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Background: A single-center prospective randomized observational study to compare three types of canaloplasty, i.e., ab externo (ABeC), minicanaloplasty (miniABeC) and ab interno, (ABiC) combined with cataract surgery in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients over 12 months. Methods: 48 POAG patients underwent one of three canaloplasty procedures: ABeC (16 eyes), miniABeC (16 eyes) or ABiC (16 eyes) or combined with phacoemulsification. Patients were assessed at baseline, at day 0–1–7 and at month 1–3–6–12. Successful treatment was defined as unmedicated IOP reduction ≥20%. Complete surgical success was defined as an IOP ≤ 15 mmHg without medications, and a qualified surgical success as IOP ≤ 15 mmHg with or without medications. Results: Pre-washout IOP median values (mmHg) were 17 (ABeC), 18 (miniABeC) and 17 (AbiC) and decreased at 12-month follow up postoperatively to 13 (p = 0.005), 13 (p = 0.004) and 14 (p = 0.008), respectively—successful treatment was achieved in approximately 100% of patients for ABeC and in 93.8% for both miniABeC and AbiC groups. Preoperatively, the median number of medications was 2.0 (range 1–3) (ABeC), 2.0 (1–3) (miniABeC) and 2.0 (0–4) (ABiC); 12-month post-operatively, all medications were withdrawn except in two patients (followed miniABeC and AbiC). Conclusions: The three variants of canaloplasty significantly reduced IOP and the number of medications in patients with mild to moderate POAG and gave no significant complications.

Iatrogenic lacrimal drainage trauma during surgery is not common. It has been reported during orbital surgeries, medial maxillectomies, post-trauma repairs, excision of adherent lesions in the vicinity, and facial reconstructive procedures. The present case reports a focal loss of the lacrimal sac wall during the excision of an intricate dermoid cyst. The defect was sealed by a nasal mucosal graft harvested from the floor of the ipsilateral nasal cavity. Postoperatively, the epiphora was resolved, and a CT-dacryocystography confirmed the anatomical integrity of the reconstructed lacrimal sac.

Objective To compare cataract surgery with implantation of a Schlemm canal microstent with cataract surgery alone for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication use after 24 months. Design Prospective, multicenter, single-masked, randomized controlled trial. Participants Subjects with concomitant primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), visually significant cataract, and washed-out modified diurnal IOP (MDIOP) between 22 and 34 mmHg. Methods Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive a single Hydrus Microstent (Ivantis, Inc, Irvine, CA) in the Schlemm canal or no stent after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. Comprehensive eye examinations were conducted 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. Medication washout and MDIOP measurement were repeated at 12 and 24 months. Main Outcome Measures The primary and secondary effectiveness end points were the proportion of subjects demonstrating a 20% or greater reduction in unmedicated MDIOP and change in mean MDIOP from baseline at 24 months, respectively. Hypotensive medication use was tracked throughout the course of follow-up. Safety measures included the frequency of surgical complications and adverse events. Results A total of 369 eyes were randomized after phacoemulsification to Hydrus Microstent (HMS) and 187 to no microstent (NMS). At 24 months, unmedicated MDIOP was reduced by ≥20% in 77.3% of HMS group eyes and in 57.8% of NMS group eyes (difference = 19.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 11.2%–27.8%, P Conclusions This 24-month multicenter randomized controlled trial demonstrated superior reduction in MDIOP and medication use among subjects with mild-to-moderate POAG who received a Schlemm canal microstent combined with phacoemulsification compared with phacoemulsification alone.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of a new Schlemm canal scaffold microstent (Hydrus) combined with cataract surgery in routine clinical practice. Settings Clinics in Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Clinical outcomes in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who had combined phacoemulsification and microstent implantation were analyzed. Data (intraocular pressure [IOP], number of glaucoma medications, incidence of complications) were collected preoperatively and postoperatively through 24 months. Results Ninety-two eyes were included. Six patients had previous glaucoma surgeries. Sixty-seven patients completed a 2-year follow-up. The mean baseline IOP was 19.4 mm Hg ± 4.4 (SD). The mean IOP was 15.5 ± 2.7 mm Hg at 1 year and 15.7 ± 2.5 mm Hg at 2 years (P Conclusion This microstent combined with cataract surgery safely and effectively reduced the IOP and medication use in a routine clinical practice setting with results comparable to those in previously published controlled clinical trials.

