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INDUCTION: chemotherapy (IC) followed by chemoradiation (CRT) is an attractive approach in high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Additionally, ASA has shown potential to improve outcomes alongside CRT in rectal cancer. The ICAR trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IC followed by CRT with or without ASA on MRI tumor response.Single-center, double-blind, randomized phase II trial to evaluate induction treatment with CAPOX, followed by capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy with ASA (arm 1) or placebo (arm 2) in high-risk stage II-III rectal adenocarcinoma staged by MRI. The primary endpoint was MRI tumor regression grade (mrTRG). Secondary endpoints were pathological response, surgical outcomes, postoperative complications, treatment tolerance, DFS, and OS.Between January 2018 and August 2019, 27 patients were eligible, 25 (92.5%) completed IC, and 23 patients were randomly assigned (12 to ASA group; 11 to placebo group). In the ASA arm, 3 pts (25%) presented distant disease progression at restaging. Seven patients (30.4%) had cCR after neoadjuvant treatment. All 13 patients submitted to surgery after neoadjuvant treatment underwent R0 resections except for 1 patient with positive CRM, and 12 patients (92.3%) had sphincter preservation. After a median follow-up of 34.9 months, the 2-year DFS was 83.1% and 3-year OS was 81.5%.There was good compliance in both treatment arms and encouraging cCR rate. ASA during CRT was safe but failed to improve on MRI tumor response. The study was closed due to the absence of benefits.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) followed by surgery is the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), but the emergence of different drug regimens may result in different response rates. Good clinical response translates into greater sphincter preservation, but quality of life (QOL) may be impaired after treatment due to chemoradiotherapy and surgical side effects.To prospectively evaluate the impact of clinical response and surgical resection on QOL in a randomized trial comparing two different neoCRT regimens.Stage II and III rectal cancer patients were randomized to receive neoCRT with either capecitabine (group 1) or 5-Fu and leucovorin (group 2) concomitant to long-course radiotherapy. Clinical downstaging was accessed using MRI 6-8 weeks after treatment. EORTCs QLQ-C30 and CR38 were applied before treatment (T0), after neoCRT (T1), after rectal resection (T2), early after adjuvant chemotherapy (T3), and 1 year after the end of treatment or stoma closure (T4). The Wexner scale was used for fecal incontinence evaluation at T4. A C30SummaryScore (Geisinger and cols.) was calculated to compare QOL results.Thirty-two patients were assigned to group 1 and 31 to group 2. Clinical downstaging occurred in 70.0% of group 1 and 53.3% of group 2 (p = 0.288), and sphincter preservation was 83.3% in group 1 and 80.0% in group 2 (p = 0.111). No significant difference in QOL was detected when comparing the two treatment groups after neoCRT using QLQ-C30. However, the CR38 module detected differences in micturition problems (15.3 points), gastrointestinal problems (15.3 points), defecation problems (11.8 points), and sexual satisfaction (13.3 points) favoring the capecitabine group. C30SummaryScore detected significant improvement comparing T0 to T1 and deterioration comparing T1 to T2 (p = 0.025). The mean Wexner scale score was 9.2, and a high score correlated with symptoms of diarrhea and defecation problems at T4.QOL was equivalent between groups after neoCRT except for micturition problems, gastrointestinal problems, defecation problems, and sexual satisfaction favoring the capecitabine arm after. The overall QOL using the C30SummaryScore was improved after neoCRT, but decreased following rectal resection, returning to basal levels at late evaluation. Fecal incontinence was high after sphincter preservation.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03428529.

The Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, known as the giant condyloma acuminatum, is a rare lesion of the anorectal and PerianaL region; it is sexually transmitted and associated with human papilloma virus, types 6 and 11. Histologically, it is a benign tumor, but it can reach big proportions and may behave aggressively. The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient diagnosed with HIV and psoriasis 14 years ago, associated with Buschke-Lowenstein tumor and other diffuse condylomatous lesions in the body. Resumo: O tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein, também conhecido como condiloma acuminado gigante, é uma lesão rara da região anorretal e perianal, sexualmente transmitida, associada ao papiloma vírus humano, Tipos 6 e 11. Histologicamente, trata-se de um tumor benigno, mas clinicamente atinge grandes proporções e pode se comportar de forma agressiva. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar o caso de um paciente com diagnóstico de HIV e psoríase há 14 anos, associado ao tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein e outras lesões condilomatosas difusas no corpo.

