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In Indonesia, Boesenbergia rotunda, also referred to as Temu kunci. According to earlier research, B. rotunda is a rich source of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Extensive research is required to examine the chemical profiles of indigenous plants and analyze medicinal properties from extracts of B. rotunda. Thus, a phytochemical investigation is conducted on the extracts of B. rotunda and two recognized flavonoids, pinostrobin (1) and pinocembrin (2), were isolated from extracts of B. rotunda utilizing a variety of chromatographic methods. The structures are determined using the FTIR, and HPLC, 1H and 13C NMR data and comparison with published literature. The Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity prediction of substances (pKCSM) online tool was also used in this work to estimate the pharmacokinetic and toxicity potencies of pinostrobin and pinocembrin. The pKCSM prediction indicates that pinocembrin and pinostrobin have good pharmacokinetic characteristics and lack the potential to be hepatotoxic or mutagenic substances. Both pinostrobin and pinocembrin have low level lethal dosage values (LD50) of 2000 mol/kg. However, more investigation is still required to validate these hypotheses.

Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

Abstract Gaharu bouya oil obtained from distillation of the woods from Gonystylus genus has attracted essential oil industry interest. However, the information about gaharu bouya essential oil profile is limited. The presence of Gonystylus species is also critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, exploring the -omics profiles of Gonystylus bancanus, a native plant from Borneo Island, is important for Indonesia to conserve the population. This research investigated the metabolite profiling of G. bancanus oil, especially the volatile components of its essential oils. Distillations were performed in two technical ways: hydrodistillation on a laboratory scale and steam distillation on an industrial scale. According to LC–MS and GC–MS profiles, both essential oils displayed similar chemical compositions. This article also discusses the similarity of the chemical contents of gaharu bouya oil and agarwood oil from the gaharu superior type (Aquilaria) to support the value of the oil. This research also investigated the cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil against three cell lines: HeLa, MCF-7, and HT-29.

Sulfonated polysulfone (SPS) composite membranes consisting of cellulose-based carbon nanodots (CNDs) were successfully prepared as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. The CNDs were prepared using the top-down hydrothermal method. The structure transformation from cellulose to CNDs was confirmed by the FTIR and XRD analysis. The particle size of CNDs was between 1 and 3 nm. The particles exhibited good optical properties. The incorporation of CND into matrix polymer increased the thermal stability of the membranes. Morphology analysis of the SPS/CND composite membranes revealed that CNDs had been successfully dispersed within the SPS polymer matrix. The cross-linking between SPS and CNDs enhanced the proton conductivity of the composite membranes compared to the pristine SPS membrane. The SPS/CND-1 (1 wt%) exhibited the highest selectivity with a proton conductivity of 35.5 mS.cm−1 and a methanol permeability of 3.50 × 10−6 cm2.s−1. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of CNDs into the SPS membrane also decreased the amount of methanol that can pass through the membrane when used in DMFCs.