Myopia is associated with increased frequency of retinal degenerative changes which are the risk factors of intra- and postpartal ophthalmological complications. Aim of this study was to analyze the degenerative lesions detected in opthalmological examination (including peripheral retinal lesions) as a potential risk factors for eyes' status in terms of delivery in myopic women.254 pregnant women affected with myopia underwent opthalmological examination as a screening method to examine retina. In case of any degenerative lesions, the qualification for laser photocoagulation treatment was performed. Furthermore, study group was divided into two subgroups due to presence or absence of the retinal lesions and opthalmological outcomes compared. Follow up examination was performed in every patient from the study group between 3 and 6 months after the delivery.Among 508 eyes, retinal lesions were revealed in 69 women (121 eyes) what constituted for 23.8%. In remaining 185 patients results of the opthalmological examination were normal. Average maternal age was higher in group affected with degenerative lesions (p0.001). Myopia in women with retinal lesions ranged between -0.25 and -12 dioptries (D), while in 43 cases of degenerative lesions qualified for laser photocoagulation this value ranged between -0.5 and -12.0 D (p=ns). Postpartal follow-up examination did not reveal any abnormalities in this group, as well.Degenerative retinal lesions are present in one fourth of pregnant women. Both the severity and type of the lesions are not associated with severity of myopia. Among pregnant patients, retinal lesions occur in patients with more advanced maternal age. opthalmological examination remains an important prophylactic modality in retinal disorders, especially in primary retinal detachment due degenerative disorders.

The aim of the paper is to discuss research conducted at the Military University of Technology as well as the Military Institute of Aviation Medicine. The essence of the research is to develop a pattern recognition algorithm for the analysis of data received from an eye tracker sensor. Data analysis can be done using computer vision algorithms. In the article the state of the art pattern recognition algorithms were presented. Particular attention was paid to the possibilities and limitations of their use. The main part of the paper is the presentation of the author's pattern recognition algorithm. In the paper we have also shown the results obtained by other techniques of image processing, which are frequently used to determine the position of the pupil of the eye on the image.

Changes in the economy in Poland in the years 1864-1914 generated changes in the structure of society. A new social stratum, the intelligentsia, was formed from the educated children of rich landowners. To meet social needs Polish universities in Cracow and Lviv opened new departments of medicine. The article presents fragments of the biographies of 4 Poles: Kazimierz Noiszewski, Józef Piłsudski, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski and Stanislaw Sławoj Składkowski to illustrate how their study of medicine affected their further activity as patriots and politicians. Kazimierz Noiszewski was an emigrant who lived and worked as an ophthalmologist in Russia. He tried to support the Polish community and Polish medical knowledge. For Józef Pilsudski and Stanisław Sławoj Składkowski medical studies gave freedom of thought and the opportunity to meet other patriots. Boleslaw Wieniawa-Długoszowski was a man of many interests, and after graduating from a medical university in Lviv, and a short stay in Paris, he became engaged in military service for his country.

We present algorithm for Heart Rate detection based on Short-Term Autocorrelation Center Clipping method. This algorithm is dedicated for biological signal detection, electrocardiogram, in noisy environment with lot of artifacts. Using this algorithm is also possible detect the R pointers in the PQRST complex of the ECG signal. In this paper the new implementation of the heart rate variability estimation is also presented. HRV module is based on parametric and non-parametric methods of the power spectral density computation. This paper presents algorithm for Heart Rate (HR) detection used in electrocardiogram monitoring system as well as algorithm for Heart Rate Variability (HRV) estimation. During the training dedicated flights, military pilots are monitored for checking their susceptibility to stress and self-control. ECG data-logger as a personal portable device is collecting biological signal during the testing flight. Computed HR values together with Accumulated Reference Pattern PQRST complex (ARP) are estimates of pilot’s health. ECG analysis is performed using Short-term Autocorrelation Center Clipping (SACC) method. SACC method dedicated for HR detection and ECG R-pointers analysis is very robust for the noisy environment. HRV parameters estimation is based on advanced spectral analysis of electrocardiogram (tachogram of RR values). HRV estimation is noninvasive method of estimation the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System influence on the heart rate.