The treatment of rectal cancer is complex and responsible for sequelae due to the various therapeutic modalities, especially the surgical resection. The advent of minimally invasive surgery provided a faster postoperative recovery and a lower complication rate when compared to conventional surgery. The implementation of laparoscopic approach in rectal cancer was responsible for these better results, but the limitations of this method added to the development of robotics, raised the question of which minimally invasive method would be more advantageous in the approach of rectal cancer. The present review will address the most recent data regarding the comparison between the laparoscopic and robotic approach in rectal cancer. Resumo: O tratamento do câncer de reto é complexo e responsável por sequelas causadas pelas diversas modalidades terapêuticas, principalmente a ressecção cirúrgica. O advento da cirurgia minimamente invasiva está associado a uma recuperação pós-operatória mais rápida e uma menor taxa de intercorrências do que as observadas na cirurgia convencional. A implementação da abordagem laparoscópica no câncer de reto foi responsável por esses melhores resultados, mas as limitações do método, bem como o desenvolvimento da cirurgia robótica, levantaram a questão de qual método minimamente invasivo seria mais vantajoso na abordagem desse tipo de câncer. A presente revisão apresenta os dados mais recentes na comparação entre a abordagem laparoscópica e robótica no câncer retal. Keywords: Rectal cancer, Minimally invasive surgery, Robotic surgery, Laparoscopic surgery, Palavras-chave: Câncer retal, Cirurgia minimamente invasiva, Cirurgia robótica, Cirurgia laparoscópica

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer in North America, Western Europe, and Brazil, and represents an important public health problem. It is estimated that approximately 30% of all the CRC cases correspond to tumors located in the rectum, requiring complex multidisciplinary treatment. In an effort to provide surgeons who treat rectal cancer with the most current information based on the best evidence in the literature, the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (SBCO) has produced the present guidelines for rectal cancer treatment that is focused on the main topics related to daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES The SBCO developed the present guidelines to provide recommendations on the main topics related to the treatment of mid-low rectal cancer based on current scientific evidence. METHODS Between May and June 2021, 11 experts in CRC surgery met to develop the guidelines for the treatment of mid-low rectal cancer. A total of 22 relevant topics were disseminated among the participants. The methodological quality of a final list with 221 sources was evaluated, all the evidence was examined and revised, and the treatment guideline was formulated by the 11-expert committee. To reach a final consensus, all the topics were reviewed via a videoconference meeting that was attended by all 11 of the experts. RESULTS The prepared guidelines contained 22 topics considered to be highly relevant in the treatment of mid-low rectal cancer, covering subjects related to the tests required for staging, surgical technique-related aspects, recommended measures to reduce surgical complications, neoadjuvant strategies, and nonoperative treatments. In addition, a checklist was proposed to summarize the important information and offer an updated tool to assist surgeons who treat rectal cancer provide the best care to their patients. CONCLUSION These guidelines summarize concisely the recommendations based on the most current scientific evidence on the most relevant aspects of the treatment of mid-low rectal cancer and are a practical guide that can help surgeons who treat rectal cancer make the best therapeutic decision.

O câncer colorretal (CCR) representa a terceira maior causa de câncer e a segunda maior causa de morte por câncer na América do Norte e na Europa Ocidental, com risco de 5% a 6% de desenvolvimento dessa doença ao longo da vida nos centros ocidentais. Sua incidência na população acima dos 50 anos de idade vem caindo nos Estados Unidos e em países europeus que adotaram a política do rastreamento populacional.

O tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST) é um tipo raro de tumor, correspondendo a 1% de todos os tumores do trato gastrointestinal. Podem ocorrer em qualquer idade, porém são raros antes dos 40 anos e mais comuns após os 60 anos de idade.

Introduction :Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) followed by surgery is the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), and sphincter preservation is a desirable endpoint, but quality of life (QOL) is often impaired after treatment. Objective To evaluate QOL in five different moments of treatment in a randomized trial comparing two different neoadjuvant regimens. Methods Stage II and III rectal cancer patients were randomized to receive neoCRT with either capecitabine (Group 1) or 5-Fu and leucovorin (Group 2) concomitant to long course radiotherapy. EORTCs QLQ C30 and CR38 were applied before treatment (T0), after neoCRT (T1), after rectal resection (T2), early after adjuvant chemotherapy (T3), and one year after end of treatment or stoma closure (T4). Wexner scale was used for continence evaluation at T4. A C30 summary score (Geisinger et cols) was calculated to compare QOL results.Results 32 patients were assigned to Group 1and 31 to Group 2. QOL was improved comparing T0 to T1 (mean 80.5 vs 88.0, p

Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery is the recommended approach in the last years for stage II and III rectal cancer with the intention to decrease the risk of local recurrence. However, fewer patients benefit from this strategy in terms of overall survivor and long-term adverse outcomes since T3 rectal cancer has a broad range of prognosis as shown by recent publications. Many cT3 rectal cancer patients have a substantial risk of overtreatment with long-term toxicity related to radiotherapy that could be avoided in a subset group of cT3 tumors with good prognosis. These findings raised the question of whether all cT3 rectal cancer should receive preoperative radiotherapy and if selected cT3 subgroup could be treated by surgery alone. This review addresses the rationale of selecting good prognosis cT3 rectal cancer for surgery alone and analyzes the data to support this recommendation.