Abstract COVID-19 has been a major global health concern for the past three years, and currently we are still experiencing coronavirus patients in the following years. The virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, shares a similar genomic identity with previous viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To combat the pandemic, modern drugs discovery techniques such as in silico experiments for docking and virtual screening have been employed to design new drugs against COVID-19. However, the release of new drugs for human use requires two safety assessment steps consisting of preclinical and clinical trials. To bypass these steps, scientists are exploring the potential of repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment. This approach involves evaluating antiviral activity of drugs previously used for treating respiratory diseases against other enveloped viruses such as HPV, HSV, and HIV. The aim of this study is to review repurposing of existing drugs, traditional medicines, and active secondary metabolites from plant-based natural products that target specific protein enzymes related to SARS-CoV-2. The review also analyzes the chemical structure and activity relationship between selected active molecules, particularly flavonol groups, as ligands and proteins or active sites of SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Gonystylus bancanus wood or ramin wood has been generally known as a source of agarwood (gaharu) bouya, a kind of agarwood inferior type, or under the exported trading name of aetoxylon oil. The massive exploitation of ramin wood is causing this plant's extinction and putting it on Appendix II CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To date, no scientific publication concerns the chemical exploration of G. bancanus wood and preserving this germplasm through its metabolite profiling. Therefore, research focused on chemical components profiling of G. bancanus is promised. This research is aimed to explore metabolomics and analyze the influence of solvent polarities on the partitioning of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. A range of solvents in different polarities was applied to provide comprehensive extraction of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. Moreover, a hydrodistillation was also carried out to extract the volatile compounds despite the non-volatile ones. LCMS and GCMS analyses were performed to identify volatile and non-volatile components in the extracts and essential oil. Multivariate data analysis was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. 142 metabolites were identified by LCMS analysis, while 89 metabolites were identified by GCMS analysis. Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, and saccharides are some major compound classes available from LCMS data. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol, are the major volatile components identified from GCMS analysis. PCA of LCMS analysis demonstrated that PC1 discriminated two clusters: essential oil, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts were in the positive quadrant, while methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were in the negative quadrant. Three-dimensional analysis of GCMS data revealed that n-hexane extract was in the superior quadrant, and its composition can be significantly distinguished from other extracts and essential oil. G. bancanus wood comprises valuable metabolites, i.e., terpenoids, which benefit the essential oil industry. Comprehensive extraction by performing solvents in different polarities on G. bancanus wood could allow exploration of fully extracted metabolites, supported by the exhibition of identified metabolites from LCMS and GCMS analysis.

Mangifera rufocostata, a member of the Mangifera genus, is a source of secondary metabolites and has been used traditionally as antidiabetic agent. Therefore, this study aims to determine the total flavonoid contens (TFC), total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities of M. rufocostata stem bark extract. Antioxidant activity were evaluated by 2-2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. α-glucosidase inhibitory to prediction antidiabetic activity, and cytotoxic activity were studied against HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The results showed that the methanol extract have the highest TFC, TPC, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the methanol extract has strong cytotoxicity againts HT-29 cancer cells. Based on LC-MS/MS, the methanol extract contain several major compounds such as mangiferin, quinic acid, gallic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol.

N′-(5-bromofuran-2-carbonyl)isonicotinohydrazide (1) was obtained in the form of a colorless solid from the 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA)/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed reaction of 5-bromofuran-2-carboxylic acid and isoniazid in dichloromethane at room temperature with a yield of 83%. The structure of N′-(5-bromofuran-2-carbonyl)isonicotinohydrazide (1) was elucidated using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Molecular docking screening of the title compound (1) on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein (PDB ID: 5IKR) indicated that compound (1) has a good binding affinity, suggesting that further structure optimization and in-depth research can be carried out on compound (1) as a potential COX-2 inhibitor.

Isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was obtained from the 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA)/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-catalyzed reaction at room temperature for 190 min in dichloromethane with a yield of 95%. The structure of isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was elucidated using NMR, FTIR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In vitro sun protection factor evaluation exhibited a value of 37.10 ± 0.03 which indicates that isoamyl (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (1) is a sunscreen agent with high protection.

4-Methoxyphenethyl (E)-3-(o-tolyl)acrylate (1) was obtained in a good yield by the reaction of 2-methylcinnamic acid, 4-methoxyphenethyl alcohol, 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and triethylamine at room temperature for 40 min. The structure of 4-methoxyphenethyl (E)-3-(o-tolyl)acrylate (1) was established by FTIR, NMR, and the high resolution of mass spectroscopies. 4-Methoxyphenethyl (E)-3-(o-tolyl)acrylate (1) showed higher α-glucosidase inhibition activity than standard drug acarbose. The molecular docking study exhibited that the title compound 1 had a good affinity for α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3W37) and formed some interactions with the α-glucosidase active site residue.

This study is preliminary research of secondary metabolite potential from medicinal Herb Madura. This study aims to know the medicinal plants used in the medicinal herb Madura and the phytochemical content contained in these medicinal plants. The method used in this study is a survey to know the kinds of medicinal plants used in Madura Herb. Then a phytochemical screening test for the medicinal plant was performed. The phytochemical screening test used are alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids. Based on the research, it is found that 66 medicinal plants are widely used for "Ramuan Madura” in Bangkalan. Of the 66 plants selected, Madura five medicinal plants widely used by the Madurense; Parameria laevigata, Kaempferia galanga L., Curcuma domestica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, dan Punica granatum. Then the preliminary phytochemical test to determine the secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite content obtained include alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids.

