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PURPOSE: Medical students' transition to postgraduate training, given the complexity of new roles and responsibilities, requires the engagement of all involved stakeholders. This study aims to co-create a transition curriculum and determine the value of involving the key stakeholders throughout such transition in its design process.METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods study involving faculty/leaders (undergraduate/postgraduate), final-year medical students, and chief residents. It commenced with eight co-creation sessions (CCS), qualitative results of which were used to draft a quantitative survey sent to non-participants, followed by two consensus-building CCS with the original participants. We applied thematic analysis for transcripts of all CCS, and mean scores with standard deviations for survey analysis.RESULTS: We identified five themes: adaptation, authenticity, autonomy, connectedness, and continuity, embedded in the foundation of a supportive environment, to constitute a Model of Learning during Transition (MOLT). Inclusion of various stakeholders and optimizing their representation brought rich perspectives to the design process. This was reinforced through active students' participation enabling a final consensus.CONCLUSIONS: Bringing perspectives of key stakeholders in the transition spectrum enriches transition curricula. The proposed MOLT can provide a guide for curriculum designers to optimize the final year of undergraduate medical training in preparing students for postgraduate training with essential competencies to be trained.

Background Nursing students enter nursing programs with idealistic perceptions of what it is to be a nurse. Upon graduation, many find these perceptions mismatched with the actual nurse’s role. This can lead to discontentment in their chosen career. These issues highlight the importance of nursing students developing an understanding of the nurse’s role during their undergraduate nursing education. One way to accomplish this is to assess perceptions and address them accordingly during the nursing program. Survey tools assessing perceptions of nursing exist but lack contemporary and multicultural foci. Aim To develop a feasible, valid, and reliable survey tool to identify nursing students’ perceptions of being a nurse. Design/Methods In Phase 1, a literature review and Nominal Group Technique meetings were used to generate primary survey items. Phase 2 included a pre-pilot and online pilot testing of the Perceptions of being a Registered Nurse (PRN) survey tool with 797 nursing students across all year levels at three Australian Universities. Results The 34-item PRN survey tool uses a five-point Likert scale to measure nursing students’ perceptions of nursing, including factors influencing a nurse’s well-being, attributes and qualities of nurses, the role of the nurse, and nursing professionalism. The Item-Content validity index was high (> 0.78), and the inter-item correlation validity was identified by Pearson’s product-moment coefficient of r = .712. Internal reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83. Based upon the participation completion rate, the survey tool was deemed applicable and feasible. The majority of respondents believed that nurses have altruistic attributes; however, perceptions of nursing varied significantly when rating factors influencing the physical, emotional, and social well-being of a nurse. In later stages of training, respondents were more likely to agree that nursing is physically and emotionally demanding and that nurses experience social isolation due to shift work, finding it difficult to achieve a work-life balance. Conclusions The PRN survey tool was found to be valid, reliable, and feasible. Future use and outcomes from PRN assessments may lead to changes to nursing curricula that enhance nursing students’ perceptions of nursing.

The State Library of Western Australia was forced to close to the public under a declared State of Emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 56 days of full closure, the Library quickly adapted services to meet restrictions, collected COVID-19 related material, transitioned some staff to working from home and undertook collection-related projects and minor refurbishment works. The Library had maintained a current pandemic plan, but significant decisions about service closure, risks and responses and strategic human resource considerations were made at the highest levels of government. Although not considered essential services enabling them to remain open to the community, the State Library and public libraries in Western Australia were among the first services to reopen within strict protocols under a staged lifting of restrictions. Social media was an essential tool in staying connected with the community, providing advice about service changes, delivering online services and engaging the community to secure donations of COVID-19-related material for the Library’s collections. Difficulties in collecting material efficiently and quickly about the Western Australian experience of an event of global significance were highlighted. Transitioning some staff to working from home arrangements presented policy and technology challenges and highlighted a digital divide for Library staff including their lack of access to appropriate technology at home. Although the pandemic is ongoing and uncertainty still exists, the COVID-19 experience is informing collection development policy, digital service delivery direction, human resource policies and advocacy.