Many patients with colorectal liver metastasis cannot be cured of their disease. This is because it has spread widely throughout the liver and is therefore not resectable. In this context, palliative chemotherapy is the main treatment modality. Moreover, in many of these patients, the primary tumor that caused the problem is relatively asymptomatic, and from a clinical perspective, a major problem in dealing with these patients is what to do with the primary cancer. In other words, it is a matter of great debate whether some of these patients benefit from a palliative primary tumor resection once some studies have suggested that resecting the primary cancer can prolong survival and prevent complication arising from the cancer, such as obstruction or bleeding. This review addresses the question of whether surgically removing the primary cancer is beneficial to patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastasis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world. The most common metastatic site is the liver, with 15–25% of patients presenting colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) at the time of diagnosis. Three strategies are possible when managing synchronous colorectal liver metastasis: the traditional approach, starting with the resection of the primary tumor followed by chemotherapy and liver resection at a later stage; a combined approach, where both the primary tumor and metastatic liver disease are resected on the same procedure; and a reverse approach, starting with chemotherapy, followed by liver surgery, and colorectal surgery performed last.

Introduction: In recent years, a standardized surgical approach for low rectal cancer was proposed and adopted in many centres. The extralevator abdominoperineal excision introduce an extensive resection of the pelvic floor and demonstrated superiority if the procedure is done in the prone jack-knife position, especially regarding intraoperative perforation and circumferential resections margins. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surgical and oncological short-term outcomes of prone extralevator abdominoperineal excision. Methods: All patients registered in our institution from January 2003 to January 2015 who underwent abdominoperineal resection or prone extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation were retrospectively included from prospective maintained data base and were compared regarding surgical and oncological outcomes. Results: Eighty-nine patients underwent curative intent resections. Abdominoperineal resection was performed in 67 patients and prone extralevator abdominoperineal excision in 22 patients. There were no statistical significant differences between groups regarding pathological stage, median number of harvested lymph node, intraoperative perforation, circumferential resections margins involvement and recurrence rates. Surgical outcomes were statistically different between groups. Twenty-six patients (29%) developed perineal complications, 21% of the abdominoperineal resection patients and 55% of the prone extralevator abdominoperineal excision (p

Introduction: Minimally invasive surgery has revolutionized surgical management in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms, reducing morbidity and mortality, hospitalization, inactivity time and minimizing cost, as well as providing adequate oncological results when compared to the conventional approach. Robotic surgery, with Da Vinci Platform, emerges as a step ahead for its potentials. The objective of this article is to report the single institutional experience with the use of Da Vinci Platform in robotic colorectal surgeries performed at a reference center in oncological surgery in Brazil. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the prospective database of patients from the institution submitted to robotic surgery for treatment of colorectal cancer from July 2012 to September 2017. Clinical and surgical variables were analyzed as predictors of morbidity and mortality. Results: A total of 117 patients underwent robotic surgery. The complications related to surgery occurred in 33 patients (28%), the most frequent being anastomotic fistula and surgical wound infection, which corresponded to 11% and 3%, respectively. Conversion rate was 1.7%. Median length of stay was 5 days. The only variable associated with increase of complications and death risk was BMI >30, with p-value of 0.038 and 0.027, respectively. Conclusion: Robotic surgery is safe and feasible for approaching colorectal cancer surgeries, presenting satisfactory results regarding length of hospital stay and rate of operative complications, as well as presenting a low rate of conversion. Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for surgical complication in robotic colorectal surgery. Resumo: Introdução: A cirurgia minimamente invasiva revolucionou o tratamento cirúrgico no manejo das neoplasias colorretais, reduzindo a morbidade e mortalidade, a hospitalização, o tempo de inatividade e minimizando os custos, além de fornecer resultados oncológicos adequados quando comparada à abordagem convencional. A cirurgia robótica, com a Plataforma Da Vinci, surge como um passo à frente por seus potenciais. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência institucional única com o uso da Plataforma Da Vinci em cirurgias robóticas colorretais realizadas em um centro de referência em cirurgia oncológica no Brasil. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, baseado na base de dados prospectiva de pacientes da instituição que foram submetidos à cirurgia robótica para tratamento de câncer colorretal, de julho de 2012 a setembro de 2017. As variáveis clínicas e cirúrgicas foram analisadas como preditores de morbidade e mortalidade. Resultados: Um total de 117 pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia robótica. As complicações relacionadas à cirurgia ocorreram em 33 pacientes (28%), sendo as mais frequentes fístula anastomótica e infecção da ferida cirúrgica, correspondendo a 11% e 3%, respectivamente. A taxa de conversão foi de 1,7%. O tempo mediano de permanência foi de 5 dias. A única variável associada ao aumento de complicações e risco de óbito foi o IMC >30, com p-valor de 0,038 e 0,027, respectivamente. Conclusão: A cirurgia robótica é segura e viável para a abordagem de cirurgias de câncer colorretal, apresentando resultados satisfatórios quanto ao tempo de internação hospitalar e taxa de complicações operatórias, além de apresentar baixo índice de conversão. A obesidade tem se mostrado um fator de risco para complicações cirúrgicas na cirurgia colorretal robótica. Keywords: Colorectal robotic surgery, Morbidity and mortality in robotic surgery, Colon neoplasms, Rectal neoplasms, Palavras-chave: Cirurgia robótica colorretal, Morbidade e mortalidade em cirurgia robótica, Neoplasias do cólon, Neoplasias Retais

