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The aim of this study conducted in 2018–2020 was to determine the effect of biostimulants and herbicide Avatar 293 ZC on the occurrence of external and internal defects and small tubers in the potato yield. The edible cultivars evaluated were Oberon and Malaga and the biostimulants used were: PlonoStart containing prolactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes (N-16.4%, K2O-0.75%, CaO-0.07%, MgO-0.02%, S-941 mg · kg−1), Aminoplant containing free amino acids-11.57%, organic matter-87.7% (Ntotal-9.48%, Norganic-9.2%, N-NH4- 0.88%, Corganic-25.0%), and Agro-Sorb Folium including total amino acids-13.11%, free amino acids-10.66% (N-2.2%, B-0.02%, Mn-0.05%, Zn-0.09%) with herbicides (clomazone and metribuzin): objects 3,4 and 5 and a single herbicide (object 2), as well as a control object (1). Before harvesting, tubers were collected from 10 randomly selected plants from each plot. The yield structure was determined in these samples - the weight share of tubers below 35 mm, 36–50, 51–60 and above 60 mm. Tubers with a diameter of less than 35 mm were classified as small, non-commercial tubers. Tubers with a diameter above 35 mm constituted the commercial fraction, in which external and internal defects were determined. The sum of tubers with defects and small tubers constituted side yield. The use of all biostimulants with herbicide significantly reduced: the share of tubers with defects, the share of small tubers in the yield and the total weight of small tubers and tubers with defects compared to the control plant. The best effects in reducing the occurrence of tubers with external and internal defects and small tubers were obtained by using the Agro-Sorb Folium and herbicide. Among the cultivars, Malaga cv. turned out to be more resistant to defects and the production of small tubers than the Oberon cv. In the literature, especially foreign, there are sporadic studies on the effect of biostimulants on the occurrence of defects in potato tubers.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of three biostimulants and a herbicide on selected unit parameters of potato yield. The research results came from a three-year field experiment that was established using the randomised sub-blocks method in three replications. In the experiment, two cultivars of edible potato were grown and the yield-protective effect of treatments was assessed: (1) control object without protection with preparations; (2) herbicide clomazone + metribuzin; (3) biostimulant PlonoStart and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin; (4) biostimulant Aminoplant and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin, and (5) biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium and herbicide clomazone + metribuzin. As a result of the limited competition of weeds in the objects with the use of biostimulant and herbicide, a higher average weight of one potato tuber, a higher share of commercial tubers > 35 mm and a higher share of large tubers > 50 mm was obtained compared to the control object. The highest average weight of one tuber (108.2 and 85.4 g, respectively) and the highest share of commercial (97.1 and 96.3%, respectively) and large tubers (60.6 and 60.5%, respectively) were obtained in the objects where the Agro-Sorb Folium biostimulant + Avatar 293 ZC herbicide were used. and PlonoStart + Avatar 293 ZC. The correlation analysis confirmed a significant negative relationship between the number of weeds and average weight of one potato tuber, share of commercial tubers and share of large tubers. Weather conditions during the conduct of the research also significantly differentiated weed numbers and quality parameters of potato yield.

Minerals present in potato tubers are of particular interest due to the value of this crop as a food crop. The purpose of the three-year study was to evaluate the effects of herbicide treatment and foliar feeding with organic biostimulants on the content and uptake of sodium and iron in tubers of two varieties of edible potato (Oberon and Malaga). The Malaga variety accumulated significantly more sodium and iron than the Oberon variety. On the other hand, higher tuber yield uptake of these components was recorded in the Oberon variety. Treatment with a weedkiller and a stimulant fertilizer increased the content and uptake of sodium and iron compared to tubers harvested from the control object, and the most favorable effect was shown by the mixture of the weedkiller with the biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium. It is also worth noting that weather conditions had a significant effect on mineral content and uptake.

The research was carried out in 2018-2021 at the Agricultural Experimental Station, in Poland. The factors of the experiment were three morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: population morphotype, long-stemmed morphotype, semi-dwarf morphotype. The second factor of the experiment were three ways of using the preparations: 1. Control variant, 2. Organic preparation (Ugmax) 3. Biostimulator containing P₂0₅ and K₂O, 4. Biostimulator containing silicon. The aim of the study was the reaction of three morphotypes of winter rape to soil and foliar application of microorganisms and inorganic preparations in different growing seasons. Elements of yield structure and yielding of winter rape were determined by a genetic factor. In all growing seasons, the best yielding was in the restored hybrid with the traditional type of growth, while the seed yield of the semi-dwarf form was lower by 5.8% on average, and by 10% on average in the population form. The number of seeds in the pod and the value of the yield index (HI) was the most favourable in the restored forms, and the thousand-seed weight and yield in the population form. The preparations applied to the soil and leaves increased the parameters of yield structure and yielding in all tested cultivars. Soil preparation with microorganisms as well as micro and macro elements applied in autumn before sowing seeds and in spring in the BBCH 21-36 phase significantly increased the number of seeds per pod by 3.4% on average; weight of a thousand seeds by 3.5% on average, seed yield by 15.7% on average, straw yield by 4.5% on average compared to the control variant. The ratio of seed yield to biomass yield was higher in the heterosis cultivars by an average of 9.2% compared to the population cultivar.

Abstract The basis for the study was a field experiment conducted in 2012–2014 in the production fields of multi-branch Soleks company in Wojnów, the district of Siedlce in eastern Poland. The experiment was established in a split-plot arrangement as a two-factor experiment in three replications. The first factor were: three cultivars of edible potato—Bartek, Gawin, Honorata, and the second factor were: five objects of potato cultivation with herbicides and biostimulants: 1—Control object—without chemical protection, 2—herbicide Harrier 295 ZC, 3—herbicide Harrier 295 ZC + biostimulant Kelpak SL, 4—herbicide Sencor 70 WG, 5—herbicide Sencor 70 WG + biostimulant Asahi SL. The aim of the study was to reduce the non-commercial potato yield and improve the yield structure through the application of biostimulants and herbicides, and to determine the relationship between weed infestation and tuber yield. The least amount of weeds and the best destruction efficiency were obtained after the application of herbicide Sencor 70 WG + biostimulant Asahi SL and herbicide Harrier 295 ZC + biostimulant Kelpak SL. Effective reduction of weed infestation contributed to improvement of yield structure and reduction of potato non-commercial yield. Based on correlation coefficients, a significant relationship between weed infestation and potato non-commercial yield was shown.