Antonio M Fea,1 Jose I Belda,2 Marek Rękas,3 Anselm Jünemann,4 Lydia Chang,5 Luis Pablo,6 Lilit Voskanyan,7 L Jay Katz81Università degli Studi di Torino, Clinica Oculistica, Torino, Italy; 2Hospital Torrevieja Salud, UTE, Servicio de Oftalmologia, Alicante, Spain; 3Military Institute of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Warsaw, Poland; 4Universitätsaugenklinik, Erlangen, Germany; 5Hinchingbrooke Hospital NHS Trust and Moorfields Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, United Kingdom; 6Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Servicio Oftalmologico, Zaragoza, Spain; 7SV Malayan Ophthalmological Center, Yerevan, Armenia; 8Wills Eye Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USAPurpose: The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) not controlled on one medication who underwent either implantation of two iStent inject® trabecular micro-bypass devices or received medical therapy consisting of a fixed combination of latanoprost/timolol.Patients and methods: Of 192 subjects who qualified for the study and were enrolled, 94 were randomized to surgery with implantation of two iStent inject® devices in the treated eye and 98 to receive medical therapy.Results: At the month 12 visit, 94.7% of eyes (89/94) in the stent group reported an unmedicated intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction of ≥20% versus baseline unmedicated IOP, and 91.8% of eyes (88/98) in the medical therapy group reported an IOP reduction ≥20% versus baseline unmedicated IOP. A 17.5% between-group treatment difference in favor of the iStent inject group was statistically significant (P=0.02) at the ≥50% level of IOP reduction. An IOP ≤18 mmHg was reported in 92.6% of eyes (87/94) in the iStent inject group and 89.8% of eyes (88/98) in the medical therapy group. Mean (standard deviation) IOP decreases from screening of 8.1 (2.6) mmHg and 7.3 (2.2) mmHg were reported in the iStent inject and medical therapy groups, respectively. A high safety profile was also noted in this study in both the iStent inject and medical therapy groups, as measured by stable best corrected visual acuity, cup-to-disc ratio, and adverse events.Conclusion: These data show that the use of iStent inject is at least as effective as two medications, with the clinical benefit of reducing medication burden and assuring continuous treatment with full compliance to implant therapy as well as having a highly favorable safety profile.Keywords: ab interno, intraocular pressure, trabecular bypass, OAG, IOP reduction

This article describes implementation of the DHSRM mobile application interfaced with a hardware Data Logger fitted on board of a vehicle. The Data Logger gathers data from sensors located in the vehicle and on the driver's body. The application is designed to monitor the quality of acquired signals in real time and dramatically shorten the time to estimate the driver's health status, including his/her fitness for driving vehicles.

The paper presents the concept of the modalmetric fiber optic sensor system for human psychophysical activity detection. A fiber optic sensor that utilizes intensity of propagated light to monitor a patient's vital signs such as respiration cardiac activity, blood pressure and body's physical movements. The sensor, which is non-invasive, comprises an multimode fiber proximately situated to the patient so that time varying acusto-mechanical signals from the patient are coupled by the singlemode optical fiber to detector. The system can be implemented in embodiments ranging form a low cost in-home to a high end product for in hospital use. We present the laboratory test of comparing their results with the known methods like EKG. addition, the article describes the work on integrated system to human psychophysiology activity monitoring. That system including a EMFIT, microwave, fiber optic and capacitive sensors.