Sexually transmitted infections are mainly caused by viruses and bacteria. They are transmitted trough sexual intercourse, without a condom, with an infected individual. The anus, vagina, and mouth may become involved. This study aimed to present six clinical cases with the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, but in which different treatment approaches were required. This demonstrates the dynamic and unique character of the disease in each individual. That is, the behavior of sexually transmitted infections will vary not only according to its causative microorganism (virus or bacteria), but also according to the characteristics of the combination of etiologic agent and host. Resumo: As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis são causadas, principalmente, por vírus e bactérias. Por meio do contato sexual, sem preservativo, com um indivíduo que esteja infectado. O ânus, a vagina e a boca podem se tornar órgãos acometidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar 06 casos clínicos com o diagnóstico de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, mas que para serem tratados foram necessárias diferentes abordagens. Isso demonstra o caráter dinâmico e singular da doença em cada indivíduo. Ou seja, o comportamento das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis vai variar não somente conforme o seu microrganismo causador (vírus × bactéria), mas também de acordo com o conjunto (agente etiológico + hospedeiro). Keywords: Papilomaviridae, Infection, Podophyllin, HIV, Palavras-chave: Papilomaviridae, Infecção, Podofilina, HIV

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a contribuição do efeito da idade, do período e da coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer colorretal. Foram analisados dados de óbitos pela neoplasia entre indivíduos com mais de 35 anos de idade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre 1980 e 2014. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e faixa etária. O efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento foi estimado pelo método que utiliza funções estimáveis: desvios, curvaturas e drift, na biblioteca Epi do software R. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer colorretal padronizadas foram 27,37/100 mil homens e 21,83/100 mil mulheres em 2014. Verificou-se aumento da mortalidade pela neoplasia entre 1980 e 2014, sendo as taxas de mortalidade entre homens superiores às das mulheres após a década de 1990. O efeito idade foi observado com o aumento das taxas e o envelhecimento. A análise das gerações mostrou o menor risco de óbito nas coortes mais antigas comparadas às mais recentes coortes, o que pode estar ligado à adoção do estilo de vida ocidental. Tal cenário aponta a relevância da implantação de estratégias de rastreamento visando ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento precoce de lesões precursoras da doença. The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from colorectal cancer. The study analyzed data on deaths from this cancer in individuals over 35 years of age in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 1980 to 2014. Mortality rates were calculated by gender and age bracket. The effect of age, period, and birth cohort was estimated by the method that uses estimable functions: deviations, curves, and drift in the Epi library of the R software. Standardized mortality rates from colorectal cancer were 27.37/100,000 men and 21.83/100,000 women in 2014. The data showed an increase in mortality from this cancer from 1980 to 2014, and mortality rates were higher in men than in women after the 1990s. Age effect was observed with an increase in the rates and aging. Generational analysis showed lower risk of death in older versus younger cohorts, possibly related to the adoption of the Western lifestyle. This scenario underscores the need for screening strategies aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la contribución del efecto de la edad, del período y de la cohorte de nacimiento en la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Se analizaron datos de óbitos por la neoplasia entre individuos con más de 35 años de edad del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) entre 1980 y 2014. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron calculadas por género y franja de edad. El efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento fue estimada por el método que utiliza funciones estimables: desvíos, curvaturas y drift, en la biblioteca Epi del software R. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal estandarizadas fueron 27,37/100 mil hombres y 21,83/100 mil mujeres en 2014. Se verificó un aumento de la mortalidad por la neoplasia entre 1980 y 2014, siendo las tasas de mortalidad entre hombres superiores a las de las mujeres tras la década de 1990. El efecto edad se observó con el aumento de las tasas y el envejecimiento. El análisis de las generaciones mostró un menor riesgo de óbito en las cohortes más antiguas, comparadas con las cohortes más recientes, lo que puede estar vinculado a la adopción del estilo de vida occidental. Tal escenario apunta la relevancia de la implantación de estrategias de monitoreo con el objetivo del diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de lesiones precursoras de la enfermedad.