The aim of this study was to compare Fe, Zn, Mn, Al and Li contents in table potato tubers, obtained from seven potato cultivars with different flesh colour, and one cultivar characterised by light-coloured flesh. The study material consisted of potato tubers produced in a one-factor field experiment carried out at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady belonging to the University of Siedlce, Poland (52°03′ N, 22°33′ E) in 2021–2023. The following cultivars were tested: Eurostar (light yellow flesh), Rote Emmalie and Herbie 26 (red flesh), Provita, Salad Blue, Blaue Annelise, Vitelotte Noire and Bora Valley (purple and blue flesh). The study showed that the genetic characteristics of the cultivars determined the nutrient content and uptake with tuber yield. Of the tested minerals which are important for human nutrition (Fe, Zn, Mn), red and purple cultivars accumulated more Fe than the light yellow-fleshed Eurostar. Zn content was the highest in red-fleshed cultivars compared with light and purple-fleshed cultivars. Mn content was the highest in the tubers of the light yellow-fleshed Eurostar and lowest in red Rote Emmalie. Fe, Zn, Mn and Al contents and uptake with tuber yield were influenced by weather conditions during the growing season.

An application of biostimulants is becoming an increasingly popular operation in agriculture because they positively affect crop performance and qualitative characteristics, and prevent stress-related losses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an application of the following biostimulants: PlonoStart, Aminoplant, and Agro-Sorb Folium, and the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC on total carotenoids in table potato tubers. The research material consisted of tubers of two table potato cultivars, Oberon and Malaga, which were produced in a 3-year field experiment. Chemical analyses of fresh material were conducted 4–6 days following harvest. Biostimulants applied with the herbicide significantly increased the table potato tuber content of carotenoids compared to tubers obtained from unamended control plots. The highest accumulation of carotenoids was determined following an application of the biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium, and it was higher in the tubers of cv. Oberon versus cv. Malaga. It should be added that in the available literature there is no research on the effect of biostimulants on the content of carotenoids in potato, which is the main food in the world. Carotenoids perform many important functions in the human body. They exhibit antioxidant properties, which means that they protect cells from damage, and also have a beneficial effect on the immune system. Carotenoids are substances that show an indispensable effect on the health and appearance of the skin. Regular consumption of them in the form of vegetables and fruits ensures its firmness, elasticity, smoothness, as well as a healthy appearance. The protective function of carotenoids against free radicals simultaneously contributes to slowing down the aging process. This action, in turn, translates into preventing the development of cancer or diseases of the circulatory system.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the vitamin C content and the selected consumption features (a tastiness and a cooking type) in edible potato tubers with colored flesh. The research material consisted of tubers of eight edible potato cultivars collected from a field experiment conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities (52o03'N; 22o33'E). The following cultivars were grown: two cultivars with red flesh - Rotte Emma and Herbie 26, five cultivars with purple flesh - Blaue Annelise, Provita, Salad Blue, Vitelotte and Bora Valley, and one traditional cultivar, light yellow fleshed - Eurostar. The cultivar features of the potato tubers significantly modified the content of vitamin C and they determined cooking properties of the potato. The cultivars with red and purple flesh accumulated more vitamin C than the traditional cultivar. The cultivar Rote Emma and Salad Blue had the best tastiness, while the cultivar Herbie 26 and Bora Valley proved to be the least tasty. The red and purple-fleshed cultivars were dominated by the salad cooking type A and they differed significantly than the traditional cultivar Eurostar. Potato tubers with colored flesh are a valuable and attractive offer to the consumer.

Research was conducted to determine the content of total polyphenols (TP) in table potato tubers obtained in a three-year field experiment arranged as a split-plot design with three replicates. The first experimental factor included two potato cultivars: Oberon and Malaga, the second one being an application of the following biostimulants: PlonoStart, Aminoplant, Agro-Sorb Folium and the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (clomazone + metribuzin). The polyphenol content of potato tubers was determined in the fresh tuber mass by the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The tuber content of polyphenols was affected by cultivars and test biostimulants. Cv. Malaga accumulated more polyphenols than cv. Oberon. Biostimulants + herbicide significantly increased an accumulation of polyphenolic compounds compared with tubers cultivated in the control unit which was not treated with the test products.

A two-factor field experiment was carried out in 2018-2020 at the Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station (52 ° 03'N and 22 ° 33'E) belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce in Poland. Tubers of two edible potato cultivars were investigated, i.e. Oberon and Malaga – factor one; in turn, factor two included variants of herbicide application with biostimulators: 1. control object – without preparations, 2. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin (Avatar 293 ZC), 3. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant PlonoStart, 4. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Aminoplant, 5. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Agro-Sorb® Folium. The biostimulators used in the research significantly increased the content of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen in tubers, as well as the share of protein nitrogen in total nitrogen in relation to the tubers collected from the control object. The genetic features of the cultivars also determined the concentration of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen in potato tubers.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of herbicide application with biostimulants on total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content in potato leaves and tubers. The study was based on a two-factor field experiment established in a split-plot arrangement in three replications. The factors were as follows: factor I - two cultivars of edible potato - Oberon and Malaga; factor II - five methods of using herbicide and biostimulants: 1. control object; 2. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin (Avatar 293 ZC); 3. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant PlonoStart; 4. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Aminoplant; 5. herbicide clomazone + metribuzin and biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium. The herbicide clomazone + metribuzin significantly increased the concentration of glycoalkaloids in potato leaves, and the herbicide used together with the biostimulant Aminoplant significantly reduced the content of TGA in potato leaves compared to the control. The herbicide whether applied with the biostimulants (PlonoStart, Aminoplant, Agro-Sorb Folium) contributed to a reduction in the concentration of glycoalkaloids in tubers compared to the control. Leaves and tubers of the cultivar Malaga were characterised by a significantly lower TGA content than the cultivar Oberon.

The results of three years of research concerned the assessment of the profitability of table potato production depending on the control of weed infestation and the use of biostimulants: 1. control object, 2. Avatar 293ZC (clomazone + metribuzin), 3. Avatar 293ZC + biostimulator PlonoStart, 4. Avatar 293ZC + biostimulator Aminoplant, 5. Avatar 293ZC + biostimulator Agro-Sorb-Folium. The research material consisted of potato tubers of the Malaga variety coming from a field experiment carried out in 2018-2020 on medium soil, in a split-plot arrangement, as two-factorial in three replications. Mechanical and chemical treatments increased the marketable yield of tubers by an average of 37.4%, and decreased the by-yield of tubers by an average of 23.9% compared to the control object. The direct surplus per 1 ha of cultivation ranged from PLN 3521.1 in the control object 1. to PLN 11277.9 in object 5. (herbicid + Agro-Sorb Folium).