The aim was to study the effects of distilled deionized water (DDW) on lens epithelial cells (LECs) after two different exposure times in the context of preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after phacoemulsification.Twenty-one subjects (21 eyes) (12 women, 9 men), with a mean age of 74.5 + or - 7.1 years, were in this study. Anterior capsulotomy specimens obtained during cataract phacoemulsification were immersed in a hypotonic solution of DDW. In group I (10 eyes) the anterior capsule fragments were exposed to DDW for 1 minute and in group II (11 eyes) for 3 minutes. The fragments then underwent histological examination; photographic documentation was made and measurements were done with an image analysis system. Log-linear analysis was performed to determine the odds ratio (OR). The significance of particular histological findings was evaluated with Fisher's exact test and Kendall's tau b coefficient was determined by analyzing contingency tables.Basement membrane and LECs showing different degrees of damage, from vacuolar degeneration to epithelial detachment and from karyorrhexis to total cytolysis, were detected in the microscopic specimens. The probability of lens epithelial cell cytolysis after 3-minute exposure was 3.5 times higher than after 1-minute exposure to DDW.Exposure to DDW causes different degrees of damage to LECs, ranging from reversible changes to total cell death. The changes seen in LECs are dependent on the duration of their exposure to DDW.

The possibility of isolated use of pharmacological agents to selectively destroy anterior capsule epithelial cells and avoid toxic side effects on other tissues has become the aim of numerous research studies. Creation of a precise, tight, safe system which would allow delivery of pharmaceutical agents into the lens capsule following cataract extraction seems to be a solution. Thus, the aim of our study is to present a surgical technique preventing the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery with the use of sealed-capsule irrigation system (SCI)--Perfect Capsule device.

To determinate the influence of hypotonia on the effectiveness of phacoemulsification and deep sclerectomy performed simultanously with the SK-gel implant in 15 months follow up.The retrospective analysis comprised group I (IOPor =6 mm Hg)--50 eyes and group II (IOP6 mm Hg)--75 eyes. Uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract were the indication. DBCVA, IOP anterior segment and eye fundus were assessed as well as the number of antiglaucoma medications. The patients were examined on the first and the seventh day as well as at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 15 months. IOPor = 12.15 and 18 mm Hg was accepted as surgical success criterion. T - Student test was used in statistical analysis and variance was analysed. The survival analysis was worked out with Kaplan-Meier method.After 15 months the decrease of mean IOP was obtained in group I by 35.9% (p0.05) and in group II by 33.5% (p0.05). There were no statistical differences between the number of the applied antiglaucoma medications in the investigated groups. Finally, a qualified surgical success was obtained for the criterionor = 18 mmHg in 97.7% of cases in group I and in 87.9% in group II (p= 0.013). For the criterionor =15 mm Hg--in group I 84.3% and in group II 66.4% (p0.001), whereas for the criterionor = 12 mm Hg respectively in group 141.2% and in group II 39.3% (p = 0.015). DCBVA 15 months after the surgery was 0.84 +/- 0.24 in group I and 0.71 +/- 0.25 in group II. At the end of the follow up no significant differences of DBCVA were found between the investigated groups (p0.05).Hypotonia is an important positive prognostic factor in the first 24 h after surgery in the case of phacoemulsification, performed at the same time with deep sclerectomy.

The purpose of this work was to present effectiveness and safety of phacodeepsclerectomy with SK-gel and T-flux implant in 12 months observation.Retrospective analysis included group I (SK-gel)--40 eyes and group II (T-flux)--23 eyes. At the control studies best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior and posterior segment of the eye were examined. Control testing was done in the first day and 7-th day, and 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery. In the case of elevated IOP (15 mmHg) goniopuncture was performed. IOP (15 mmHg) with fibrosis signs of the filtration bleb was an indication to use antimetabolites. Complete and qualified success rate was defined as IOPor = 18 mmHg. In statistical analysis one-way ANOVA and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, were used.After 12 months mean IOP in the SK-gel group was 12.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg and in T-flux group 14.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg. It was a decrease in the mean IOP by 39.1% (p.001) and 35.7% (p.001). In both groups fewer medications were used than before surgery. Complete surgical and qualified success rate was reached in group I (81.7% and 91.9%) and in group II (72.7% and 83.8%). Nd:YAG goniopuncture performed in 10 eyes with implant SK-gel (25.0%) and 6 eyes with implant T-flux (26.1%) (p.05). Subconjunctival injections with 5-FU were done in 5 eyes in the SK-gel group (12.5%) and in 3 eyes in the T-flux group (13.0%) (p.05).Phacodeepsclerectomy (PDS) with SK-gel and T-flux implant are both effective and safe surgical methods in the treatment of POAG in 12 months observation.

