearby eastern suburbs encircled by an adjacent middle suburban ring characterised by growing disadvantage. Spatially this picture of polarisation corresponds closely with the map showing median house price change between 1986 and 1996. The polarisation categories are closely related to real quartile house prices with the highest house price increases in suburbs of increasing advantage and the lowest gains (or declines) in suburbs increasing in disadvantage.

INTRODUCTION:The Spanish National Network (REDETS) is a group of eight agencies, units and services, depending on National and Regional Governments that coordinate their work within a common methodological framework, guided by the principles of mutual recognition and cooperation. The necessity of considering a Quality Management System has been detected and, consequently, a common tool for all the members needs to be developed. We describe in this study the process to achieve that goal.METHODS:Based on both a review of previous literature and the proposal for a self-evaluating tool, a group of experts from each agency through consensus have developed a tool for self-evaluation in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies. Through the structure described in the handbook of the Andalusian Agency for Healthcare Quality (ACSA), each standard should have a statement or proposal that needs to also include evidence or good practices, and the corresponding evaluation questions. In separate workgroups, the definition of these proposals, evidence and evaluation questions were developed. One face-to-face meeting and two meetings via teleconference were necessary to achieve a final document with all the quality standards.RESULTS:From a proposed structure of sixty-six standards, the titles, definitions, statements and evidence as well as good practices and evaluation questions were established in workgroups with consensus among all of the members (1 - 3). The final version of the self-assessment tool was composed of sixty-eight standards, grouped in twelve quality criteria structured in four dimensions: I Responsibility, II Clients and Stakeholders, III Production Process, and IV Resources.CONCLUSIONS:Quality management requires an evaluation tool and this version, based on a systematic review and consensus, is a useful and practical instrument for developing a handbook by each member of REDETS. An online version of the tool is in process of development.

In this article we investigate the associations between the payment and receipt of child support and housing circumstances of both resident and non-resident parents. We do so by analysing data from Wave 4 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The final analytic sample comprised 1,043 separated parents (637 resident parents, 406 non-resident parents). Our findings indicate that for resident parents the receipt of child support payments above $75 per week was significantly associated with better housing circumstances. By contrast, the payment of child support was not significantly related to housing outcomes for non-resident parents. Overall, our results suggest that resident parents in receipt of child support, particularly above the median amount, live with their children in better housing circumstances than resident parents receiving little or no child support. While this finding makes intuitive sense – money matters – the way in which child support appears to be differentially related to the housing circumstances of resident and non-resident parents warrants further investigation. Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd.

The Department of Education in Northern Ireland has been reviewing the procedures for suspending and expelling pupils from school. This article reports the views of a random sample of 114 children (11–16 years) towards the proposed changes. Pupils’ thoughts on: dealing with misbehaviour; setting rules; the decision‐making process; appropriate exclusion periods; modes of supporting excluded pupils; ways in which behaviour can be improved; and involving parents in decisions are examined. The majority of children agreed with suspending a pupil for violent behaviour and felt that schoolwork should be sent home during the period of suspension. There was no consensus regarding who should be involved in the decision to suspend or expel a pupil, but most participants felt that an expelled pupil should be offered some form of alternative education provision. These and other issues are reported upon, interspersed with quotes made by the children.

PURPOSE To create a multivariable predictive model for glaucoma in an exclusively African American population and to compare the performance of the model with individual structural parameters derived from SD-OCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 103 healthy eyes and 118 glaucomatous eyes of African American patients underwent SD-OCT optic disc and macular scanning. Twenty-seven optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell parameters were collected. A multivariable model was derived using a backward elimination variable selection procedure. Areas under the curve were used to measure the diagnostic performance of the individual parameters and the multivariable model. RESULTS The best performing parameters for glaucoma patients included inferior quadrant thickness (AUC=0.9239), average RNFL thickness (AUC=0.9209), sup2 RNFL thickness (AUC=0.9157), superior quadrant thickness (AUC=0.8906), and vertical CDR (AUC=0.8640). The best performing parameters for early glaucoma patients were sup2 RNFL thickness (AUC=0.8680), inferior quadrant thickness (AUC=0.8571), average RNFL thickness (AUC=0.8550), superior quadrant thickness (AUC=0.8420), and inf2 RNFL thickness (AUC=0.8420). The AUC of the multivariable model was 0.8918 for early glaucoma and 0.9744 for moderate/advanced glaucoma. There was some variability in the performance of the model based on disc size. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that several individual RNFL, ONH, and GCA parameters have excellent diagnostic performance in differentiating glaucomatous patients from healthy patients in African American population. A multivariable model was developed and validated with high diagnostic accuracy.

There is evidence of a shortage of low-rent housing stock in Australia. But there is a puzzling aspect to this evidence because it would appear that vacancy rates in the low-rent housing stock are relatively high. The paper establishes this relationship using a unique panel database for two very different cities within Australia. This panel database permits measurement of various dimensions of housing supply across value segments in a metropolitan private rental housing market and at different points in time. Our research findings describe vacancy patterns, turnover of tenancies and survival rates of properties by rent value segments and explore associations with the spatial concentration and polarisation of the low rent housing stock.

In 1997, the Department of Education for Northern Ireland made the decision to mainstream Traveller children into secondary schools including those in West Belfast. Before then, Traveller children over 11 years of age remained in a dedicated school for all Traveller children of school age living within the catchment area of West Belfast. This paper presents the findings of a small‐scale research project that examined the experiences of Traveller children attending two West Belfast secondary schools which have integrated Traveller children into mainstream education since 1997. It also discusses ramifications of mainstreaming for Traveller parents in West Belfast. The project focused particularly on the following: the attitudes of Traveller children to mainstreaming and inclusion at secondary level; the possibilities mainstreaming offers for furthering the inclusion of Travellers into the community at large; and the perceptions of Traveller parents in West Belfast to mainstreaming in secondary schools.

This article examines the implications of the change from competences to standards for initial teacher training. It analyses the implicit interpretation of quality and standards of practice in Teacher Training Agency (TTA) documentation and compares it to that of the Management Charter Initiative in their new management standards. The TTA approach is challenged as incomplete.

(1999). Speaking un‐likeness: The double text in Christina Rossetti's ‘After Death’ and ‘Remember’. Textual Practice: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 25-41.