A field experiment was carried out in 2018–2020 in central-eastern Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different methods of applying herbicide and herbicide with biostimulants on the yields of dry matter, starch and protein. The experiment was established using the split-plot method, in which the first factor were two potato varieties (Oberon and Malaga), and the second factor involved five methods of applying herbicide and herbicide with biostimulants (1. control object, 2. clomazone herbicide + metribuzin, 3. clomazone herbicide + metribuzin + PlonoStart biostimulant, 4. clomazone herbicide + metribuzin + Aminoplant biostimulant, 5. clomazone herbicide + metribuzin + Agro-Sorb-Folium biostimulant). Potato varieties and methods of herbicide and biostimulant application significantly influenced the yield of dry matter, starch and protein. The highest yields of the above-mentioned tuber components were obtained from objects 5 and 3 sprayed with herbicide with the Agro-Sorb-Folium and PlonoStart biostimulants. The weather conditions prevailing in the years of the research were also decisive for the yield of protein collected from the area unit.

The research was based on a field experiment carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Station in the climatic and soil conditions of north-eastern Poland. The factors of the experiment were: I–morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: population, restored hybrid with a traditional type of growth, restored hybrid with a semi-dwarf type of growth. II–methods of using preparations: variant (1)—control–without using preparations; variant (2)–an organic preparation containing microorganisms as well as micro and macro elements (Ugmax); variant (3)–a biostimulant containing 13.0% of P₂0₅ and 5.0% of potassium oxide (K₂O); variant (4)–a biostimulant containing silicon. The objectives of study was to determine the effect of preparations containing microorganisms as this well as micro and macro-elements, phosphorus and potassium and silicon on the morphometric features of plants, such as: the height of the first fruit-bearing lateral branching on the main shoot, the thickness of the stem at the base, number of productive branches and siliques on the plant, the length of the pods, plant height before harvesting. The organic preparation containing microorganisms as well as micro and macro-elements, applied in the autumn before sowing seeds and in the spring after the start of vegetation, had the most beneficial effect on the biometric characteristics of plants before harvesting.

In plant production that produces high-value products, biostimulants are gaining more and more importance. Research hypothesis; biostimulants can contribute to the change of vitamin C content in edible potato tubers. This hypothesis was verified in a three-year field experiment. The effect of four variants of the use of biostimulators: BrownBio Gold (auxin and cytokinin), GreenOk (humic substances), Kelpak SL (Ecklonia maxima), Titanit (titanium) in tubers of three potato cultivars on the content of vitamin C. The applied biostimulants had a significant impact on the content of vitamin C. The highest increase of this component was found in tubers harvested from the plots sprayed with BrownBio Gold. Vitamin C content under the influence of biostimulants was on average 205.0 mg·kg−1 of fresh weight. Hydrothermal conditions prevailing in the years of the research were the factor that significantly modified the content of the analysed component.

Abstract The study was based on in 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019 field experiment conducted at the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station), eastern Poland. The studied factors were: I. winter rape cultivars: Monolit—open pollinated cultivar; PT248-F1 hybrid cultivars with traditional growth type; PX115-F1 hybrid cultivars with a semi-dwarf growth type and types of foliar nutrition: (1) control variant without foliar nutrition and amino acids; (2) amino acid; (3) foliar fertilizer sulphur and boron; (4) foliar fertilizer sulphur with foliar fertilizer boron and amino acid. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of foliar application of sulphur, boron, amino acids on the use and feed value of seeds of three winter rape morphotypes. The highest content of crude fat in seeds of the studied morphotypes was found after foliar fertilization with sulphur and boron and amino acids, while the lowest under the influence of amino acids. The highest concentration of total protein was obtained after the application of amino acids, and regardless of the morphotype studied on this object, the same value of this trait was demonstrated. In restored morphotypes, the use of additional foliar fertilization S and B in combination with amino acids did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to the amino acid variant. As a result of the application of amino acids and foliar feeding of S and B, and amino acids, the largest increase in crude fibre content in rapeseeds was obtained, while the application of S and B did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to the control variant. The best feed and use value of seeds were noted in restored morphotypes, with the semi-dwarf variety having the highest fat and crude fibre content. Climatic conditions in the years of research significantly determined the value of seeds. The highest values of the examined traits were obtained in the last year of the study, and the lowest in the growing season 2016–2017.

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of herbicides and herbicides combined with biostimulants on the leaf greenness index SPAD and selected potato characteristics, i.e. plant height, yield of large tubers and the vitamin C content. A three-year experiment was conducted to examine the following factors: factor I – three potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata; factor II – five methods of an application of herbicides and biostimulants: 1. control unit without chemical control, 2. the Harrier 295 ZC herbicide (linuron + clomazone), 3. the Harrier 295 ZC herbicide (linuron + clomazone) and the Kelpak SL biostimulant (Ecklonia maxima), 4. the Sencor 70 WG herbicide (metribuzin), 5. the Sencor 70 WG herbicide (metribuzin) and the Asahi SL biostimulant (sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol). The cultivars investigated in the experiment significantly affected the leaf greenness index SPAD, plant height, yield of large tubers and the vitamin C content. The herbicides and biostimulants enhanced the values of the examined potato characteristics. Linear correlation coefficients confirm a strong, significant, positive correlation between the SPAD index and plant height, yield of large tubers and vitamin C content.

In modern agriculture, plant-derived substances referred to as plant growth and development regulators or biostimulators are increasingly used. The aim of the research was the influence of the applied biostimulators on the concentration of glucosinolates in seeds of three morphotypes of winter oilseed rape. The research was carried out in three growing seasons at the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52o03'N i 22o33'E), Poland. The examined factors were: morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: hybrid restored with a traditional type of growth (Konkret), population (Poznaniak), hybrid restored with a semi-dwarf type of growth (PX104), II-four types of biostimulators: 1. Asahi®SL, 2. Silvit®, 3. Tytanit®, 4. control variant. The applied biostimulators had a positive effect on the feed value of the seeds in terms of glucosinolates. In all varieties and years of research, the lowest concentration of these compounds was recorded after the application of the Silvit biostimulator, while in the first year of research after the application of Silvit and in the second year after the application of Tytanit and Asahi SL biostimulators, the same content of these compounds was obtained.

