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Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a fitotoxicidade de elutriato obtido a partir do lodo de ETA e ETE antes e após o tratamento por vermicompostagem (TVC). Os ensaios utilizaram a água interfacial de lodos puros e consorciados nas parcelas de 75, 50 e 25% dos respectivos lodos (mistura dos lodos de ETA e ETE). Para a avaliação da toxicidade foram utilizadas sementes de alface, Lactuca sativa. As sementes foram colocadas em placas de Petri com papel de filtro e umedecidas com 4 mL de solução de elutriato; as placas foram vedadas com papel de filme plástico, para evitar a evaporação do elutriato, e posteriormente com papel alumínio, para preservar a ausência de luz, sendo mantidas numa incubadora, do tipo DBO5 a 25±1 ºC por 120 h. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 15 amostras de cada mistura de lodo antes e 15 após o Tratamento por Vermicompostagem (TVC), 5 diluições (10, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) e três repetições, totalizando 450 parcelas de amostras e 6 parcelas de controles. Em todas as amostras e nos controles foram determinadas as concentrações de Al. O teste de toxicidade mostrou que houve um aumento no índice de germinação após TVC; assim como o elutriato com a maior diluição de 10% e menor concentração de Al, obtiveram-se resultados mais expressivos, mostrando que a germinação das sementes foi reduzida proporcionalmente ao aumento nas concentrações de Al presente no elutriato.

A caracterização morfométrica de uma bacia hidrográfica é fundamental para a gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos, pois está diretamente ligada ao seu regime hidrológico. A compreensão dessas características é crucial para a gestão e o planejamento dos recursos hídricos de uma região, servindo como base para decisões de gestores e profissionais, e auxiliando na formulação de políticas públicas que promovam a convivência equilibrada entre a população e os recursos hídricos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características morfométricas da bacia do rio Fragoso, um afluente do rio Paratibe localizado na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), no estado de Pernambuco, utilizando Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDE) derivados de perfilamento a laser aerotransportado (LiDAR). Foram realizadas a delimitação automática da bacia, a extração da rede hidrográfica e a obtenção de parâmetros morfométricos geométricos, hidrográficos e de relevo. Os resultados mostraram que a bacia do rio Fragoso possui um formato alongado e um sistema de drenagem considerado como bom. O canal principal tem um formato com tendência retilínea e as altitudes variam entre 0,08 m e 78,81 m. Essa análise possibilitou a identificação das fragilidades e potencialidades da bacia, destacando aspectos como suscetibilidade a enchentes, tendência ao assoreamento, velocidade do fluxo, condições de habitat, desenvolvimento do relevo, entre outros fatores.

The presence of heavy metals in the soil poses a threat to both ecosystems and human health. In order to assess the effects of human activities on soil contamination, the environmental monitoring authorities need reference parameters for these contaminants. These parameters, known as Quality Reference Values (QRVs), indicate the natural concentrations of heavy metals in soils unaffected by human interventions and should be established as essential guidelines. Although there are already studies on QRVs in Brazil, the lithological variability justifies the need for more detailed approaches. The objective of this study was to establish QRVs for Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soils of the Jaboatão River basin, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The results revealed that the metals Cr, Cu, and Ni contained some undetected data. The QRV values (mg kg-1) were: 0.43 for Cd, 6.76 for Co, 5.41 for Mn, 21.23 for Pb, and 152.17 for Zn. The values for Co, Pb, and Zn exceeded the QRVs for Pernambuco, established by the State Environmental Agency (CPRH), but did not surpass the Prevention Values set by national legislation.

The main process that opposes the Greenhouse Effect is called “carbon sequestration”, a phenomenon that essentially seeks to establish a dynamic balance between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the immobilization of its elements, especially C and N. This work evaluated the stocks of carbon and nitrogen in soils of the Brazilian semi-arid submitted to irrigation with treated wastewater from domestic sewage. For this purpose, the carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil of the semi-arid region of Brazil were compared for four different uses: Open Native Caatinga (ONC); Treated Wastewater Effluent Irrigation (TSEI); Surface Water Irrigation (SWI); and Traditional Rainfed Agriculture (TRA). The hypothesis considered in this research was that the application of treated effluents in agriculture, besides being an alternative that can mitigate the problem of water scarcity of the semiarid region, is also capable of influencing the storage capacity of C and N in the soil, due to its organic load. The results indicate that among the different land uses evaluated, soil C and N stocks were highest in ONC, and decreased with the agricultural land use. The greatest accumulation of C and N in Caatinga is due to the presence of forest litter, and the influence of irrigation with treated sewage effluent was not detected in the present study. It can be concluded that the contribution of vegetation residues to the soil surface is the main factor contributing to C and N storage.

