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Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite is a tropical/sub-tropical barnacle species which is naturally exposed to sea temperatures of 16-27 degrees C throughout its larval development. An established technique widely employed by investigators of A. amphitrite settlement involves the storage of cyprids at 4-6 degrees C prior to their use in bioassays. Our study focuses on the effects on ageing temperature on settlement and discrimination of A. amphitrite larvae. Using cyprids aged at 2 temperatures, 6 and 23 degrees C, we confirmed the general trend in the literature that young d0 cyprids of this species do not appear competent to settle. Performing cyprid settlement assays at 20, 25 or 28 degrees C, we observed that the proportion of settled cyprids when incubated at 28 degrees C was greater than that of cyprid incubated at 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Settlement rates of cyprids aged at 6 degrees C and 23 C increased relative to age from d1 to d10 irrespective of temperature. Cyprids lost the ability to undergo attachment and metamorphosis at d14 or d15 when aged at 6 degrees C or 23 degrees C respectively. In the choice assays executed in this study, cyprids generally chose to settle on adult extract-treated areas. But localised settlement on adult extract-treated areas decreased with time. Choice settlement assays at set age intervals during the cypris larval stage showed that cyprids were able to discriminate between con- and allospecific adult extracts. The duration and the temperature of cyprids storage influenced selectivity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The sesquiterpene hydroquinone avarol (1) was isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea avara, whereas the corresponding quitione, avarone (2), was obtained by oxidation of avarol, and the significantly more lipophilic compounds [3 '-(P-chlorophenyl)avarone (3), 3 ',4 '-ethylenedithioavarone (4), 4 '-isopropylthioavarone (5), 4 '-tertbutylthioavarone (6), 4 '-propylthioavarone (7), 4 '-octylthioavarone (8)] were obtained by nucleophilic addition of thiols or p-chloroaniline to avarone. All these compounds were tested, at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 mu g/mL, for their effect on the settlement of the cyprid stage of Balanus amphitrite, for toxicity to both nauplii and cyprids and for their growth inhibitory activity on marine bacteria (Cobetia marina, Marinobacterium stanieri, Vibrio fischeri and Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis) and marine fungi (Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera, Asteromyces cruciatus, Lulworthia uniseptata and Monodictys pelagica).