Celem badań było określenie wpływu herbicydów i biostymulatorów na zawartość azotu ogólnego, białkowego i pobranie azotu ogólnego przez bulwy trzech odmian ziemniaka jadalnego. Wyniki uzyskano z trzyletniego doświadczenia polowego, z następującymi czynnikami: I – trzy odmiany ziemniaka jadalnego – Bartek, Gawin, Honorata; II – pięć sposobów stosowania herbicydów i biostymulatorów: 1 obiekt kontrolny; 2 zabiegi mechaniczno-chemiczne i herbicyd Harrier; 3 zabiegi mechaniczno-chemiczne i herbicyd Harrier + pod koniec wschodów roślin biostymulator Kelpak SL; 4 zabiegi mechaniczno-chemiczne i herbicyd Sencor 70 WG; 5 zabiegi mechaniczno-chemiczne i herbicyd Sencor 70 WG + pod koniec wschodów roślin biostymulator Asahi SL. Zawartość azotu ogólnego oznaczono w suchej masie bulw metodą Kjeldahla. Wykazano istotny wpływ czynników na zawartość azotu ogólnego i białkowego w bulwach oraz na pobranie azotu ogólnego przez bulwy ziemniaka. Największą zawartość azotu ogólnego i białkowego odnotowano w bulwach odmiany Bartek, a największe pobieranie azotu z plonem odmiany Honorata.

The field experiment was caried out in three growing seasons (2013–2016) at the Agricultural Experimental Station – Zawady (52°03'N and 22°33'E) belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Poland. The experiment was set up in a split-plot configuration with three replications. The examined factors were: I – morphotypes of winter oilseed rape: population (Poznaniak), hybrid restored with a semi-dwarf type of growth (PX104), hybrid restored with a traditional type of growth (Konkret); II – four types of biostimulators: 1. control variant, 2. biostimulator Tytanit® (titan), 3. biostimulator Asahi®SL (sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol), 4. biostimulator Silvit® (active silicon, potassium oxide, boron – form of pure element, zinc – form of pure element). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of biostimulators containing various active substances on the morphological characteristics of winter oilseed rape plants in the leaf rosette stage (number of rosette leaves, tap root length, height of the growth cone) and on the fresh and dry mass of the above-ground rosette and the root system of traditional and semi-dwarf winter oilseed rape morphotypes type of growth under changing climatic conditions. The genetic factor significantly influenced the morphological features of plants, marked in autumn by inhibition of vegetation. The population variety Poznaniak developed more rosette leaves, greater length of the tap root, and fresh and dry mass of the rosette and the root system as compared to the restored hybrids. The applied biostimulators significantly influenced plant parameters determined in the fall before the vegetation inhibition. After the use of a biostimulator containing the active substance in the form of sodium o-nitrophenol, sodium para-nitrophenol and sodium 5-nitroguajakol, a significantly higher value of the tested features was obtained compared to the control variant. Regardless of the type of biostimulator used, the height of the growth cone was the same as in the control object. The most favourable parameters of the leaf rosette were obtained in the first and second periods of summer-autumn vegetation and winter dormancy, while in extreme drought conditions during sowing and a fairy dry period of emergence, its weakest features were obtained. Natural growth stimulants are becoming an increasingly common elements of agricultural plant agrotechnics. Their use has a positive effect on the growth and development of plants and increases the resistance of plants to the adverse effects of stress factors.

The aim of the study was to determine the interaction of herbicides and herbicides with biostimulants on the accumulation of dry matter and starch in potato tubers. In a three-year field experiment based on the method of randomised sub-blocks, two factors were taken into account. The first factor were potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata. The second factor were five methods of herbicides and biostimulants application: (1) the control object without chemical protection (CO); (2) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) (H); (3) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) and biostimulant Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak SL) - (H + K); (4) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) - (S); (5) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) and biostimulant sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol (Asahi SL) - (S + A). The cultivars and weather conditions significantly affected the content and yields of dry matter and starch. The herbicides and biostimulants used determined the starch accumulation as well as dry matter and starch yields. Most starch in tubers (more by 3.7 g/kg) and the highest dry matter and starch yields (more by 2.87 and 1.79 t/ha, respectively), compared to the control object, were obtained after the application of the herbicide Sencor 70 WG and biostimulant Asahi SL.

Materiał badawczy stanowiły bulwy ziemniaka zebrane z trzyletniego doświadczenia polowego założonego w trzech powtórzeniach metodą split-plot. Pierwszy czynnik stanowiły dwie odmiany jadalne ‘Malaga’ i ‘Oberon’. Drugim czynnikiem było pięć sposobów aplikacji herbicydu i biostymulatorów: 1. obiekt kontrolny – bez herbicydu i biostymulatorów; 2. herbicyd Avatar 293 ZC; 3. herbicyd Avatar 293 ZC i biostymulator PlonoStart; 4. herbicyd Avatar 293 ZC i biostymulator Aminoplant; 5. herbicyd Avatar 293 ZC i biostymulator Agro-Sorb Folium. W świeżej masie bulw oznaczono zawartość cukrów ogółem, cukrów redukujących i sacharozy metodą Schoorla-Luffa. Odmiana ‘Oberon’ zawierała istotnie mniej cukrów ogółem, cukrów redukujących i sacharozy niż ‘Malaga’. Chemiczna regulacja zachwaszczenia nie miała wpływu na zawartość cukrów ogółem, miała tylko aplikacja wymienionych biopreparatów.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the content and uptake of macronutrients (P, Ca, Mg, K) in Solanum tuberosum tubers and the effect of care with biostimulants from a three-year field experiment conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady, Poland. The experiment was set up in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The first factor was two varieties of edible potato (Oberon and Malaga), and the second factor was five treatments with herbicide and biostimulants: (I) control facility, (II) herbicide (chlomazone + metribuzin), (III) herbicide and biostimulant PlonoStart, (IV) herbicide and biostimulant Aminoplant, (V) herbicide and biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium. Biostimulants and herbicide increased the concentration of P, Mg, Ca, and K compared to tubers harvested from the control facility. The Oberon variety had the highest macro-nutrient uptake capacity. The application of herbicide with biostimulants increased the uptake of the mentioned mineral nutrients compared to the control variant. Climatic conditions affected the content and uptake of selected elements.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mechanical and chemical treatments with the application of biostimulants on the effectiveness of weed infestation reduction and potato yielding. A three-year field research study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station Zawady (52°03′ N; 22°33′ E). The field experiment was set up in a split-plot design with three replicates. The first factor was the two edible potato cultivars, and the second was five methods of mechanical and chemical treatments with biostimulants: (1) control object—mechanical weeding, (2) the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (clomazone + metribuzin), (3) the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC and the biostimulant PlonoStart, (4) the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC and the biostimulant Aminoplant, (5) the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC and the biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium. Before emergence, the control object was double ridging and single ridging with harrowing and double ridging after emergence. On other objects (2–5) before emergence, two ridgings were applied. The assessment of weed infestation was performed using the quantitative weight method on two dates: about 2 weeks after the application of the herbicide and biostimulants and before the potato tubers harvest. The herbicide and the herbicide with biostimulants applied to the potato crop showed a positive influence in reducing the number and fresh weight of weeds compared to mechanical-only treatments. The highest effectiveness, calculated on the basis of the number and fresh mass of weeds, was found on the fifth object. It was, on average, 70.5 and 71.6% for cultivars, respectively. Research into the use of biostimulants in potato cultivation will continue due to the pro-environmental nature of biostimulants and the importance of this crop. It is certain that the methodology of future field experiments will meet the challenges of sustainable development.