The African Humid Period (AHP), spanning ∼15-5 ka, was characterize across East Africa by increased precipitation. Wetter climate conditions created environments favorable to human occupation in what are today harsh, resource-limited places to inhabit. The Turkana Basin is a striking example of this. Throughout the AHP, lake levels intermittently rose ∼100 m establishing hydrologic connectivity from Lake Turkana into the Nile drainage system via an outlet to the northwest. This study presents new, high-resolution data from West Turkana outcrops of the Late Pleistocene/Holocene Galana Boi Formation. This research complements existing lake-level curves and allows for landscape reconstruction through lateral facies associations. The Kabua Gorge area contains both well-exposed stratigraphic sections and multiple archaeological sites to the north and west of the outcrops. This creates the opportunity to tie the archaeology closely to paleoenvironmental reconstructions from the geological record . The depositional environment is characterized by a dynamic fluctuating lake margin, consisting of at least four phases of inundation. Highstand Phase 4 is distinct within the Kabua Gorge sequence because it is comprised of black clay containing 2–10% total organic carbon , pedogenic overprinting, pedogenic carbonate nodules , and a diverse molluscan fauna. Deposition of this unit is indicative of an organic-rich, reducing lacustrine environment that was subsequently overprinted by pedogenesis . This unit grades laterally basinward from organic-rich paleosols to lacustrine silts characterized by abundant freshwater diatom taxa. By coupling sedimentology , diatom assemblage data, δ 13C and δ18 O isotope geochemistry of pedogenic carbonates, and a radiocarbon chronology for the area, the paleoenvironment of Kabua Gorge is interpreted as a shallow marshy embayment connected to the main body of a freshwater Lake Turkana. The landscape is a highly dynamic one, varying on a scale of 100s of meters. Sediments were deposited during periods of inundation and then pedogenically modified during brief periods of subaerial exposure to form Vertisols . Archaeological sites in the early part of the AHP at Kabua Gorge are closely associated in age with lacustrine highstands. Hence, we propose that the lagoonal marsh environment of Phase 4 would likewise have been a resource-rich area for human occupation during the AHP. Potential resources drawing humans to the area include access to fresh water and fishing grounds. Ultimately, understanding the paleoenvironmental dynamics at Kabua Gorge provides a window into the broader ecosystems in which humans culturally evolved from the Late Pleistocene to present.

Introduction “Transgender” and “gender diverse” are umbrella terms encompassing those whose gender identities or expressions differ from those typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. There is scant global information on cancer incidence, outcome, and mortality for this cohort. This group may present with advanced cancer, have mistrust in health care services and report anxiety and depression at higher frequencies, a finding often seen in marginalized groups because of minority stress. Materials and Methods Medical oncologists were contacted by secure email to identify patients who self-identify as transgender and gender diverse in three Irish hospitals. Five patients were identified. A retrospective chart review was conducted and a pseudonymized patient survey was distributed. Results All patients included in our chart review (n = 5) were diagnosed with advanced disease on initial diagnosis. Two patients identified as men, two as women, and one as a transwoman. Two of five patients' health record charts reflected a name or gender change. Three patients had gender transitioning treatment postponed. Assessing comorbidities, it was seen that four patients required psychiatry input. Predominant issues noted in our patient survey by the two respondents (n = 2) were “mis-gendering,” lack of a gender-neutral hospital environment, lack of inclusion in cancer groups, and barriers in changing name and/or sex on hospital records. Conclusion Components of care requiring revision include patient accessible pathways to change names and gender on health records, earlier access to psychological support and targeted screening and support groups. Resources for hospital staff to improve awareness of correct terminology and to provide gender neutral facilities are worthwhile. Implications for Practice The implications for practice on an international level include patient-friendly pathways for changing hospital name and gender so that patients may feel comfortable using wristbands. The need for international screening guidelines for transgender patients and national transgender cancer support groups is highlighted. On a day-to-day level for providers, the correct use of pronouns makes a big difference to patients. Asking about preferred pronoun on first visit and noting on patient's file is worthwhile. It is important for providers to know that increased psychological support should be offered early on first clinic visit and engaged with as necessary when patient has a history of anxiety or depression. Providers should discuss openly that some gender transitioning treatment will be postponed because of cancer care and refer to both the physical and psychological sequelae of this. Asking transgender patients which room or bathroom they would prefer when rooms are gendered is essential.

In researching little-known aspects of Australian political history, this article explores the ways in which Indians living in Australia during the period of immigration restriction used th...

Acute inflammation of the uterine cervix can lead to serious problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometritis, and complications of pregnancy and childbirth. As intervals for routine gynecologic screening examinations lengthen, cervical infections, especially if asymptomatic, may be missed. Annual wellness examinations and other patient visits outside routine gynecologic cancer screening visits should include brief evaluation with sexual risk assessment and a gynecologic examination if indicated. If cervicitis persists after standard treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), consider Mycoplasma genitalium. Clinicians should be sensitive to the fact that the unexpected presence of infection may cause distress.