To assess higher order aberrations in the physiological optical system in relation to pupil diameter and age of people studied.The study comprised 235 eyes of 122 subjects (67 women and 55 men) (mean age 43.8 +/- 15.5 years). Aberrations of the optical system were assessed using a LADARWave aberrometer (Alcon Laboratories). Aberration finding analysis included age, the pupil diameter, and their interrelations. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallistest, multiple comparison and Ch2 tests were used to establish the statistical significance, and the correlation coefficient was calculated according to Spearman test.Basing on the studies performed, we found that the older subjects were the more statistically significant was the increase in the prevalence of higher order aberrations, including coma and spherical aberrations, at the same pupil diameter of 5-6.5 mm. When the relationship between aberrations and the pupil diameter was analyzed in a group of subjects aged 20-40 yrs, it turned out that the bigger the pupil diameter was the more statistically significant was the increase of higher order aberrations, including coma. While assessing the whole group studied we found a statistically significant reverse correlation between the pupil diameter and the subjects' age. Aberrations parameters between age groups 20-40, 40-60 and over 60 y. did not differ significantly.In the optical system an age-related increase of higher order aberrations is compensated by miosis, which reduces disadvantages of these aberrations and maintains the best optical quality of retinal image.

Evaluation of the efficacy of multifocal, diffractive intraocular lenses in cataract surgery.20 eyes in 10 patients, mean age 64 +/- 9 years, included in the study, undergoing phacoemulsification of the cataract with implantation of diffractive MIOL (AcrySof ReSTOR, SA60D3, Alcon). Follow-up was performed for a period of 6 months. Postoperative evaluation performed five times included: visual acuity for distance and near without and with best correction, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction in 10-grade scale, degree of independence from glasses and frequency of lighting effects.After 6 months from surgery uncorrected distance visual acuityor =1.0 was achieved in 55% of operated eyes (6/11), and the best corrected in 91% (10/11). Uncorrected near visual acuity in 2-6 months after surgery was achieved in all patients. Contrast sensitivity for spatial frequencies in the range 12 and 18cdg was decreased, but in 6 cdg was normalized after 6 months of observation, and in 3 cdg was normal. Subjective patient satisfaction in 10-grade scale was on average in the first day after surgery 7.9 points and after 6 months 9.3. The necessity to use glasses (30%) and lighting effects had no bearing on subjective patient satisfaction perception.Multifocal diffractive lens implants are able to restore good visual acuity independent of distance and is effective and safe method in cataract surgery.

Comparison of CSF in groups with diffractive lens SA60D3 and with monofocal lens MA60BM, and applying results to healthy population.The study included 3 groups of patients. First group consisted of 10 patients, who have undergone implant surgeries with diffractive lenses SA60D3 in both eyes; second group included 9 patients after implant surgeries with monofocal lenses MA60BM in both eyes. Third group included 10 patients with clear own lens. Groups were homogenous to number of patients, age and gender structure, as well as BCVA. CSF was determined for each eye. In the case of operated patients studies were performed 6 months after surgery. Homogeneity of groups was determined with Kruskal-Wallis test, but results of the studies were tested with variance. Results were shown in normalized CSF version.In conducted studies there was no statistical difference in specific evaluated cpd (3, 6, 12, 18) between SA60D3 group and MA60BM group after 6 months from surgery (p = 0.892, p = 0.926, p = 0.564, p = 0.9953). The above results were obtained by testing variance at confidence level por = 0.01. At the higher confidence level por = 0.05 there was significant difference between SA60D3 group, MA60BM group and healthy control.Diffractive lenses SA60D3 decrease CSF in comparable range as monofocal MA60BM lenses, which does not change acceptable standard for quality vision for monofocal lenses, that is currently accepted.

