Search

Direct-detection searches for axions and hidden photons are playing an increasingly prominent role in the search for dark matter. In this work, we derive the properties of optimal electromagnetic searches for these candidates, subject to the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) on amplification. We show that a single-pole resonant search may possess substantial sensitivity outside of the resonator bandwidth and that optimizing this sensitivity may increase scan rates by up to five orders of magnitude at low frequencies. Additional enhancements can be obtained with resonator quality factors exceeding one million, which corresponds to the linewidth of the dark matter signal. We present the resonator optimization in the broader context of determining the optimal receiver architecture (resonant or otherwise). We discuss prior probabilities on the dark matter signal and their role in the search optimization. We determine frequency-integrated sensitivity to be the figure of merit in a wideband search and demonstrate that it is limited by the Bode-Fano criterion. The optimized single-pole resonator is approximately 75% of the Bode-Fano limit, establishing it as a fundamentally near-ideal, single-moded dark matter detection scheme. Our analysis shows, in contrast to previous work, that the scanned single-pole resonant search is superior to a reactive broadband search. Our results motivate the broad application of quantum measurement techniques evading the SQL in future axion and hidden-photon dark matter searches., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Paragraph added on impedance matching to dark matter and its role in optimization. Additional sentences added for clarity

For the first time, we determine the properties of the optimal single-moded, linear, passive search for electromagnetic coupling to axion and hidden-photon dark matter, subject to the Standard Quantum Limit on phase-insensitive amplification. We establish the parameters that must be considered to determine the optimal search: the impedance match to dark matter; receiver frequency-response and tuning; irreducible noise sources; and prior information on the dark-matter signal. Using complex-power flow equations, we identify two categories of coupling to the dark-matter signal: radiative and reactive. We motivate a focus on single-moded reactive couplings, as receivers using solely radiative couplings are limited in sensitivity by mismatch with the dark-matter source impedance. We define integrated sensitivity as a figure of merit in comparing searches over a wide frequency range and show that the Bode-Fano criterion sets a limit on integrated sensitivity in a reactively coupled receiver. We examine single-pole resonators, a broadly used form of reactive coupling, and show that when thermal noise dominates amplifier noise and noise matching is optimized, substantial sensitivity is available away from the resonator bandwidth. The Bode-Fano constraint establishes the single-pole resonator as near-ideal for single-moded dark-matter detection. Additionally, the optimized resonator is superior to the optimized reactive broadband receiver at all frequencies at which a resonator may practically be made. We optimize time allocation in a tunable resonator search using priors and derive quantum limits on resonant search sensitivity. At low frequencies, the application of our optimization may enhance scan rates by a few orders of magnitude. While our results broadly inform laboratory searches for light fields, they are the basis for DMRadio, a DOE-funded program in axion and hidden-photon detection., Comment: 195 pages, 18 figures. Sections I-IV A rewritten, with an extended discussion of impedance matching to dark matter and its role in search optimization. Section VI B added, describing a figure of merit for quantifying practical tradeoffs and informing experimental design. Additional minor revisions for clarity

Axion-like particles are promising candidates to make up the dark matter of the universe, but it is challenging to design experiments that can detect them over their entire allowed mass range. Dark matter in general, and in particular axion-like particles and hidden photons, can be as light as roughly $10^{-22} \;\rm{eV}$ ($\sim 10^{-8} \;\rm{Hz}$), with astrophysical anomalies providing motivation for the lightest masses ("fuzzy dark matter"). We propose experimental techniques for direct detection of axion-like dark matter in the mass range from roughly $10^{-13} \;\rm{eV}$ ($\sim 10^2 \;\rm{Hz}$) down to the lowest possible masses. In this range, these axion-like particles act as a time-oscillating magnetic field coupling only to spin, inducing effects such as a time-oscillating torque and periodic variations in the spin-precession frequency with the frequency and direction set by fundamental physics. We show how these signals can be measured using existing experimental technology, including torsion pendulums, atomic magnetometers, and atom interferometry. These experiments demonstrate a strong discovery capability, with future iterations of these experiments capable of pushing several orders of magnitude past current astrophysical bounds., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures

We introduce the DM Radio, a dual search for axion and hidden photon dark matter using a tunable superconducting lumped-element resonator. We discuss the prototype DM Radio Pathfinder experiment, which will probe hidden photons in the 500 peV (100 kHz)-50 neV (10 MHz) mass range. We detail the design of the various components: the LC resonant detector, the resonant frequency tuning procedure, the differential SQUID readout circuit, the shielding, and the cryogenic mounting structure. We present the current status of the pathfinder experiment and illustrate its potential science reach in the context of the larger experimental program., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

This report, based on the Dark Sectors workshop at SLAC in April 2016, summarizes the scientific importance of searches for dark sector dark matter and forces at masses beneath the weak-scale, the status of this broad international field, the important milestones motivating future exploration, and promising experimental opportunities to reach these milestones over the next 5-10 years., Comment: 66 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables. Workshop website and agenda: http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/darksectors2016/ https://indico.cern.ch/event/507783/ Editors: J. Alexander, M. Battaglieri, B. Echenard, R. Essig, M. Graham, E. Izaguirre, J. Jaros, G. Krnjaic, J. Mardon, D. Morrissey, T. Nelson, M. Perelstein, M. Pyle, A. Ritz, P. Schuster, B. Shuve, N. Toro, R. Van De Water

We explore a new low-threshold direct-detection concept for dark matter, based on the breaking of chemical bonds between atoms. This includes the dissociation of molecules and the creation of defects in a lattice. With thresholds of a few to 10's of eV, such an experiment could probe the nuclear couplings of dark matter particles as light as a few MeV. We calculate the expected rates for dark matter to break apart diatomic molecules, which we take as a case study for more general systems. We briefly mention ideas for how chemical-bond breaking might be detected in practice. We also discuss the possibility of detecting solar neutrinos, including pp neutrinos, with this experimental concept. With an event rate of $\mathcal{O}$(0.1/kg-year), large exposures are required, but measuring low-energy solar neutrinos would provide a crucial test of the solar model.

The mass of the dark matter particle is unknown, and may be as low as ~$10^{-22}$ eV. The lighter part of this range, below ~eV, is relatively unexplored both theoretically and experimentally but contains an array of natural dark matter candidates. An example is the relaxion, a light boson predicted by cosmological solutions to the hierarchy problem. One of the few generic signals such light dark matter can produce is a time-oscillating, EP-violating force. We propose searches for this using accelerometers, and consider in detail the examples of torsion balances, atom interferometry, and pulsar timing. These approaches have the potential to probe large parts of unexplored parameter space in the next several years. Thus such accelerometers provide radically new avenues for the direct detection of dark matter., Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, includes 1 page Executive Summary. Version 2: typos fixed, citations added

Dark matter in the sub-GeV mass range is a theoretically motivated but largely unexplored paradigm. Such light masses are out of reach for conventional nuclear recoil direct detection experiments, but may be detected through the small ionization signals caused by dark matter-electron scattering. Semiconductors are well-studied and are particularly promising target materials because their ${\cal O}(1~\rm{eV})$ band gaps allow for ionization signals from dark matter as light as a few hundred keV. Current direct detection technologies are being adapted for dark matter-electron scattering. In this paper, we provide the theoretical calculations for dark matter-electron scattering rate in semiconductors, overcoming several complications that stem from the many-body nature of the problem. We use density functional theory to numerically calculate the rates for dark matter-electron scattering in silicon and germanium, and estimate the sensitivity for upcoming experiments such as DAMIC and SuperCDMS. We find that the reach for these upcoming experiments has the potential to be orders of magnitude beyond current direct detection constraints and that sub-GeV dark matter has a sizable modulation signal. We also give the first direct detection limits on sub-GeV dark matter from its scattering off electrons in a semiconductor target (silicon) based on published results from DAMIC. We make available publicly our code, QEdark, with which we calculate our results. Our results can be used by experimental collaborations to calculate their own sensitivities based on their specific setup. The searches we propose will probe vast new regions of unexplored dark matter model and parameter space., Comment: 30 pages + 22 pages appendices/references, 17 figures, website at http://ddldm.physics.sunysb.edu/, v2 added references, minor edits to text and Figs. 2 and 14, version to appear in JHEP