Changes in land use cause a mosaic of areas in the landscape with different uses and coverage. This condition compromises soil nutrient stocks, especially phosphorus (P). In this sense, this study aimed to determine the concentrations of extractable and total phosphorus in 04 soil classes (Yellow Argisol, Litholic Neosol, Entisol and Planosol), 04 uses and covers (Open Native Caatinga, Dense Native Caatinga, Agriculture and Pasture) of the soil, in 04 depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm). To determine the extractable P, the Mehlich 1 and colorimetric reading were used. Total phosphorus was determined by sulfur digestion and colorimetry. The results of extractable and total P concentrations were higher for the Argisol and Planosol classes. It was observed that there were reductions in extractable P concentrations between the soil layers as the soil profile deepened. Depths between 0-20 cm generally showed higher concentrations of extractable and total phosphorus in agriculture. Among the four soil classes studied, the highest average values of extractable and total P stocks occurred in Litholic Neosols and Planosols, mainly due to agricultural use. P deficiency has been a limiting factor to agricultural productivity and, especially in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, where the main soil classes under natural cover have low levels of available and total P.

Este artigo objetiva analisar como se dá a produção de alimentos pelas famílias camponesas no Sudoeste Baiano, a partir do uso e apropriação das estruturas hídricas do Programa “Por Uma Terra e Duas Águas” (P1+2). Para tanto, delimitou-se o estudo em quatro municípios: Anagé, Bom Jesus da Serra, Cândido Sales e Poções. A metodologia adotada inclui a revisão de literatura, a pesquisa documental, o levantamento de dados primários e secundários, e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas remotamente por conta da pandemia. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que as tecnologias sociais do P1+2 exercem papel substancial para o cultivo de alimentos que compunham a dieta alimentar das famílias camponesas. No entanto, o período de estiagem ainda se apresenta como desafio para uma produção contínua.

This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the lower portion of Una River Basin, Pernambuco, by means of analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The monitoring was conducted among October 2013 and March 2014. Sampling locations were in the cities of Catende, Palmares and Água Preta, selecting three collection points in each district. Parameters analyzed: temperature, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, potassium, pH, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The results showed the water quality in the Basin Una River is outside of CONAMA standars Resolution 357/2005 for fresh water Class II parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia Coli. Potassium concentration shows the discharge of effluents from the processing of sugar cane in the hydrous body did not affect the quality of the water. The main contamination source of water was the release of domestic sewage.

The objective of this research is to characterize the solid waste, commonly known as sludge, from the water treatment industry. Six main water treatment plants (Alto do Céu, Botafogo, Caixa d'água, Gurjaú, Suape and Tapacurá) were selected from the Metropolitan Region of Recife, managed by Companhia Pernambucana de Saneamento. Nine samples were collected in the eleven month period in the discharge of the sludge from the decanters. These samples were characterized physico-chemically, based on the methodology of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2012). The results indicated average humidity of 93%, average COD around 30 g/L and BOD of 4.5 g/L, indicating sludge of low biodegradability. The average values of total solids were 72 g/L, with 75% corresponding to fixed residues and 25% to volatiles. High concentrations of aluminum (1000 mg/L) were observed, due to the use of aluminum sulphate as a coagulant, and iron, around 500 mg/L. This study assists the manager in the decision making of the sustainable management of the sludge, mainly in relation to the final disposal.