Multifocal intraocular lenses are the new option not only in cataract surgery, but either in refractive surgery. Use of multifocal lenses make patients less dependent on spectacle, than after implantation of monofocal intraocular lenses. In this article we present an actual review of multifocal intraocular lenses. Two main types of the implants: refractive and diffractive are described with their detailed characteristics. Special attention we paid on advantages and disadvantages as well as some limits to implantation of the multifocal implants.

Therapy with prostaglandin analogues (PGA), a novel class of intraocular-lowering medications, represents a safe and very effective pharmacologic method of treating patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The convince dosing regimen, once-daily, higher efficacy and higher systemic safety profile seen with PGA compared with beta-blockers caused that these agents have been approved by regulatory bodies for both the first-line and adjunctive therapy. Short, retrospective analysis of the medical treatment of glaucoma in the Ophthalmology Clinic of Military Health Service Institute in Warsaw, in 2003-2004, was presented.

The aim is to present that local abnormalities of eyes chronically treated for glaucoma and cardiovascular, metabolic disorders may influence the course of phacotrabeculectomy and post-operative period.The research covered 68 patients. In 89 eyes phacoemulsification of cataract connected with Cairns-type trabeculectomy and implantation of lens prosthesis has been performed. The patients were divided into two groups: I group - 37 patients, 45 surgeries. All patients were chronically treated for arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. 7 patients had non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy. II group - 31 patients without cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, 44 surgeries. Stromal atrophy and posterior synechiae were recognized as local abnormalities (12 eyes in I group and 18 eyes in II group). They were released during phacotrabeculectomy.In post-operative period, higher coefficients of complications such as hematoceles or blood in the anterior chamber were shown in both groups, more incidents of fibrinous reaction in I group and exudate in the anterior chamber after release of posterior synechiae in II group. Statistically significant difference at p=0,016 was observed only in comparison of the incidence of complications after release of choroid-lens synechiae in I group, in comparison to II group, where synechiae were not released. Choroidal detachment was observed in 8 eyes of I group and in 1 eye of II group. Anterior chamber reconstructed in 3 eyes of I group and 1 of II group was noted. In one case of booth groups, drainage of the suprachoroid space were performed. The study didn't show statistically significant differences in the frequency of fibrinous reaction or inflammatory exudates in 9 eyes of diabetic patients, in comparison to other patients of I group.Additional procedures, especially releasing of posterior synechiae are correlated with most often early complications as hematoceles, hyphema in anterior chamber, exudate or fibrinous reaction. Cardiovascular disorders are associated with non stability of choroidal circulation, that with post-operative hypotony may correlated with choroidal detachment. In patient with non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy, fibrinous reaction or inflammatory exudate, clinical symptoms of blood-aqueous humor barrier damage were not observed in every case.

5-FU is an antimetabolite which increases efficacy of deep sclerectomy by inhibiting subconjuctival fibrosis and fibroblast proliferation. The objective of the study was to analyze glaucoma patients who had undergone sclerectomy and in a post-surgery period required subconjuctival 5-FU injections.Out of 120 patients who had undergone deep sclerectomy between January through November 2004, 17 were included in the study since they required subconjuctival 5-FU injections in a post-operative period. The analysis comprised of: (1) indications for antimetabolite administration; (2) time that elapsed from the surgery to the first antimetabolite administration; (3) mean dosage; (4) complications observed; and (5) initial evaluation of the treatment.In 13 patients (76.4%), the indication for 5-FU application was persistent intraocular pressure exceeding 15 mmHg; in one patient (5.8%), the 5-FU treatment was started due to an abrupt increase of the pressure from hypotony; in 6 subjects (35.2%), it was the thickening and vascular dilatation in the filtering bleb; in one subject (5.8%) encapsulated filtering bleb. Mean time of administering 5-FU was between the 2nd and 3rd week following surgery. Mean number of injections applied was 3.7 (18.5 mg 5-FU). The following complications were encountered: corneal superficial punctuate keratopathy (6 subjects), choroidal detachment (1 person), irregular astigmatism (1 person). In most cases IOP was well controlled by the end of the follow-up period (or = 15 mmHg).5-FU is safe and does not increase the perioperative risk, and has turned out to be effective in most cases of increased scarring in the filtering bleb site.