We calculate the production of a massive vector boson by quantum fluctuations during inflation. This gives a novel dark-matter production mechanism quite distinct from misalignment or thermal production. While scalars and tensors are typically produced with a nearly scale-invariant spectrum, surprisingly the vector is produced with a power spectrum peaked at intermediate wavelengths. Thus dangerous, long-wavelength, isocurvature perturbations are suppressed. Further, at long wavelengths the vector inherits the usual adiabatic, nearly scale-invariant perturbations of the inflaton, allowing it to be a good dark matter candidate. The final abundance can be calculated precisely from the mass and the Hubble scale of inflation, H_I. Saturating the dark matter abundance we find a prediction for the mass m = 10^-5 eV (10^14 GeV/H_I)^4. High-scale inflation, potentially observable in the CMB, motivates an exciting mass range for recently proposed direct detection experiments for hidden photon dark matter. Such experiments may be able to reconstruct the distinctive, peaked power spectrum, verifying that the dark matter was produced by quantum fluctuations during inflation and providing a direct measurement of the scale of inflation. Thus a detection would not only be the discovery of dark matter, it would also provide an unexpected probe of inflation itself., Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures

We propose a resonant electromagnetic detector to search for hidden-photon dark matter over an extensive range of masses. Hidden-photon dark matter can be described as a weakly coupled "hidden electric field," oscillating at a frequency fixed by the mass, and able to penetrate any shielding. At low frequencies (compared to the inverse size of the shielding), we find that observable effect of the hidden photon inside any shielding is a real, oscillating magnetic field. We outline experimental setups designed to search for hidden-photon dark matter, using a tunable, resonant LC circuit designed to couple to this magnetic field. Our "straw man" setups take into consideration resonator design, readout architecture and noise estimates. At high frequencies,there is an upper limit to the useful size of a single resonator set by $1/\nu$. However, many resonators may be multiplexed within a hidden-photon coherence length to increase the sensitivity in this regime. Hidden-photon dark matter has an enormous range of possible frequencies, but current experiments search only over a few narrow pieces of that range. We find the potential sensitivity of our proposal is many orders of magnitude beyond current limits over an extensive range of frequencies, from 100 Hz up to 700 GHz and potentially higher., Comment: 16 pages + appendices, 7 figures. v2 contains a rewritten "Note Added", other minor text tweaks, typos corrected in Eqs. (B12) and (C28), and 2 figures added in the appendices. Matches version published in PRD

Many theories beyond the Standard Model contain hidden photons. A light hidden photon will generically couple to the Standard Model through a kinetic mixing term, giving a powerful avenue for detection using "Light-Shining-Through-A-Wall"-type transmission experiments with resonant cavities. We demonstrate a parametric enhancement of the signal in such experiments, resulting from transmission of the longitudinal mode of the hidden photon. While previous literature has focused on the production and detection of transverse modes, the longitudinal mode allows a significant improvement in experimental sensitivity. Although optical experiments such as ALPS are unable to take useful advantage of this enhancement, the reach of existing microwave cavity experiments such as CROWS is significantly enhanced beyond their published results. Future microwave cavity experiments, designed with appropriate geometry to take full advantage of the longitudinal mode, will provide a powerful probe of hidden-photon parameter space extending many orders of magnitude beyond current limits, including significant regions where the hidden photon can be dark matter., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures

We investigate the power of low-energy, high-luminosity electron--positron colliders to probe hidden sectors with a mass below ~10 GeV that couple to Standard Model particles through a light mediator. Such sectors provide well-motivated dark matter candidates, and can give rise to distinctive mono-photon signals at B-factories and similar experiments. We use data from an existing mono-photon search by BaBar to place new constraints on this class of models, and give projections for the sensitivity of a similar search at a future B-factory such as Belle II. We find that the sensitivity of such searches are more powerful than searches at other collider or fixed-target facilities for hidden-sector mediators and particles with masses between a few hundred MeV and 10 GeV. Mediators produced on-shell and decaying invisibly to hidden-sector particles such as dark matter can be probed particularly well. Sensitivity to light dark matter produced through an off-shell mediator is more limited, but may be improved with a better control of backgrounds, allowing background estimation and a search for kinematic edges. We compare our results to existing and future direct detection experiments and show that low-energy colliders provide an indispensable and complementary avenue to search for light dark matter. The implementation of a mono-photon trigger at Belle II would provide an unparalleled window into such light hidden sectors., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures; typos corrected and references added