Currently, in agricultural engineering, plant growth regulators or biostimulants, immunity stimulants or bacterial vaccines are becoming standard elements in the production technology of many types of field, fruit and vegetable crops. The research was based on a three-year field experiment carried out in 2018–2021 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of northeastern Poland. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biostimulators containing microorganisms and micro and macro elements, phosphorus and potassium and silicon on the morphological features of the leaf rosette and the increase in fresh and dry mass of the above-ground part of the rosette and the root system of three winter rape cultivars. The conducted research showed that the application of the organic preparation Ugmax significantly increased the number of rosette leaves (by an average of 13.9%), the length of the tap root (by an average of 2.3 cm), root neck diameter (by an average of 4.2%), fresh and dry weight of the above-ground part of the rosette (by an average of 6.0% and 6.6%) and fresh weight of the root system (by an average of 0.88 g) compared to the control variant. The hybrid morphotypes that were restored compared to the population cultivar Chrobry were characterized by a weaker autumn development of the leaf rosette.

Celem badań była ocena porażenia bulw ziemniaka Rhizoctonia solani w zależności od zastosowanych herbicydów i herbicydów z biostymulatorami. Trzyletnie doświadczenie polowe założono w trzech powtórzeniach, metodą losowanych podbloków w układzie split-plot na glebie bardzo lekkiej i lekkiej. Badano dwa czynniki doświadczenia: czynnik I rzędu odmiany ziemniaka: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata, czynnikiem II rzędu pięć sposobów pielęgnacji: obiekt kontrolny- pielęgnacja mechaniczna, Harrier 295 ZC (linuron + clomazone), Harrier 295 ZC i Kelpak SL (linuron + clomazone i ekstrakt z alg), Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin) oraz Sencor 70 WG i Asahi SL (metribuzin i sodium p-nitrophenole, sodium o-nitrophenole, sodium 5-nitroguolacolate). Oceny rizoktoniozy bulw z poszczególnych obiektów doświadczenia dokonano za pomocą 9-stopniowej skali. Zastosowane w uprawie ziemniaka herbicydy i herbicydy z biostymulatorami ograniczały występowanie ospowatości na bulwach, średni stopień porażenia próby oraz średni stopień porażenia bulw porażonych.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of herbicides and biostimulants on the potato tuber content of nitrates. The experimental material consisted of tubers harvested in a field experiment which examined the following factors: three medium early potato cultivars (Bartek, Gawin, Honorata) and five methods of herbicide and biostimulant application (Harrier 295 ZC (linuron + chlomazon), Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin), growth regulator Kelpak SL (algae extract from Ecklonia maxima − auxins and gibberellins), growth regulator Asahi SL (sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol) and a control unit where weeds were mechanically controlled). The tuber content of nitrates was determined in fresh matter with an ion-selective nitrate electrode and silver–silver chloride reference electrode. Herbicides and biostimulants increased the potato tuber content of nitrates compared with control tubers. However, they did not pose a threat to consumer health. Tubers of plants sprayed with the herbicide Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin) and the biostimulant Asahi SL (sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol) contained the most nitrates whose accumulation was also affected by cultivars and weather conditions in the study years.

The purpose of the research was a comparative evaluation of production and economic results of agricultural farms according to area, production direction and intensity of production. The agricultural farms were situated in the Przysucha district (Masovian Voivodship). Results were compared between farms classified as different production directions. Research was carried out in 100 agricultural farms located on light soils – rye complexes. The evaluation was carried out using selected production and economic indices. Information and source data from farms were acquired using direct interviews in the form of a questionnaire. Research objects were intentionally selected from farms from the Przysucha district. Farms were divided into groups with the help of particular evaluation criteria, such as: production specialization, farm area size and intensity of production. On the basis of the research conducted, it was stated that achieving better results depended primarily on the chosen production direction. Orchards and vegetable farms, classified as small farms, due to their type of production, were more intense and achieved a higher value of global commodity production per 1 ha of UAA and production commodity. Relations discovered by the research concern farm specialization and how a farm functions in specified organizational as well as economic conditions.

The field experiment was carried out in 2016-2019 at the Agricultural Experimental Station - Zawady belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The experiment was established in a random split-plot system in three repetitions. The surface of one plot was 21 m-2. The examined factors were I - three varieties of winter rape: Monolit (population variety), PX115 (hybrid variety restored with a semi-dwarf growth type), PT248 (hybrid variety restored with a traditional growth type). II - four types of foliar feeding: 1. control object (without foliar feeding and biostimulator), 2. biostimulator Aminoplant, 3. Foliar fertilizer Siarkomag + foliar fertilizer Bormax, 4. Foliar fertilizer Siarkomag + foliar fertilizer Bormax + biostimulator Aminoplant. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of foliar nutrition on the number of leaves in the rosette, elevation height of the cone of growth, root collar diameter, length of pile root and wintering of three varieties of winter rape. Foliar nutrition with sulphur, boron combined with amino acids increased the number of rosette leaves (on average by 27.1%), root diameter (on average by 11.0%), pile root length (on average by 9.7%) and provided the best wintering of plants compared to the control variant. Irrespective of the foliar nutrition used, the elevation height of the growth cone was the same. The genetic factor did not affect the number of leaves in the rosette. The population morphotype and the long-stemmed hybrid had the same elevation height of the growth cone, while the population variety was distinguished by the greater diameter of the root neck, while the restored hybrid with the traditional type of growth with a longer pile root compared to the remaining varieties. Diverse climatic conditions prevailing during summer and autumn vegetation and winter dormancy in the years of research have influenced the cut of plants and wintering.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the experimental factors on the seed quality of three winter oilseed rape cultivars. The following factors were studied: I-three winter oilseed rape morphotypes: population, hybrid restored characterised by a semi-dwarf growth pattern, hybrid restored characterised by a conventional growth pattern; II-two sowing methods: a spacing of 22.5 cm, a spacing of 45.0 cm; III-four types of biostimulants: control-no biostimulants, the biostimulant Tytanit®, Asahi®SL, Silvit®. Seed samples were subjected to chemical analysis to determine: crude oil, total protein and crude fibre. Natural stimulants of plant growth and development contributed to an increase in crude oil ranging from 7.4 to 9.5 g kg–1 d.m., on average, compared with control. The biostimulants applied did not affect total protein content which was, however, affected by meteorological conditions in individual study years as well as the genetic factor. Biostimulants increased crude fibre content compared with control.