The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from colorectal cancer. The study analyzed data on deaths from this cancer in individuals over 35 years of age in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 1980 to 2014. Mortality rates were calculated by gender and age bracket. The effect of age, period, and birth cohort was estimated by the method that uses estimable functions: deviations, curves, and drift in the Epi library of the R software. Standardized mortality rates from colorectal cancer were 27.37/100,000 men and 21.83/100,000 women in 2014. The data showed an increase in mortality from this cancer from 1980 to 2014, and mortality rates were higher in men than in women after the 1990s. Age effect was observed with an increase in the rates and aging. Generational analysis showed lower risk of death in older versus younger cohorts, possibly related to the adoption of the Western lifestyle. This scenario underscores the need for screening strategies aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a contribuição do efeito da idade, do período e da coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer colorretal. Foram analisados dados de óbitos pela neoplasia entre indivíduos com mais de 35 anos de idade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre 1980 e 2014. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e faixa etária. O efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento foi estimado pelo método que utiliza funções estimáveis: desvios, curvaturas e drift, na biblioteca Epi do software R. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer colorretal padronizadas foram 27,37/100 mil homens e 21,83/100 mil mulheres em 2014. Verificou-se aumento da mortalidade pela neoplasia entre 1980 e 2014, sendo as taxas de mortalidade entre homens superiores às das mulheres após a década de 1990. O efeito idade foi observado com o aumento das taxas e o envelhecimento. A análise das gerações mostrou o menor risco de óbito nas coortes mais antigas comparadas às mais recentes coortes, o que pode estar ligado à adoção do estilo de vida ocidental. Tal cenário aponta a relevância da implantação de estratégias de rastreamento visando ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento precoce de lesões precursoras da doença.El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la contribución del efecto de la edad, del período y de la cohorte de nacimiento en la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Se analizaron datos de óbitos por la neoplasia entre individuos con más de 35 años de edad del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) entre 1980 y 2014. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron calculadas por género y franja de edad. El efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento fue estimada por el método que utiliza funciones estimables: desvíos, curvaturas y drift, en la biblioteca Epi del software R. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal estandarizadas fueron 27,37/100 mil hombres y 21,83/100 mil mujeres en 2014. Se verificó un aumento de la mortalidad por la neoplasia entre 1980 y 2014, siendo las tasas de mortalidad entre hombres superiores a las de las mujeres tras la década de 1990. El efecto edad se observó con el aumento de las tasas y el envejecimiento. El análisis de las generaciones mostró un menor riesgo de óbito en las cohortes más antiguas, comparadas con las cohortes más recientes, lo que puede estar vinculado a la adopción del estilo de vida occidental. Tal escenario apunta la relevancia de la implantación de estrategias de monitoreo con el objetivo del diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de lesiones precursoras de la enfermedad.

Background: Minimally invasive surgery of the pelvis is technically demanding, limiting its application. Previous studies have reported the potential advantages of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) for pelvic malignancies. These advantages might facilitate the surgeons to advance effortlessly along the learning phase. However, there are limited studies evaluating the learning curve (LC) and none have compared different surgical specialties. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the robotic LC of different oncological pelvic specialties. Methods: This retrospective study evaluates consecutive patients operated on by a robotic platform between January 2012 and June 2016 by urological, gynecological and rectal surgeons. Pre-operative and intraoperative parameters including docking time (DT), surgeon console time (SCT) and total operative time (TOT) were analyzed by linear regression and cumulative sum (CUSUM) methods. Body mass index (BMI), conversion rate (CR) to open surgery and estimated blood loss (EBL) were also studied in order to determine if there is a correlation with the LC. Results: Three hundred and forty-three RAS and seven surgeons were included in the analysis, 103 RAS for rectal cancer were performed by 3 rectal surgeons, 55 RAS for endometrial cancer and 58 RAS for cervical cancer were performed by 2 surgeons and 127 RAS prostatectomies were performed by 2 urologists. For most surgeons, the CUSUM graphs exhibited a 3 phases LC with turning points reflecting competency and proficiency. Urological surgeons had the most well-defined LC followed by the gynecologists. All surgeons were able to master docking with few cases. Rectal surgeons were not able to show a 3 phase LC for SCT and TOT. There was a clear inverse correlation between BMI and DT, patients with higher BMI had a shorter DT and patients with lower BMI showed increased DT. EBL had no statistical correlation with the LC and the CR was low (2%). Conclusions: Analysis of our data suggests that the LC for each respective robotic operative step, surgeon and specialty is unique. Urological and gynecological RAS might have a less steep LC compared to RAS for rectal cancer. Therefore, robotic proctoring and training for rectal cancer should be more diligent. Prospective multicenter study with different methods of LC analysis is necessary to validate our results.