The synthesized 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones 1a-p showed desired higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and lower α-amylase inhibitory activities than standard drug acarbose. Particularly, compound 1i showed favorable higher α-glucosidase % inhibition of 67 ± 13 and lower α-amylase % inhibition of 51 ± 4 in comparison to acarbose with % inhibition activities of 19 ± 5 and 90 ± 2, respectively. Docking studies of selected 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones revealed key interactions with the active sites of both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, further supporting the observed % inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the binding energies are consistent with the % inhibition values. The results suggest that 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones may be developed as suitable Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors (AGIs) and the lower α-amylase activities should be advantageous to reduce the side effects exhibited by commercial AGIs.

A simple and concise three-component synthesis of a key pyrrole framework was developed from the reaction between α-hydroxyketones, oxoacetonitriles, and anilines. The synthesis was used to obtain several pyrrole-based drug candidates, including COX-2 selective NSAID, antituberculosis lead candidates BM212, BM521, and BM533, as well as several analogues. This route has potential to obtain diverse libraries of these pyrrole candidates in a concise manner to develop optimum lead compounds.

Modified chitosan membrane is one of the promising membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane. Chitosan/N-phthaloyl chitosan composite membranes were fabricated to obtain high proton conductivity and low methanol permeability. Membranes were fabricated by casting method and solvent evaporation. Surface morphology, mechanical analysis, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity were used to characterize the overall properties. FT-IR spectra exhibited the presence of interaction of chitosan and n-phthaloyl/chitosan. SEM analysis showed that the surface roughness of composite membrane increases as the n-phthaloyl loading increases. The highest proton conductivity of synthesized membrane is at 2.4 mS.cm-1 and is higher than pristine chitosan membrane at 1.6 mS.cm-1. Moreover, with n-phthaloyl/chitosan addition, the methanol permeability was also improved. The correlation between proton conductivity and methanol permeability in composite membranes suggests that the blend has its potential in DMFC application.

Rhodamine B (RB) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes adsorption using adsorbent ZSM-5 synthesized from Bangka kaolin were investigated in this study. The effects of the initial concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption process were also analyzed. The effect of the initial concentration and contact time played an important role in the adsorption process; however, the effect differs significantly in both dyes. The temperature plays little role in the dye adsorption process. The results showed the adsorption process occurred in ZSM-5 adhere to Langmuir isothermal adsorption model showing that the adsorption process occurred to be monolayer. Based on the kinetics studies, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model represents the adsorption kinetics that occurs for both dyes onto the synthesized ZSM-5. Thermodynamic parameters namely Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard entropy changes (ΔS°) and standard enthalpy (ΔH°) reveal that the adsorption process onto ZSM-5 for both dyes was spontaneous and exothermic.

Hierarchical micro-mesoporous aluminosilicates nanoparticles were synthesized at different of Si/Al ratios and were directly used as a solid acid catalyst for acetalization reaction with propylene glycol. TEM and N2 adsorption analysis of the resulting aluminosilicates revealed the formation of the hierarchical structure occurs on the Si/Al ratio increases the formation of mesoporous within the structure of aluminosilicate. The aluminosilicates exhibit high selectivity towards acetalization reaction in comparison with the homogeneous PTSA. The presence of mesoporous structures is crucial for increased conversion and selectivity of the reaction which presumably due to the improved diffusion of substrate to reach acid sites.