Through the use of geotechnologies many surveys can be performed with data processing as geographical and environmental variables, resulting in new information and products and providing a detailed study about an specific area. This paper’s objective is present a case study example where visual classification appears as an opportunity for mapping heterogeneous areas, especially in agricultural zones occupied by small rural properties classified as family. This mapping type presents advantages to the automatic classifiers, since the heterogeneity of small areas can cause pixels miscellany, damaging the classification results. This study was performed in Salto do Lontra’s watershed, located in Paraná’s southwestern, Brazil. Images from Google Earth, obtained in 2014, were used for a visual classification, with 8 regions of interest (ROIs). For a supervised classification Landsat-8 images were used, path/row 223/78, acquired in 02/12/2013. The classifier applied was Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) with 5 ROIs. Using such type of technologies, what is expected is that these can provide a broader view over environmental reality, allowing the recognition of different surface features and enabling a correct land management based on adequate information.

The morphometric characterization is considered an important tool in the management of river basins, and it provides relevant information to decision making by managers who are associated with the geographic divisions. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools, widespread in monitoring and spatial analysis, is characterized as a facilitator component in the search for characterization and identification of factors which influence the geomorphometric parameters of the territory. The current spread of geoprocessing and GIS in general, culminate in a wide availability of storage systems and computer programs for data processing and conversion. Based on the above, this study aimed to morphometric and rainfall characterization of the Salto do Lontra watershed, which covers the municipalities of Salto do Lontra and Nova Esperança do Sudoeste located in West Region of Paraná State, Brazil, using the software Qgis 2.14. In this regard, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used with a spatial resolution of thirty meters, provided by the National Institute for Space Research and historical precipitation data provided by the Paraná Water Institute. Through the MDE an altimetric data correction was performed obtaining a Hydrologically Consistent Digital Elevation Model (HCDEM), in which were obtained by manipulating data in a GIS environment, physical variables to determine the morphometric parameters. The results demonstrated that the Salto do Lontra watershed has a drainage area of 177.54 km² and a perimeter of 99.29 km. The compactness coefficient obtained was 2.09, the form factor 0.19 and circularity index 0.23, indicating that the basin has elongated shape and low propensity to flooding. The drainage density was 0.85 km.(km²)-1, time of concentration 535.59 min. and sinuosity index of 40.57%. In addition, the data obtained in this study indicated that the average annual precipitation was 1896.85 mm, watching orographic effect on its distribution.

A mata de Dois Irmãos é uma das poucas áreas remanescentes da Floresta Atlântica no Estado de Pernambuco. Nela estão inseridos os açudes do Meio, do Prata e Dois Irmãos que compõem a bacia hidrográfica do Prata. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a partição das chuvas em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica na Bacia do Prata em Recife, PE. Para obtenção dos dados de precipitação sob florestas, foram instalados 24 interceptômetros e selecionadas 20 árvores do estrato superior, e 10 árvores do sub-bosque foram escolhidas para obter os dados de escoamento pelo tronco. Encontraram-se perdas por interceptação de 208,3 mm, precipitação efetiva de 1.431,7 mm, precipitação interna de 1.392,4 mm, escoamento pelo tronco das árvores do estrato superior de 6,6 mm e escoamento pelo sub-bosque de 32,8 mm, correspondendo a 12,7%, 87,3%, 84,9%, 0,4% e 2%, respectivamente, do total precipitado de 1.464 mm.The Dois Irmãos forest is one of the few remaining areas of the Atlantic Forest in the State of Pernambuco. The dams of Meio, Prata and Dois Irmãos, which belong to the Prata Basin, are in it. The objective of this work was to study the rainfall partitioning in a fragment of the Atlantic forest in the Prata basin, in Recife, PE. 24 raingouges were installed in the interior of the forest to measure the throughfall and 20 trees of superior extract and 10 of the sub-forest were selected to determine the stemflow. The results showed values of loss interception of 208,3 mm, net precipitation of 1431,7 mm, throughfall of 1392,4 mm, stemflow by superior stratum of 6,6 mm and stemflow by sub-forest of 32,8 mm, corresponding to 12,7%, 87,3%, 84,9%, 0,4% and 2%, respectively.

The Fernando de Noronha archipelago is composed by 21 islands. The biggest of them, the Fernando de Noronha island, is supplied in domestic water by two reservoirs, one rain-water collecting system and another system using sea water desalinization. In addition, this island is supplied by water from six secondary artificial ponds and some wells and springs. However, during the summer drought time, the island endures a water supply reduction that endangers the touristic activities, which are the main economical local financial source. In this concern, were evaluated the quality of the water from several sources for human supplying. Some measurements were performed “in site” and laboratory physical chemical analyses as well. It could be concluded that a further reorganization of the water supply system ought to be carried out in order to avoid future problems and risk of water supply collapse in this island.