Despite the technological advances over the last years, the treatment of low rectal cancer (extraperitoneal) remains as a surgical challenge. Currently, the abdominoperineal resection is still the standard surgical treatment for most rectal lesions within 5 cm from the anal verge with well-known physical and psychological consequences. On the other hand, the introduction of intersphincteric resection in clinical practice has led to the possibility of sphincter preservation allied to satisfactory oncologic and functional outcomes in well selected cases. The present paper describes the technical steps of an intersphincteric resection for the treatment of extraperitoneal low rectal cancer.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar o panorama atual do câncer colorretal em um hospital geral no estado do Rio de Janeiro, enfocando aspectos relacionados à apresentação clínica e ao diagnóstico tardio. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo que incluiu os pacientes em acompanhamento no ambulatório de seguimento de câncer colorretal da II Clínica Cirúrgica do Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso nos últimos 5 anos (2004-2009). Os sintomas mais comuns foram dor abdominal (60,1%), obstrução intestinal (41,1%), emagrecimento (36,7%), sangramento (33.5%), anemia (14,5%), perfuração (6,3%) e fístula (1,2%). Em relação aos pacientes com tumores de cólon direito, os sintomas mais prevalentes foram emagrecimento (54,5%), dor (45,4%), obstrução (45,4%) e anemia (27,2%). Nos pacientes com tumores de cólon esquerdo e sigmóide foram dor (60,5%), obstrução (42,9%), emagrecimento (38,5%), sangramento (32,4%) e anemia (16,6%). Enquanto nos pacientes com tumores de reto foram sangramento (70%), obstrução (60%), dor (60%), emagrecimento (20%) e perfuração (10%). No momento da cirurgia, 53 pacientes apresentavam metástases à distância (33,5%), sendo o fígado o órgão mais acometido, em 36 pacientes (67,9%), seguido pelo peritônio com 11 casos (20,7%) e pelos anexos (ovários) com 4 casos (7,5%). Oitenta e oito pacientes (55,6%) apresentavam metástase linfonodal.Quanto ao estadiamento, observamos que os pacientes operados na emergência apresentavam a seguinte distribuição: 0% Estádio I, 28,2% Estádio II, 30,4% Estádio III e 41,3 % Estádio IV. Os pacientes operados eletivamente foram estratificados como Estádio I 2,7%, Estádio II 27,7 %, Estádio III 25% e Estádio IV 44%. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes operados na nossa instituição (e que reflete a realidade nacional) é de doença avançada. Com base nos dados apresentados, fica clara a necessidade de implementação de um programa de rastreamento para câncer colorretal.The aim of this study is to demonstrate the current panorama of colorectal cancer in a general hospital in Rio de Janeiro, focusing on aspects related to the clinical presentation and delayed diagnosis. This is a retrospective study that included patients followed at the outpatient section of colorectal cancer follow-up of the Segunda Clínica Cirúrgica do Hospital Federal Bonsucesso in the past five years (2004-2009). The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (60.1%), intestinal obstruction (41.1%), weight loss (36.7%), bleeding (33.5%), anemia (14.5%), perforation (6.3 %) and fistula (1.2%). Patients with right colon tumors presented with weight loss (54.5%), pain (45.4%), obstruction (45.4%) and anemia (27.2%). In patients with tumors of the left colon and sigmoid, the most common symptoms were pain (60.5%), obstruction (42.9%), weight loss (38.5%), bleeding (32.4%) and anemia (16.6%). Patients with rectal tumors presented with bleeding (70%), obstruction (60%), pain (60%), weight loss (20%) and perforation (10%). At surgery, 53 patients had distant metastases (33.5%), the liver being the organ most affected in 36 patients (67.9%), followed by the peritoneum in 11 cases (20.7%) and ovaries with 4 cases (7.5%). Eighty-eight patients (55.6%) had nodal metastasis. Regarding TNM staging, we found that the emergency group distribution was as follows: Stage I 0%, 28.2% Stage II, Stage III 30.4% and 41 3% Stage IV, whereas the elective group staging distribution was: 2.7% Stage I, Stage II 27.7%, 25% Stage III and Stage IV 44%. Conclusion: The profile of patients operated in our institution (which reflects the national reality) is composed mainly with patients with advanced cancer stages. Based on the data presented, it is necessary to implement a national screening program for colorectal cancer.