The authors present the method of surgical treatment of posttraumatic lower canaliculus interruption using intubation through upper lacrimal canaliculus. The lacrimal system was intubated through the upper lacrimal canaliculus with a silicone drainage system for 6 weeks. The results were estimated on a base of dacrocystography and scyntygraphy of lacrimal system after 6 month. The presented surgical treatment is both easy for a beginning surgeon and brings good functional results.

The aim of the work was to catch the type of damage of optic nerve in the group of patients with multiple sclerosis.The examinations were held on 77 eyes of 40 patients with multiple sclerosis. Among them 11 patients had previous optic neuritis, 29 have not problems with vision. The examination was conducted by CSV-1000 contrast test depict on contrast sensitivity function and anomaloscopy AN-69 appointing coefficient eta and threshold of red, green and blue hue.As a result, two groups of selective damage and one of non-selective eyes were obtained. In 5 eyes (6.5% examined group eyes) were selective damage of contrast sensitivity in 18 cdg connected with increased threshold for blue hue. The second group of 4 eyes (5.2% examined eyes) were characteristic by damage of contrast sensitivity in 12 cdg and increased threshold of red hue on the border of probable protanomaly. The rest 60 eyes (77.9% the examined group) were non-selective in psychophysical tests. In the eyes of that group were stated non-specific dyschromatopsy connected with equal decrease of contrast sensitivity function, with the tendency to serious changes in high spatial frequency.Psychophysical tests enable early diagnosis and monitoring of optic nerve damage in multiple sclerosis patients.

Mycotic lacrimal canaliculitis is a rare eye disease. Overuse of antibiotics and steroids in the treatment of eye infections is a very serious risk factor. Initial diagnosis of the mycotic infection may be difficult, thus infection may lasts for months. Chronic conjunctivitis, itching, burning sensations, poor response to the treatment may suggest a suspicion of the mycosis. In our paper we report two cases of the mycotic lacrimal canaliculitis, diagnosis and treatment. We could not culture fungal colonies, but we have found fungal structures in direct microscopic detection during the examination of deposits found in the canaliculi. In our opinion it is important to consider fungal infections during the treatment of chronic eye disorders.

The surgical technique of deep sclerectomy with acrylic implant was described. The indications, advantages and possible complications of the method were presented.

To evaluate systolic and diastolic blood pressure during phacotrabeculectomy performed under regional anaesthesia with retrobulbar block and intravenous analgosedation with midazolam and fentanyl.68 patients were involved into the study: I Group: 37 patients with chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: 22 women and 15 men (45 operations), mean aged 72.02 years, mean weight 73.4 kg, II Group: 31 patients without additional diseases: 20 women and 11 men (44 operations), mean aged 70 years, mean weight 68.9 kg. Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure was recorded at 5-minute intervals throughout the intraoperative period and anesthetist intervened medically when necessary.In I Group statistically significant mean systolic BP decrease was observed in 5 and 20 minutes after injection of midazolam and fentanyl and mean diastolic BP decrease was observed in 5 and 15 minutes after analgosedation. In II Group statistically significant mean systolic BP decrease was noted in 5 minutes and mean diastolic BP decrease in 5 and 35 minutes. During phacotrabeculectomy mean systolic and diastolic BP was statistically higher in I group. In I group 12 patients and in II group 4 patients required additional antihypertensive drug.Regional anaesthesia with retrobulbar block and intravenous analgosedation provides hemodynamic stability. Patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases required acute observation during phacotrabeculectomy.

Embryogenesis of the eye was presented and definite time of arising congenital anomalies of the optic disc, which characterized abnormal diameter disc, was determined on its background. As well genes, which control development of the optic disc were detailed.

Embryological conditions, each of fifth congenital anomalies of the optic disc from the group of anomalies of inappropriate optic diameter was described. Few available epidemiological data were given. The influence of medications, drugs, intoxications, as well as premature birth on genesis of congenital anomalies was taken into consideration. Malformation of central nervous system was introduced together with clinical syndromes related to congenital anomalies of the optic disc indicating the genetic condition.