O paclobutrazol (PBZ) é um regulador de crescimento utilizado em sistemas agrícolas com o propósito de controlar o crescimento vegetativo, estimulando a capacidade reprodutiva das plantas. Esse regulador de crescimento permanece ativo no solo por muito tempo, e sua meia-vida varia com o tipo de solo e as condições climáticas, podendo afetar severamente o desenvolvimento dos cultivos subseqüentes e, por lixiviação, contaminar os aqüíferos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os mecanismos envolvidos no transporte e na sorção do PBZ em colunas, utilizando amostras de um Argissolo Amarelo eutrófico e de um Vertissolo Háplico órtico, ambos da região do Vale do Rio São Francisco. Os ensaios de deslocamento miscível do traçador (solução de KBr) e do paclobutrazol foram realizados considerando duas vazões (0,4 e 1,6 cm³ min-1) para ambos os solos. As variáveis hidrodispersivas foram obtidas pelo ajuste do modelo convecção dispersão (CDE) às curvas de eluição experimentais do KBr, e as variáveis do modelo CDE-2 sítios de sorção, às curvas de eluição experimentais do PBZ por intermédio do programa CXTFIT 2.0. O paclobutrazol foi mais facilmente transportado no Vertissolo Háplico que no Argissolo Amarelo. A taxa de recuperação foi menor para a menor vazão para ambos os solos. A quantidade de PBZ não recuperada pode ser atribuída, sobretudo, à histerese no processo de sorção irreversível. O modelo CDE a dois sítios de sorção representa adequadamente os dados experimentais das curvas de eluição do paclobutrazol. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que o paclobutrazol, utilizado em pomares com manga irrigada cujos solos são o Argissolo Amarelo e o Vertissolo Háplico, oferece risco real de contaminação das águas subterrâneas da região.Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a post-emergence plant growth regulator used in agricultural systems with the objective of vegetative control growth, thereby increasing the reproductive capacity of the plant. This growth regulator remains active in the soil for several years being detrimental to subsequent tillage and contamination of groundwater through leaching. The objective of this work was to study the mechanisms involved in the transport and sorption of PBZ in an Ultisol and a Vertisol, both of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Column breakthrough experiments were performed with a water tracer (Bromide) and with PBZ at 0.4 e 1.6 cm³.min-1 in the two soils. Hydrodispersive parameters of both soils were obtained by fitting the tracer breakthrough curves (BTC) with the convection-dispersion (CDE) model, whereas the parameters of PBZ reactive transport were obtained with the CDE-2 sorption sites model, through the CXTFIT code. PBZ presents a lower retardation factor in the Vertisol than in the Ultisol. The water flow was found to strongly affect PBZ mass balance, mainly because of sorption/desorption hysteresis, suggesting partial irreversible sorption of the chemical. The two sites model fitted well the tracer and PBZ breakthrough curves. The results showed that PBZ transport is strongly influenced by its interactions with the soil matrix through rate-limited sorption. The determined transport parameters indicate that PBZ applied to the two tropical soils cultivated with Mango presents an important leaching potential and contamination risk of the groundwater of the São Francisco Valley.