Over the past few decades, complementary medicine therapy using medicinal plants have been developed in healthcare. Phytochemical studies about medicinal plants have been conducted to verify their potency as medicinal remedies in modern therapeutics. Dipterocarpus littoralis commonly known as Meranti Jawa in Indonesia is traditionally used to treat diseases such as diarrhea, diabetic and malaria. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from D. littoralis using bioguided fractionation method. The bioactivity measured were antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiplasmodial activity. Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase assays were applied to estimate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of D. littoralis. The antioxidant activities were determined by using the free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test of methanol extract of D. littoralis was also conducted against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of D. littoralis resulted in an oligostilbenes namely α-viniferin (1). The structure of the α-viniferin was characterized by comprehensive spectral analysis including IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and in comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 showed an alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 256.17 and 212.79 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 at a concentration of 100 μg/mL revealed a strong antiplasmodial inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 2.76 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that α-viniferin (1) which is isolated from D. littoralis extract could be regarded as potential antidiabetic and antiplasmodial resources in the future.

Currently, modern medicine has advanced rapidly but habits of drinking herbal medicine are still survived in Madurese society. The local wisdom of drinking herbal medicine in Madurese society, especially in Sampang Regency has been believed to be efficacious for generations. Average medicinal ingredients used are derived from natural ingredients taken from root organs, bark, leaves, fruit or seeds of herbs. This research aims to perform an inventory of herbs that have potential in improving the welfare of Madurese, especially in Sampang Regency. Type of research used is descriptive qualitative research method used is by conducting interviews to the community, IKOT owners, and herbalist. Madurese herbs in Sampang. Based on the results of research, 46 herbs are obtained. Of 46 plants found there are 16 different types of herbs. Herbal plants that many people use (have a percentage of more than 50%) are jahe (Indonesian name), kunyit (Indonesian name), kencur (Indonesian name), kayu rapet (Indonesian name) and delima (Indonesian name). The results of phytochemical screening of fifth herbs showed that positive herbal plants containing saponins were jahe (Indonesian name), kencur (Indonesian name), kayu rapet (Indonesian name) and delima (Indonesian name). And of the five samples, all positively contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, tannins, and steroids.

Garcinia husor is one of the folk medicines in Maluku-Indonesia. This species has been used for the treatmet of Malaria disease. The phytochemical contents and antiplasmodial activity not reported yet. In this study we evaluated the quantitative phytochemicals, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of stem bark ethyl acetate extract. In vitro assay was done using P. falciparum 3D7 strain sensitive of chloroquine. For in vivo analysis, four groups of M. musculus were infected by P. berghei and their parasitemia levels were for 7 days of treatment with ethyl acetate extract; hematological and biochemical parameter were analyzed at the end of experiment. The result showed ethyl acetate extract with the TPC (169.47 mg GAE/100 g ±0.61) and TPC (167.37 mg QE/100 g ±1.05) was active against P. falciparum 3D7 strain (IC50 value of 0.31±0.43 μg/ml). The animal treated with extract showed suppression of parasitemia to 87.57±1.41% compared with the P. berghei infected-mice (negative control), ED50 value of 22.30 mg/kg BW. The dose of extract in 200 mg/kg BW was reduce parasitemia of infected mice with P. berghei more potential. The ethyl acetate of the stem bark G. husor with has antiplasmodial properties and future investigation are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action.

Porous aluminosilicate materials included microporous and mesoporous ZSM-5, hierarchical aluminosilicates, and mesoporous aluminosilicate were tested for acetalization of furfural (furan-2-carbaldehyde) with propylene glycol. The existing synthesis methods for aluminosilicate and ZSM-5 were modified to produce aluminosilicate material with hierarchical porous structure. Catalytic activity in acetalization of furfural by propylene glycol were conducted by refluxed of the mixture of furfural, propylene glycol and catalyst, using toluene as solvent and nitrobenzene as internal standard, at 106 °C for 4 h. The result showed that a combination of two structure directing agents, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and modification of catalytic crystallization produced an active aluminosilicate framework that provides a wide access for a bulky reactants and strong acid sites to catalyze the reaction. The pore structure and the strength of the Brønsted acid sites were crucial for the high conversion of furfural to produce a cyclic acetal.