The chapter traces the history of several families whose ancestors migrated as indentured labourers to sugar plantations in Fiji, the Caribbean, and to the French colonies of Réunion and New Caledonia. Once indenture ended these migrant workers travelled to Australia in search of a better life. These stories of migration across imperial boundaries, struggle against racial discrimination and restrictive immigration rules offer evidence of agency and enterprise, rather than benign profiles of helpless indentured labourers. This chapter sheds new light on the issues of gender and agency in migrant lives through the stories of matriarchs who showed courage and enterprise in keeping their families united and making a living in the hostile environment of colonial Australia. It also traces intergenerational mobility and shows how the later generations proudly reconstruct that genealogy of displacement, discrimination and agency as badges of their historic transnational identity.

Purpose Mentoring plays a vital role in academic productivity, personal development, and career guidance for students, residents, fellows, and junior faculty. A culture of mentoring is spreading across residency and fellowship training programs in Hamad Medical Corporation, the main teaching tertiary care facility in Qatar. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the current practice of mentoring in these programs. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study by surveying all faculty and trainees in all residency and fellowship training programs in Qatar. Each completed a web-based questionnaire that asked about the current experience, self-efficacy and measures of improvement of the current practice of mentoring across training programs. Results A total of 393/650 faculty members (61%), 187/250 fellows (74%), and 405/650 residents (62%) responded to the two surveys. Most (74% of faculty members) reported being current mentors, while 67% of residents and fellows reported that they currently have mentors. Faculty who received training in mentoring and those who had an established formal mentoring program in their departments were more likely to enroll in mentoring than others (86%, P

Shireen Suliman,1 Ahmed Al-Mohammed,1 Dabia Al Mohanadi,1 Margaret Allen,2 Carma L Bylund2 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Department of Medical Education, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar Purpose: Mentoring plays a vital role in academic productivity, personal development, and career guidance for students, residents, fellows, and junior faculty. A culture of mentoring is spreading across residency and fellowship training programs in Hamad Medical Corporation, the main teaching tertiary care facility in Qatar. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the current practice of mentoring in these programs.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study by surveying all faculty and trainees in all residency and fellowship training programs in Qatar. Each completed a web-based questionnaire that asked about the current experience, self-efficacy and measures of improvement of the current practice of mentoring across training programs.Results: A total of 393/650 faculty members (61%), 187/250 fellows (74%), and 405/650 residents (62%) responded to the two surveys. Most (74% of faculty members) reported being current mentors, while 67% of residents and fellows reported that they currently have mentors. Faculty who received training in mentoring and those who had an established formal mentoring program in their departments were more likely to enroll in mentoring than others (86%, P

Co-packaging high-density optical engines with high-speed electronic switch chips can cut interconnect power consumption in half. Our novel, de-matable, low-profile connector helps by coupling transceivers waveguides to single-mode fiber arrays.

The National Ambulatory Care Survey (NAMCS) collects information on outpatient medical care in the United States. Key characteristics of the NAMCS methodology are not well recognized. We describe the NAMCS survey design and patient visits to dermatologists and to present information on the validity of the NAMCS data by comparing key features of the dermatologist sample to other surveys of dermatologists.NAMCS data on dermatologists and skin-related visits from 1993 to 2010 were analyzed and compared to the Dermatology Physician Profile Survey (DPPS), a survey by the American Academy of Dermatology.A total of 29 554 patient visits to dermatologists were sampled from 1993 to 2010. On average, 118 dermatologists were sampled annually to participate in the NAMCS, and response rates ranged from 47 to 77%. The NAMCS and the DPPS found similar dermatologist demographics, practice settings and reimbursement sources.Overall, the NAMCS achieves high-response rates and provides a generalizable sample that has been used in scores of studies of dermatology outpatient treatment. In a time of changing health care delivery systems, NAMCS is valuable for understanding how physicians care for patients with skin disease.

A QSFP-packaged 100Gb/s CWDM4 transceiver is demonstrated by a hybrid assembly of a commercial silicon photonics chip containing modulators and electronics, a silica based mux/demux PLC, and a MEMS carrier with four InP lasers.