Bioindicadores, de uma maneira geral, são seres vivos de natureza diversa, vegetais ou animais, utilizados para analisar a qualidade de um determinado ambiente. A degradação ambiental do solo pela salinidade é um problema muito antigo e de extensão mundial, geralmente, mais pronunciado nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas. As plantas que se desenvolvem em áreas com elevadas concentrações de sais são chamadas de halófitas, e algumas delas são usadas na recuperar desses solos. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar três espécies de plantas resistentes ao estresse salino gerar recomendações a respeito das mesmas, disponibilizando uma indicação de espécie que possa recuperar o ambiente salinizado. Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente três espécies de plantas resistentes a salinidade Copernicia prunifera, Atriplex nummularia L. e Gossypium hirsutum L, as mesmas foram analisados por uma planilha com características que identificam um bioindicador ideal e em seguida as espécies foram avaliadas de acordo com sua fisiologia e etiologia. Embora as propriedades da espécie A. nummularia tenha se destacado por recuperar os solos salinizados a espécie Copernicia prunifera foi considerada como um bioindicador ideal. Recomendam-se ainda estudos mais aprofundados acerca desse assunto. Case study of three species of saline soil bioindicators Abstract: Bioindicators, in general, living organisms are diverse in nature, plant or animal used to assess the quality of a given environment. Environmental degradation by soil salinity is a very old problem and expanse world generally more pronounced in arid and semi-arid regions. Plants that thrive in areas with high concentrations of salts are called halophytes, and some of them are used in recovering these soils. The aim of this work is to analyze three species of plants resistant to salt stress generate recommendations regarding the same, providing an indication of species that can restore the environment salinized. Randomly selected three species of plants resistant to salinity Copernicia prunifera, Atriplex nummularia L. and Gossypium hirsutum L, they were analyzed by a spreadsheet with characteristics that identify an ideal bioindicator species were then evaluated according to their physiology and etiology. Although the properties of A. nummularia has been highlighted by the recovery of soil salinized species Copernicia prunifera was considered as an ideal biomarker. Recommend to still further studies on this subject.

This study evaluated the effects of total and dissolved organic matter produced from two swine wastewater treatment systems, a biodigester and a manure lagoon, on the adsorption, desorption, and leaching of alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) in soil. It was used the batch equilibrium method to test adsorption and desorption, and the results are presented in Freundlich isotherms. It also used disturbed soil columns to evaluate the miscible displacement of alachlor in soil treated with total and dissolved organic matter. This assay was used to monitor the concentration of alachlor in the leached material, the amount of total organic carbon, and the pH. The addition of swine wastewater promoted greater adsorption and desorption of alachlor compared with the control. The dissolved organic matter promoted less soil adsorption of alachlor compared with the total organic matter and also interacted with the alachlor and/or competed with the exchangeable cation sites in the soil, resulting in greater leaching. The total organic matter contributed to the emergence of new sorption sites in the soil column, and the solids present in the composition may have blocked pesticide passage, resulting in lower loss of alachlor due to leaching.

Fernando de Noronha é um arquipélago do Atlântico Equatorial, formado por uma ilha principal, e por mais vinte ilhotas, totalizando uma área de 26 Km2. Devido à grande demanda de água para abastecimento, tem ocorrido com freqüência limitações de abastecimento, com adoção de racionamentos. A escassez de água é um dos maiores problemas da atualidade, interferindo no desenvolvimento social e econômico de uma região. A partir da análise físico-química de amostras de poços rasos e profundos, bem como de análises microbiológicas, têm-se caracterizado a qualidade das águas disponíveis. A análise estatística dos componentes principais permitiu visualizar uma tendência à degradação da qualidade da água dos poços da Casa de Banho, Bica do Cachorro, Caieira e Chicó que apresentaram maior contaminação de: coliformes totais (> 24.196,0 NMP/100ml) e termotolerantes (> 24.196,0 – 471,0 NMP/100ml), nitrogênio total kjedhal (12 – 11,5 mg de N/L) e amoniacal (10,6 – 8,1 mg de N/L), esses valores encontram-se acima do recomendado pela Portaria N0 518/GM e o CONAMA N0 396/2008, provavelmente devido as atividades antrópicas na ilha.

ABSTRACT Solute transport parameters can be determined in miscible displacement experiments, usually performed in columns with disturbed (sieved) soil samples. Experiments with undisturbed samples are uncommon, due to the difficulty of taking undisturbed samples at the size required for these experiments. Structural alteration of the disturbed material implies modifications in the pore geometry that determines hydraulic properties, including hydraulic conductivity and retention and properties related to miscible displacement. An existing model for prediction of breakthrough curves based on retention properties was tested using material from a medium-textured Ferralsol, and alterations caused by sample disturbance were investigated. Soil water retention curves and miscible displacement parameters were determined in breakthrough experiments with nitrate salts in columns filled with undisturbed and disturbed soil samples. Data obtained from the undisturbed samples showed a higher dispersion, suggesting homogenization of pore geometry and a reduction in the representative elementary volume by the disaggregation and sieving of the soil material. The transport parameters for nitrate determined in disturbed and undisturbed samples were significantly different and the model was able to simulate the observed breakthrough curves after fitting the pore connectivity parameter.