A hierarchical zeolite ZSM-5 with micro and meso-pore was prepared by optimising the most affecting parameter in sequence of desilication and dealumination. The physicochemical properties of zeolite were characterised with XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, FTIR and SEM. The potential of this zeolite for decolorisation of CR, RY, MB, RhB, DB-1 and DB-14 was evaluated with adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, kinetics, and influencing parameter for adsorption. The unique modification of ZSM-5 resulted in lower crystallinity, easier porosity control, rich terminal silanol and unbridged silanol groups which assisted in higher adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of the optimum ZSM-5 was 323, 435, 589, 625, 61 and 244 mg/g for CR, RY, MB, RhB, DB-1 and DB-14, respectively. The dye adsorption progressed through pseudo-first-order kinetic and close to the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is proposed mainly through interaction between deprotonated silanol site and the electron-rich dye site.

A derivative series of 3,4-dimethoxy-β-nitrostyrene was synthesized through nitroaldol reaction, including a new compound of 3,4-ethylenedioxy-β-bromo-β-nitrostyrene. The antimicrobial activity effect of 3,4-alkyloxy modification of β-nitrostyrene was investigated. A molecular docking study was also performed to obtain information about their interactions with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The active residues of cysteine-215 and arginine-221 of PTP1B play a key role in signaling pathways that regulate various microorganism cell functions. It also acts as a negative regulator in signaling pathways of insulin that are involved in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. These derivatives exhibited potential antifungal activity. The studied compounds were also had potential as fragments to be PTP1B inhibitors by interacting with serine-216 and arginine-221 residues, according to their molecular docking. 3,4-Ethylenedioxy-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene was the most successful potential candidate as a PTP1B inhibitor. However, further research is needed to investigate their potential for medicinal use.

Pada tahap awal desain, untuk mendapatkan desain kapal yang optimum perlu dilakukan analisa untuk menentukan parameter utama dari kapal. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilakukan analisa terhadap pemilihan parameter utama dari kapal ferry catamaran kelas 1000GT untuk mendapatkan desain kapal ferry yang optimal. Parameter utama kapal ditentukan dari optimasi data utama kapal yang mirip yang dijadikan acuan set based design untuk mendapatkan ukuran kapal kapal ferry catamaran yang diinginkan. Geometri bentuk lambung kapal kemudian dioptimasikan dan dianalisa hambatannya menggunakan metode perhitungan, simulasi dan uji tarik. Rencana umum kapal kemudian dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan penataan ruang dan penentuan kapasitas kapal yang otimum. Dari hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa kapal ferry catamaran 1000GT memiliki gross tonnage (GT) sebesar 1130GT dan nett tonnage (NT) 197GT. Dan daya mesin yang digunakan adalah 4 x 810 HP, untuk kecepatan dinas 15 knots.

Gerakan kapal terombang – ambing atau naik turun di laut lepas yang diakibatkan oleh ombak yang besar dan terus menerus dapat mengakibatkan gejala sakit berupa kepala pusing, mual bahkan muntah yang seringkali diistilahkan sebagai mabuk laut (sea sickness atau motion sickness). Pada kapal penumpang(ferry)kondisi ini menjadi suatu persyaratan penting yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam proses desain. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan kajian terhadap hasil perhitungan dan simulasi percepatan vertikal gerakan kapal catamaran 1000GT sehingga bisa dilihat unjuk kerja kapal terhadap kenyamanan penumpang. Kenyamanan pada penumpang dilihat dari indeks jumlah penumpang yang mengalami mabuk laut pada periode tertentu dengan mengacu pada standard ISO-2631/1997. Perhitungan dan simulasi dilakukan pada beberapat titik di kapal untuk melihat percepatan vertikal yang terjadi. Dari hasil simulasi didapatkan pengaruh dari lokasi pengukuran, durasi dan arah ombak terhadap persentase jumlah penumpang yang mengalami gejala mabuk laut atau motion sickness incidence (MSI).

This paper reviews various types of heterogeneous acid-base catalysts for fragrances preparation. Catalytic activities of various types of heterogeneous acid and base catalysts in fragrances preparation, i.e. non-zeolitic, zeolitic, and mesoporous molecular sieves have been reported. Generally, heterogeneous acid catalysts are commonly used in fragrance synthesis as compared to heterogeneous base catalysts. Heteropoly acids and hydrotalcites type catalysts are widely used as heterogeneous acid and base catalysts, respectively. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)