The first direct detection limits on dark matter in the MeV to GeV mass range are presented, using XENON10 data. Such light dark matter can scatter with electrons, causing ionization of atoms in a detector target material and leading to single- or few-electron events. We use 15 kg-days of data acquired in 2006 to set limits on the dark-matter-electron scattering cross section. The strongest bound is obtained at 100 MeV where sigma_e < 3 x 10^{-38} cm^2 at 90% CL, while dark matter masses between 20 MeV and 1 GeV are bounded by sigma_e < 10^{-37} cm^2 at 90% CL. This analysis provides a first proof-of-principle that direct detection experiments can be sensitive to dark matter candidates with masses well below the GeV scale., Comment: Submitted to PRL

Direct detection strategies are proposed for dark matter particles with MeV to GeV mass. In this largely unexplored mass range, dark matter scattering with electrons can cause single-electron ionization signals, which are detectable with current technology. Ultraviolet photons, individual ions, and heat are interesting alternative signals. Focusing on ionization, we calculate the expected dark matter scattering rates and estimate the sensitivity of possible experiments. Backgrounds that may be relevant are discussed. Theoretically interesting models can be probed with existing technologies, and may even be within reach using ongoing direct detection experiments. Significant improvements in sensitivity should be possible with dedicated experiments, opening up a window to new regions in dark matter parameter space., Comment: 9 pages. Updated figure and references. Freeze-in region corrected. Other minor clarifications

If the lightest observable-sector supersymmetric particle (LOSP) is charged and long-lived, then it may be possible to indirectly measure the Planck mass at the LHC and provide a spectacular confirmation of supergravity as a symmetry of nature. Unfortunately, this proposal is only feasible if the gravitino is heavy enough to be measured at colliders, and this condition is in direct conflict with constraints from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). In this work, we show that the BBN bound can be naturally evaded in the presence of multiple sectors which independently break supersymmetry, since there is a new decay channel of the LOSP to a goldstino. Certain regions of parameter space allow for a direct measurement of LOSP decays into both the goldstino and the gravitino at the LHC. If the goldstino/gravitino mass ratio is measured to be 2, as suggested by theory, then this would provide dramatic verification of the existence of multiple supersymmetry breaking and sequestering. A variety of consistent cosmological scenarios are obtained within this framework. In particular, if an R symmetry is imposed, then the gauge-gaugino-goldstino interaction vertices can be forbidden. In this case, there is no bound on the reheating temperature from goldstino overproduction, and thermal leptogenesis can be accommodated consistently with gravitino dark matter., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, title changed to match the version published in JHEP

Cosmologically long-lived, composite states arise as natural dark matter candidates in theories with a strongly interacting hidden sector at a scale of 10 - 100 TeV. Light axion-like states, with masses in the 1 MeV - 10 GeV range, are also generic, and can decay via Higgs couplings to light standard model particles. Such a scenario is well motivated in the context of very low energy supersymmetry breaking, where ubiquitous cosmological problems associated with the gravitino are avoided. We investigate the astrophysical and collider signatures of this scenario, assuming that dark matter decays into the axion-like states via dimension six operators, and we present an illustrative model exhibiting these features. We conclude that the recent data from PAMELA, FERMI, and H.E.S.S. points to this setup as a compelling paradigm for dark matter. This has important implications for future diffuse gamma ray measurements and collider searches., Comment: 40 pages, 7 figures; references and comments added

A leading interpretation of the electron/positron excesses seen by PAMELA and ATIC is dark matter annihilation in the galactic halo. Depending on the annihilation channel, the electron/positron signal could be accompanied by a galactic gamma ray or neutrino flux, and the non-detection of such fluxes constrains the couplings and halo properties of dark matter. In this paper, we study the interplay of electron data with gamma ray and neutrino constraints in the context of cascade annihilation models, where dark matter annihilates into light degrees of freedom which in turn decay into leptons in one or more steps. Electron and muon cascades give a reasonable fit to the PAMELA and ATIC data. Compared to direct annihilation, cascade annihilations can soften gamma ray constraints from final state radiation by an order of magnitude. However, if dark matter annihilates primarily into muons, the neutrino constraints are robust regardless of the number of cascade decay steps. We also examine the electron data and gamma ray/neutrino constraints on the recently proposed "axion portal" scenario., Comment: 36 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables; references added