The objective of the research was to determine the polyphenol content in the tubers and leaves of selected table potato cultivars cultivated using herbicides and biostimulants. A field experiment was conducted in Wojnów (52°12′59″N, 22°34′37″E), Poland (Multi-business ‘Solex’ Company) from 2012 to 2014. The experiment was a two-way random split-plot arrangement of plots with three replicates. The following factors were examined: three medium-early potato cultivars – Bartek, Gawin, Honorata, and five methods application of herbicides and biostimulants (Harrier 295 ZC, Sencor 70 WG, growth regulators Kelpak SL and Asahi, control where weeds were mechanically controlled). Polyphenol content was determined in fresh potato tuber mass by the spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The tuber content of polyphenols was affected by the cultivars, herbicides and biostimulants as well as weather conditions during the growing season. The herbicides and biostimulants increased the concentration of polyphenol compounds compared with the control tubers. Polyphenol content in potato leaves was significantly affected by cultivar traits only. Of the tested cultivars, Honorata and Gawin accumulated the most and the least polyphenols, respectively. Keywords: Cultivars, Herbicydes, Biostimulants, Potato

In modern agriculture, preparations qualified as biostimulants are used alongside pesticides. They influence the development of plants and enable a yield-forming effect. An important feature of these preparations is that they are safe for the environment. They can be treated as substitutes for plant protection agents, which is especially important in the era of implementation of the European Green Deal, ordering the reduction of chemicalization of agriculture. The purpose of this paper was to compare the production and economic results of five methods of plantation care in Solanum tuberosum cultivation: on the first object (control), mechanical cultivation was used, and on the second, object the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (1.5 dm3·ha−1), on object three, the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (1.5 dm3·ha−1) and the biostimulant PlonoStart (2.0 dm3·ha−1), on object four, the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (1.5 dm3·ha−1) and biostimulant Aminoplant (1.5 dm3·ha−1), and on object five, the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC (1.5 dm3·ha−1) and biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium (4.0 dm3·ha−1). The research was conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady, central-eastern Poland. The results were analyzed, on average, for two Polish edible potato cultivars (Malaga and Oberon), and three years of study (2018–2020) were taken into consideration. The experiment was established as a two-factor experiment in three replicates on light soil in a spit-plot arrangement. A beneficial effect of herbicides and biostimulants on the yield and profitability of edible potato production was observed. An average increase of 33.2% in marketable yield was obtained. The gross margin increased by an average of 49.3%. The highest total yield, as compared to the control object, was obtained from object 5, where the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC with biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium was applied, such as the greatest economic effect was achieved also in object no. 5. Application of this biostimulant was most beneficial.

The study aimed to determine the impact of using biostimulants and nitrogen fertilization on the profitability of growing two cultivars of maize grown for grain with different FAO earliness class. The studies were conducted in three vegetation seasons of 2015–2017. Data comes from a farm specializing in plant production. The economic assessment was made using the European Union (EU) method based on the standard gross margin (SGM). Operating income and profitability ratios were also calculated. Yields of studied maize cultivars were varied; on average, in the three examined years, the ‘P8400’ cultivar gave the best yield – 11.68 t ha–1, using nitrogen fertilization 160 kg N ha–1 and biostimulant Asahi SL. The lowest yield was obtained for the ‘PR38N86’ cultivar – 6.7 t ha–1, lacking nitrogen fertilization and without a growth stimulator. The highest profitability index (calculated with subsidies) on average over three years of research was achieved with nitrogen fertilization 120 kg N ha–1 and without the use of a growth biostimulant, for the ‘P8400’ cultivar – 188.54%, and the ‘PR38N86’ cultivar – 185.27%.

Produkcja rzepaku w Polsce charakteryzuje się małą stabilnością wynikającą zarówno z dużej zmienności plonowania, jak i wahań opłacalności uprawy tej rośliny. Celem podjętych badań było określenie opłacalności produkcji nasion rzepaku ozimego (Brassica napus L.) w warunkach dokarmiania dolistnego siarką, borem i aminokwasami. Analizę opłacalności wykonano na podstawie wyników badań pochodzących z doświadczenia polowego przeprowadzonego w latach 2016–2019 w Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej Zawady należącej do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. W doświadczeniu badano wpływ różnych wariantów dokarmiania dolistnego: 1. obiekt kontrolny (K) – bez stosowania dokarmiania dolistnego i aminokwasu; 2. aminokwas Aminoplant (A); 3. nawóz dolistny Siarkomag + nawóz dolistny Bormax (S+B); 4. nawóz dolistny Siarkomag + nawóz dolistny Bormax + aminokwas Aminoplant (S+B+A). Badania własne wykazały, że wielkość zebranego plonu nasion rzepaku ozimego była zależna od poszczególnych wariantów dokarmiania dolistnego. Największy plon nasion uzyskano, stosując mieszaninę nawozów dolistnych Siarkomag i Bormax oraz aminokwasu Aminoplant – 3,77 t·ha–1, natomiast najmniejszy plon uzyskano na obiekcie kontrolnym (bez dokarmiania dolistnego) – 3,18 t·ha–1, wzrost plonu wyniósł 18,5%. Nadwyżka bezpośrednia z 1 ha uprawy rzepaku ozimego wynosiła od 1391,55 PLN·ha–1 (obiekt kontrolny) do 2155,53 PLN·ha–1 (mieszanina nawozów dolistnych Siarkomag i Bormax oraz aminokwasu Aminoplant). Natomiast dochód z uprawy 1 ha, wliczając dopłaty bezpośrednie wynosił od 1896,23 PLN·ha–1 na obiekcie kontrolnym do 2660,21 PLN·ha–1 w wariancie 4.

The subject of the research were agricultural farms from Przysucha county (Masovian Voivodeship, Poland). Assessment of farms’ ecological results was the purpose of the thesis. Evaluation was made by using selected indicators: minerals balance, soil’s organic substances balance and vegetation cover of soil’s index. The research was carried out among 100 chosen agricultural farms, situated on light soil - rye soil. Ecological assessment of examined farms showed that all of minerals balances (N,P,K) and soil’s organic substances balances were positive. In the case of nitrogen, balances exceeded the limit value 30 kg N·ha-1. Vegetation cover of soil’s index, as regards arable land, did not reach recommended value, i.e. at least 60%. However cover of utilised agricultural area soil was similar to recommended level (>70%). That was because of the large orchards and permanent crops share in horticultural farms, as well as large permanent grassland share in bovine and mixed farms.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of biostimulators on the yield and profitability of edible potato cultivation in comparison with the control. The field experiment was carried out in 2015- 2017 with the use of biostimulators on an individual farm in a triplicate, split-plot system. The factors were: I – three varieties of edible potato: Honorata, Jelly and Tajfun; II – four types of biostimulators: the control (without using biostimulators), biostimulator Kelpak SL, Titanit, GreenOk and BrunatneBio Złoto. The biostimulators used in the experiment influenced the yield increase (on average by 1.80 t/ha) as compared to the control plot without foliar feeding. The value of production, direct production costs and direct surplus were calculated. The biostimulators used were the element differentiating the direct production costs. Studies have shown that the highest yield was obtained on the site where BrunatneBio Złoto Cytokinin was applied.