Os recentes avanços no tratamento dos tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GIST) foram responsáveis pela mudança da história natural da doença. O melhor conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento de droga alvo-molecular dirigida capaz de obter resultados, até então, não alcançados em nenhum tratamento de tumor sólido. A introdução do imatinibe na prática clínica modificou não só a sobrevida dos portadores de GIST metastático, como também foi responsável por quebras de paradigmas bem estabelecidos; porém, apesar de o tratamento da doença metastática ser baseado na utilização do imatinibe, o papel do cirurgião, nesse contexto, tem sido revisado, havendo alguns indícios de que a cirurgia de resgate na doença metastática possa trazer benefícios a grupos selecionados de pacientes. Dessa forma, um novo conceito se estabelece, o da "cirurgia adjuvante"; ou seja, uma estratégia terapêutica que visa a otimizar os resultados do tratamento do GIST metastático.

Objetivo: o presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer o perfil dos portadores de tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GISTs) tratados pelos cirurgiões no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo multicêntrico, retrospectivo, implementado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Oncológica (SBCO), tendo início em dezembro de 2006 e término em dezembro de 2007. Foram incluídos 47 casos de GIST tratados cirurgicamente. Resultados: houve predominância do sexo feminino (29 mulheres e 18 homens) e a idade variou de 10 a 81 anos, com mediana de idade de 62 anos. O estômago foi o sítio mais frequente de localização do tumor (44 casos), seguido do intestino delgado (2 casos) e do reto (1 caso). Os sintomas mais comuns foram dor abdominal (48,9% dos casos), massa palpável (46,8%) e sangramento digestivo (27,6%). O tamanho tumoral variou de 0,8 cm a 28 cm, com mediana de 12 cm. A gastrectomia segmentar foi o procedimento cirúrgico mais empregado (21 casos). A incidência de metástase linfonodal foi de 4,2%. A taxa de recidiva foi de 40,4% (todos os casos classificados como GIST de alto risco). Conclusão: a presente casuística revela que o perfil dos portadores de GIST tratados por cirurgiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro difere em alguns pontos dos relatos da literatura estrangeira, havendo necessidade de estudos nacionais com maior amostragem para confirmação dos dados.

Neste trabalho relatamos o caso de um paciente portador de síndrome de Lynch (HNPCC) que desenvolveu câncer retal metacrônico em curto intervalo de tempo após tratamento do tumor primário (câncer de cólon direito). O objetivo deste relato de caso é salientar a importância da suspeição clínica no diagnóstico de câncer colorretal hereditário e suas implicações terapêuticas.In this article we report the case of a patient with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) who developed metachronic rectal cancer in a short time interval after the primary tumor had been treated (right colon cancer). The objective of this case report is to point out the importance of clinical suspicion in the diagnosis of hereditary colorectal cancer and its therapeutics implications.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados tomográficos do tumor estromal gastrintestinal de origem gástrica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2006, foram selecionados 14 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico de tumor estromal gastrintestinal gástrico que apresentavam tomografia computadorizada realizada anteriormente ao tratamento. As variáveis tomográficas analisadas foram: topografia da lesão, dimensões, homogeneidade, contornos, limites, morfologia, padrão e intensidade do realce pelo meio de contraste venoso, padrão de crescimento, invasão de órgãos adjacentes, presença de ulceração, fístula, calcificações, infiltração da gordura mesentérica, linfonodomegalias e metástases a distância. RESULTADOS: Os tumores foram localizados no corpo (57,1%) ou fundo gástrico (42,9%), com dimensões variando entre 6,0 e 23,0 cm (média de 11,5 cm). O crescimento foi predominantemente extraluminal (57,1%) ou intra/extraluminal (35,7%). O realce pelo contraste venoso foi discreto em 50% dos casos, moderado em 50% e heterogêneo em 64,3%. Foram ainda observadas hipodensidade central em 64,3% dos casos, invasão de órgãos adjacentes em 42,9% e metástases hepáticas em 7,2%. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a maioria dos tumores localizava-se no corpo gástrico, com tamanho médio de 11,5 cm, apresentando área hipodensa central, realce heterogêneo pelo meio de contraste e crescimento predominantemente extraluminal.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the tomographic findings of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with histopathologically and immunohistochemically confirmed gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors, who had already been submitted to computed tomography scans before the treatment, were evaluated in the period between January 1999 and December 2006. The following tomographic variables were analyzed: lesion topography, size/dimensions, homogeneity, contour, margins, morphology, pattern and intravenous contrast-enhancement intensity, growth pattern, invasion of adjacent organs, presence of ulceration, fistula, calcifications, mesenteric fat infiltration, lymphadenomegaly and presence of distant metastasis. RESULTS: Tumors were found in the body (57.1%) or in the gastric fundus (42.9%), with sizes ranging between 6.0 cm and 23.0 cm (mean, 11.5 cm). Predominantly extraluminal growth was observed in 57.1% of cases and intra/extraluminal in 35.7%. Subtle contrast-enhancement was observed in 50%, moderate in 50%, and heterogeneous in 64.3% of cases. Additionally, central hypodensity was observed in 64.3%, invasion of adjacent organs in 42.9%, and hepatic metastasis in 7.2% of cases. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the majority of tumors were found in the gastric body, with an average size of 11.5 cm, presenting with central hypodensity, heterogeneous contrast-enhancement and predominantly extraluminal growth.