Sometime in the 1980s, two elderly people embarked on a collaboration; a collaboration that affirmed half a lifetime of political fellowship and personal friendship. The result was an English-language book Gandhi. His Gift of the Fight. The lives of Marjorie Sykes and Jehangir P. Patel gain historical timbre in the interstices of the larger tale they seek to tell. Two lives take shape in ways that unravel the binaries informing taken-for-granted assumptions about the colonial. They offer a case study of cosmopolitanisms that provincialises the European concept. These provincial cosmopolitanisms did not need to reject a sense of patriotism as a pernicious parochialism. Instead, they inscribed patriotism and nationalism into universalisms that challenged the assumed universalism of European imperialism.

The legacies of colonialism continue to resonate, in a new era of intensified globalisation that once again places race and religion at the centre of a search for peaceful co-existence. This book looks back to the period 1860–1950 in order to grasp how alternative visions of amity and co-existence were forged between people of faith, within but resistant to imperial contact zones. This chapter contextualises our argument that networks of faith and friendship played a vital role in forging new vocabularies of cosmopolitanism that presaged the post-imperial world of the 1950s.

In the penultimate chapter, this book turns to a range of cosmopolitan internationalisms active in transnational networks of the interwar Pacific. Indian and Australian cosmopolitans who were visitors in each other’s countries and delegates at the same international conferences epitomise the mobility and interpersonal exchange that characterises many of the cosmopolitan thought zones discussed in previous chapters. While their international activities in the interwar Pacific, linking interpersonal cosmopolitanisms with the ideal of world government in this era, offer further insight into the range of shared if also divergent grounds upon which cosmopolitanism thought zones formed and through which a variety of interconnected post-imperial worlds continued to be imagined following World War 1.

This chapter explores the cosmopolitan life of the little-known English religious liberal, feminist and writer, Sophia Dobson Collet (1822–1894). It examines Collet’s close connection with members of the Brahmo Samaj, a movement founded in 1820s Calcutta by Ram Mohan Roy to promote religious and social reform among Hindus. It shows her pivotal role in shaping a ‘cosmopolitan thought zone’ connecting Brahmos with British and American Unitarians, Transcendentalists, Theists and liberal Christians. Collet, it argues, enacted spiritual fellowship and a shared commitment to social reform within a respectful trans-racial and trans-faith affective community. Although she did not articulate an anti-imperial politics, she was committed to bridging the racialised divisions and hierarchies that characterised the ‘imperial social formation’ between Britain and India.

Henry Polak (1882–1959), a British-born lawyer, journalist and editor of Indian Opinion, campaigned with Mohandas Gandhi against restrictions on South African Indians and against the indentured labour system. Founder of the Indian Overseas Association in 1920, he worked with Indians across the diaspora against racism and discriminations. Most in tune with Indian political liberals, he worked with them for Indian independence. His life of border-crossings and his affective cosmopolitanism were inspired by his spiritual cosmopolitanism. His reading across cosmopolitan thought zones saw his embrace of Theosophy and universal equality. He drew strong links between Theosophical beliefs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

A reflection on a white Australian woman's academic career over 40 years against the background of growing opportunities in higher education and changing notions of women's place.

The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 established the White Australia policy. It was intended to establish Australia as a white nation and to exclude people described, as ‘aboriginal natives of Asia, Africa and the Pacific’. There were however around 50,000 of these people, now deemed as undesirable, in the country. Many of these were sojourners, who would return to their home countries, generally China and India from time to time. This paper will consider a series of letters from former residents who had been denied re-entry to Australia in the first years of the policy and who subsequently sought to claim re-entry. Many of these men were illiterate in English and sometimes in their own languages. Their letters show them seeking to legitimate their claims by developing semi-official letter forms—which I term ‘the Karnana letter’.

In 1923, three young single western women—Margaret Read, Iris Wingate, and Eleanor Rivett—made an adventurous summer trip riding and trekking from Kalimpong in West Bengal, right up to Sikkim. Read and Wingate, both wearing riding breeches and with hair bobbed, were somewhat more adventurous, continuing their trip to Tibet. This was a holiday from their work in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), the great cosmopolitan city of the British Raj in India. Surely these independent and mobile women were reminiscent of “the Modern Girl” that has been “singled out as a marker of ‘modernity’”. However, these women were not in the sites where “the Modern Girl” has hitherto been located, for they were working in the Christian missionary movement in India. Eleanor Rivett, an Australian and the oldest in the trio, was principal of United Missionary Girls High School (UMGHS) while Iris Wingate and Margaret Read, both British, were working with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in Kolkata.

Catherine Martin was born Catherine Mackay, the daughter of a crofter family on the Isle of Skye in about 1847 and grew up in the South East of South Australia and the Western Districts of the neig...