Field experiments were carried out in 2015-2017 with the use of bio-stimulators on an individual farm in Międzyrzec Podlaski. The experiment was based on a random split-plot method. The influence of two first factors was examined. The factor of the first row were three varieties of edible potato: Honorata, Jelly, Tajfun, and of the second row, five ways of using bio-stimulators: Kelpak SL, Titanit, Green Ok, Brunatne Bio Złoto Cytokinin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of bio-stimulators on the tastiness and darkening of the pulp of raw and cooked tubers after 10 minutes. The effectiveness of the application of individual bio-stimulators in the cultivation of edible potato varieties: Honorata, Jelly and Tajfun was compared with the control object (without using bio-stimulators) sprayed with water. Methods of using bio-stimulators did not change the tastiness and darkening of the pulp of raw tubers, but they had a significant impact on darkening of the pulp of the cooked tubers. The raw and cooked pulp of the Honorata variety darkened the least, and the Jelly variety turned out to be the most tasty, scoring 8.0 points on a scale of 1-9 compared to the remaining varieties.

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the herbicides and their mixtures and weather conditions on the content of vitamin C in tubers of three edible potato cultivars. A field experiment was conducted from 2008 to 2010 at the Zawady Experimental Farm (52°03'N and 22°33'E) belonging to Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. The experiment was established as a two-factorial split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The experimental factors included: I – three edible potato cultivars: ‘Cekin’, ‘Satina’ and ‘Tajfun’; II – five weed control methods: 1. mechanical weed control only – control, 2. mechanical and chemical control – mechanical control + Command 480 EC (clomazone 480 g·dm–3), 3. mechanical and chemical control – mechanical control + Command 480 EC (clomazone 480 g·dm–3) + Dispersion Afalon 450 SC (linuron 450 g·dm–3), 4. mechanical and chemical control – mechanical control + Stomp 400 SC (pendimethalin 400 g·dm–3), 5. mechanical and chemical control – mechanical control + Stomp 400 SC (pendimethalin 400 g·dm–3) + Dispersion Afalon 450 SC (linuron 450 g·dm–3). Research results were statistically analysed using analysis of variance. The research demonstrated that vitamin C content in potato tubers ranged from 207.5 to 215.8 mg·kg–1 fresh matter and was significantly affected by cultivars. The examined herbicides and their mixtures significantly affected the potato tuber content of vitamin C, which increased from 3.3 to 10.4 mg·kg–1, on average, compared with control where only mechanical control had been used. The effect of care methods on the content of vitamin C was dependent on the genetic factor. In the ‘Santina’ and ‘Tajfun’ cultivars, the highest content was obtained due to the care with herbicides Stomp 400 SC and Dispersion Afalon 450 SC, while in the ‘Cekin’ cultivar, it was the same on all objects regardless of the care used. Moreover, meteorological conditions significantly influenced the vitamin C accumulation. The lowest vitamin C content was recorded in the final study year, when the highest annual rainfall sum was accompanied by the air temperature averaging 15.6°C.

The article covers the issue of preferences in the thematic area of consultancy in individualfarms, provided by employees of agricultural advisory centers and private companies. Based on the resultsof a survey conducted in the eastern part of the Mazowieckie voivodeship in Mińsk county, it was foundthat more than half of the respondents used state and private advisory services, namely 52.5% of thefarmers. Over 78% of the respondents were interested in financial support from the Rural DevelopmentProgram for 2014-2020 (RDP), which improves the profitability of farms. Almost 15% of respondentsare also interested in new technologies and technical equipment of farms. The current situation of Polishagriculture still requires support both through state and private counseling.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of applied herbicides and growth regulators on the airborne limitation of dry weed mass and the total yield of three edible potato varieties. The field experiment was established as two-factor in a (split-plot) system in three replications. The experiment examined: I factor – three moderately early varieties of edible potato: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata. II factor – five ways of using herbicides and bio-stimulants: 1. control object: mechanical care 2. Harrier 295 ZC herbicide at a dose of 2.0 dm3·ha-1, 3. Harrier 295 ZC herbicide at a dose of 2.0 dm3·ha-1 and then after the plant rises the Kelpak SL bioregulator twice at a dose of 2.0 dm3·ha-1, 4. Sencor 70 WG herbicide at a dose of 1.0 kg·ha-1, 5. Sencor 70 WG herbicide and then after the plant rises the Asahi SL bio-stimulant twice at a dose of 1.0 dm3·ha-1. The obtained test results showed that the smallest dry weed mass determined in both research dates was obtained using Harrier 295 ZC herbicide and Kelpak SL growth bio-stimulant (0.7 g·m-2 and 3.1 g·m-2), while the largest in the control object, respectively (15.1 and 64.7 g·m-2). The total yield of potato tubers depended on both the herbicides and bio-stimulants used and the varieties cultivated in the experiment. However, the weather conditions varied in particular years influenced significantly both the size of the air-dried mass of weeds and the total yield of potato tubers.

The main objective of the study was to present the costs of exploitation of transport means in anindividual agricultural holding located in the Masovian province, specializing in crop production. Thecost analysis was performed on the basis of a yearly record of transport operations on the farm and dataobtained by direct interview. The scope of research covered the years 2015-2017. The analysis showsthat the costs of using transport means, depending on the type of transport set and the year, ranged from1197.46 PLN/ha UR to 1442.62 PLN/ha UR. The highest share in the structure of the operating costs oftransport means are variable costs, which accounted for around 70% in the analyzed period. Among thevariable costs, fuel costs account for a large proportion of their costs (around 55%).

The purpose of this study was determine of profitability of edible potato in the conditions an applicationof herbicides and biostimulants. The research material was potato tubers cv. ‘Bartek’ derived from thethree-year yield experiment. Mechanical and chemical treatment for herbicides and biostimulants increasedtotal yield by 21.9% as compared to the control object. The gross margin ranged from 4883.4 PLN forthe control object mechanical weeding to 13086.8 PLN for object in which application herbicid Sencor70 WG and biostimulant Asahi SL.