No cuidado aos pacientes portadores de ostomias intestinais, observa-se, no período pós-operatório, a ocorrência de dificuldades em aceitar a nova condição de ostomizado, e o deficit de conhecimentos sobre o cuidado com o estoma (autocuidado). A partir de tais observações, surge a necessidade da consulta de enfermagem no pré-operatório de ostomias, no sentido de: possibilitar ao paciente melhor aceitação da ostomia e do seu tratamento; orientá-lo sobre o procedimento a ser realizado; estimular o autocuidado e prevenir complicações comuns no local de inserção da ostomia. O objetivo desse trabalho é destacar a importância da consulta de enfermagem nesse cenário, bem como descrever os aspectos a serem abordados para se atingir um cuidado integral e humanizado. A metodologia utilizada para elaborar esta sistematização constou de pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de leitura analítica do material coletado e utilização da teoria do autocuidado e do deficit de autocuidado de Orem, como suporte teórico. Espera-se, desta forma, que a utilização da consulta de enfermagem no pré-operatório de ostomias sirva de instrumento capaz de melhorar a qualidade de vida desses pacientes e possibilitar o aprendizado para o autocuidado eficiente.

Introduction Surgery is the standard treatment of rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Some authors advocate a nonoperative management (NOM) after complete clinical response (cCR) following chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We compare our results with NOM to standard resection in a retrospective analysis. Methods Rectal adenocarcinomas submitted to NOM after CRT between September 2002 and December 2013 were compared to surgical patients that had pathological complete response (pCR) during the same period. Endpoints were Overall Survival (OS), Disease Free Survival (DFS), Local Relapse (LR) and Distant Relapse (DR). Results Forty-two NOM patients compared to 69 pCR patients operated after a median interval of 35 weeks after CRT. NOM tumors were distal (83.3% vs 59.4%, p = 0.011), less obstructive (26.2% vs 54.4%, p = 0.005) and had a lower digital rectal score (p = 0.024). Twelve (28.0%) recurrences in NOM group and eight (11.5%) in the surgical group occurred after a follow-up of 47.7 and 46.7 months respectively. Isolated LR occurred in five (11%) NOM patients and one (1.4%) in the surgical group. Four (80%) LR were surgically salvaged in NOM group. No difference in OS was found (71.6% vs 89.9%, p = 0.316) but there was a higher DFS favoring surgical group (60.9% vs 82.8%, p = 0.011). Distal tumors had worse OS compared to proximal tumors in surgical group (5-year OS of 85.5% vs 96.2%, p = 0.038). Conclusion The NOM achieved OS comparable to surgical treatment and spared patients from surgical morbidity but it resulted in more recurrences. This approach cannot be advocated routinely and controlled trials are warranted.

O conhecimento gerado nos últimos anos a respeito dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na patogênese do GIST foi responsável pelo avanço no campo do diagnóstico e tratamento desta neoplasia. Só, recentemente, pôdese identificar o GIST como uma entidade clínica distinta e compreender algumas características de sua biologia e história natural. Observou-se, historicamente, que a cirurgia representava a única modalidade terapêutica efetiva. Porém, os resultados com a cirurgia isolada mostraram-se desanimadores, visto que apenas 30 a 40% dos pacientes estariam curados após longo acompanhamento. A descoberta do imatinib trouxe benefícios para os casos de doença metastática e irressecável, produzindo resultados animadores e trazendo à tona novas perspectivas de sua utilização como tratamento adjuvante/neoadjuvante, visando a otimizar os resultados da cirurgia e aumentar as chances de cura para os portadores dessa neoplasia.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has been recently the subject of considerable clinical and experimental interest. This focus is based on insights gained during the past years concerning its identification as a distinct clinical entity and the advances in knowledge about the diagnosis and management. Historically, surgery has been considered the most effective treatment in spite of its limitations. Others therapeutic approaches have been tryng without success, until the introduction of imatinib. This drug provided hopeful results in the treatment of this neoplasia. The idea that imatinib could improve surgical outcome have led to some clinical trials with the hope that this association (imatinib & surgery) could achieve good results.