The purpose of the three–year–long field experiment was to identify the effect of the UGmax soil fertilizer (microbiological preparation) on the presence of Streptomyces scabies on tubers of two edible potato cultivars. The experiment was established using the randomized split-block method, in three replications, in the vicinity of central Poland (52°03'N; 22°3'E), on soil consisting of loamy sands, slightly acidic and acidic. The examined factors included: 1st factor: edible potato cultivars (Satina and Typhoon), 2nd factor: doses and dates of application of the UGmax soil fertilizer (1. control object without UGmax; 2. UGmax applied to soil before planting tubers at a dose of 1.0 dm3∙ha-1; 3. UGmax applied to soil before planting tubers at a dose of 0.5 dm3∙ha-1, when the height of plants is about 10–15 cm, and in the flower buds making phase at a dose of 0.25 dm3∙ha-1; 4. UGmax before planting tubers at a dose of 1.0 dm3∙ha-1 and when the height of plants is about 10–15 cm, and in the flower buds making phase at a dose of 0.5 dm3∙ha-1; 5. UGmax when the height of plants is about 10–15 cm, and in the flower buds making phase at a dose of 0.5 dm3∙ha-1). Symptoms of common scab were assessed on a 9–point scale on 100 tubers randomly collected from different experiment objects. As a result of the study, it was demonstrated that treatments with the use of the UGmax soil fertilizer limited the occurrence of common scab on potato tubers and affected the average level of infestation of the sample and the average level of infestation of infested tubers.

The purpose of the study was to determine the profitability of production of Polesie raspberries in the period of 2016-2017. Data concerning raspberry cultivation came from a farm located in the Łuków Commune. The profitability of cultivation was determined on the basis of standard gross margin (SGM). In the analyzed farm, greater yield of raspberry fruits was obtained in 2016 than in 2017, which was reflected in the financial result. The value of the Standard Gross Margin was, respectively, PLN 11,675 per ha in 2016 and PLN 5,875 per ha in 2017. The obtained financial result indicates that raspberry production in the analyzed farm in 2016-2017 was profitable.

The objective of the present work was to determine changes in total sugars, reducing sugars and sucrose content in potato tubers under conditions involving an application of biostimulants and herbicides. Research material included table potato tubers obtained in a three-year field experiment. The experiment was a split-plot design with three replicates. The factors were as follows: factor I - three table potato cultivars (Bartek, Gawin and Honorata), factor II - five methods of biostimulant and herbicide application (1. control - without biostimulants or herbicides; 2. Harrier 295 ZC (linuron + chlomazon); 3. Harrier 295 ZC (linuron + chlomazon) and growth regulator Kelpak®SL; 4. Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin); 5. Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin) and growth regulator Asahi®SL. Variance analysis demonstrated that total sugars, reducing sugars and sucrose content were affected by the biostimulants and herbicides applied as well as cultivars and weather conditions. Compared with control, a significant increase in total sugars followed an application of Sencor 70 WG as well as Sencor 70 WG and the growth regulator Asahi®SL whereas reducing sugars and sucrose content significantly increased after Sencor 70 WG and the growth regulator Asahi®SL were applied.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of biostimulants on the concentration of harmful sulphuric compounds called glucosinolates in the seed of three winter oilseed rape cultivars. An experiment was arranged as a split-split-plot design with three replications. The following factors were examined: I - three winter oilseed rape morphotypes: a population morphotype (cv. Monolit), a semi-dwarf restored cultivar (PR 44D06) and a standard restored cultivar (PT 205); II - two sowing methods: between-row spacing of 22.5 cm and 45.0 cm; III - four types of biostimulants: control, Tytanit®, Asahi®SL and Silvit®. The lowest concentration of glucosinolates was determined in the population cv. Monolit (on average 8.84 µmol/g) and the highest in the restored semi-dwarf cv. PR 44D06 (on average 9.84 µmol/g). Application of all of the biostimulants contributed to a significant decline in the concentration of harmful sulphuric compounds compared with control, the lowest concentration being recorded following the spraying with Silvit® (on average 8.88 µmol/g). Statistical calculations did not confirm a significant effect of two sowing methods on the characteristics examined.

The purpose of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of potatoes cultivation on the basisof standard gross margin (SGM). The research material was the Bellarosa edible potato variety. Fieldresearch was carried out between 2015 and 2016 on a 1.6 ha plantation site located in Lublin Province.The experiment was conducted on the soil of the IVb bonitation class. As a result of the research, it wasfound that the production of potatoes in the years 2015-2016 was profitable. The highest share in thestructure of costs incurred was the purchase of seed potatoes (44.04%), the costs of machine operation andhuman labor (34.25%), the cost of manure (11.43%), then the costs of plant protection products (5.66%).And mineral fertilizers (4.62%).

The aim of the study was to conduct an economic analysis of winter rape, depending on the use of biostimulatorsfour ways: control, Asahi SL, Silvit and Tytaniy. The data came from the Agricultural ExperimentalStation Zawady belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. Seed yield stood atAsahi SL – 4.16 t/ha, Silvit – 3.96 t/ha: Titanit – 3.91 t/ha, control (without biostimulator) – 3.80 t/ha. Incomefrom 1 ha of crops including direct payments ranged from 3449 PLN/ha (control – without biostimulator)to 3827 PLN/ha (biostimulator – Asahi SL). The largest share in the structure of direct costs incurred hadthe cost of fertilizer 31.1-33.0%.

The paper presents the results of calculations which are 3-year field experiment with different weed control methodsin the cultivation of edible potato. Experimental objects included five weed control methods: control object – mechanicalas well as four objects of mechanical-chemical treatments with the use of herbicides and their mixtures - Command 480EC, Command 480 EC + Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC, Stomp 400 SC, Stomp 400 SC + Afalon Dyspersyjny 450 SC. Theeconomic analysis included performed treatments and material input. The economic effects of crop protection treatmentswas determined on the basis of the indicators adopted in crop protection, such as: index of the cost defrayal (WPK) andorientation indexes of profitability (E1 and E2). Orientation indexes of profitability E1 and E2 showed that mechanicalchemicalprotection of edible potato using herbicides was profitable.

The aim of the study was to compare the profitability of winter oilseed rape with two sowing methods:(row sowing – seed density 60 seeds per 1 m2 and spot sowing – seed density 40 seeds per 1 m2). Theyield of rape seed was varied and was at the point sowing – 4.43 t/ha and row sowing – 5.24 t/ha. Theincome for the tested technologies ranged from 5914.20 PLN/ha (row sowing) and 4231.00 PLN/ha (spotsowing), and the difference was due to the yield of 1 ha. The largest share in the cost structure was thecost of fertilizers (33%), plant protection (27-30%) and machinery (31-32%).