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Climate change is shifting species distribution all around the world. Amphibians are particularly vulnerable to these environmental changes, as they are highly sensitive to fluctuations in rainfall and temperature. While previous studies have shown that climate change may increase amphibian species extinctions worldwide, few have tested how these changes may impact small-ranged species. Here, we use simple Euclidean distance methods to evaluate how changes in climatic conditions predicted for 2050 and 2070 may impact ten small-ranged amphibians of Northern Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Specifically, we focused on changes in temperature and precipitation regimes during the breeding season of all target species. Our results indicate that future climatic conditions will be less favorable for the evaluated species. Environmental conditions similar to the ones currently experienced by the species may shift to southwestern regions. Likewise, we expect favorable climatic conditions to move in altitude, but without a common trend among species. In spite of these impacts, the most favorable climatic conditions for each species will keep the same connectivity patterns as observed in the present. Taken together, these findings suggest that small-ranged amphibians of the Northern Atlantic Forest will be negatively affected by climate change, mainly by the reduction and shifts of suitable climatic conditions. Finally, our results also indicate that actions to decrease greenhouse gas emissions would reduce the impact on these small-ranged species.

This study focuses on determining how many samples are needed to effectively assess the species richness of a community. Zooplankton samples at 40 sampling sites distributed among four lakes in the floodplain of the middle Araguaia River (Central-West region of Brazil) were evaluated to determine the effect of the accumulation of collecting points by lake on species richness estimates. The results indicated the zooplankton community has high spatial heterogeneity. Thus, using a single sampling unit per lake would not be sufficient to accurately estimate their diversity (i.e. the zooplankton composition in these cases would be represented mainly by abundant species). Sampling designs that include a minimum of seven sampling sites in each lake are needed to record 70% of the total species richness. It is recommended, therefore, that researchers use a larger number of sampling sites per lake or, alternatively, that the water obtained and filtered through plankton nets is extracted from a wide area and in different lake compartments, rather than from a single site.

The insects of the order Odonata have an aquatic larval stage and land-dwelling adults. These insects play an important role in aquatic ecosystems and are excellent bioindicators. The present study was based on a scientometric analysis of the research available on the Odonata, which aimed to identify the principal trends and gaps in the database on these organisms, compiled online from databases of the Institute for Scientific Information – ISI, Scielo and journals Odonatologica and International Journal of Odonatology. A total of 2317 papers were analyzed, permitting the detection of the following tendencies: a gradual increase in the number of papers occurred over time, most of the papers had an ecological perspective, most focused primarily on the adult stage and species level, and 49 studies focused on bio-indication by examining variation in the composition of the community, fluctuating asymmetry, bioaccumulation, species richness and abundance, and odonate habitat index (OHI). The increase in the ec...

Amphibians are very diverse, widely distributed, and the most endangered class of vertebrates. As with other taxa, effective conservation of amphibians needs to be supported by detailed scientific knowledge. However, species rich and broadly distributed taxa are typically characterized by high variability in research effort. Our objective was therefore to understand which factors (ecological and cultural) have led some amphibian species to be more researched than others. We used two proxies of research effort: i) the total number of articles on Web of Science (WoS) that mention the scientific name (or synonyms) of each species, and; ii) the number of conservation science articles on WoS that mention the scientific name (or synonyms) of each species. These measures were used as dependent variables in zero hurdle regression models with the aim of identifying the most important factors driving species-level knowledge production. Well researched species (generally, and for conservation) tend to have a longer history of scientific research, come from countries with high scientific capacity, have large body size, and to be present in man-made habitats. Endangered species tend to be less researched, generally and for conservation, possibly because they are often more difficult to study: many endangered amphibians are restricted to small, fragmented and remote habitats in countries with low scientific capacity. We conclude with a discussion of how taxonomic biases in research effort on amphibians can be addressed given the limited funds available for conservation research.

Although the edge effect is a phenomenon much studied in tropical forests, the effects of edge creation in open ombrophilous forests of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil are little discussed. Plant communities with large canopy openness, including periods with partial loss of leaves may respond differently to the impacts of edge formation because species may be more light-tolerant. The matrix can have a direct influence on the edge effect. Most studies available examine the consequences of the interface between forest and agricultural areas or pasturelands. However, the effects of the creation of a water body have been little studied, despite being frequent in the last century. In this study, we analyze the edge effect in two faces of a fragment, the first edge in contact with sugarcane crop, and the second with a lake formed by a dam. To neutralize the effect of selective logging and avoid counting species established before the edge formation, we analyzed the composition and density of the juvenile layer (≤ 1m). The results pointed out that the construction of a dam (water body) has caused an edge effect in the forest fragment, which seems to be not relevant in the area adjacent to sugarcane cultivation., Si bien el efecto de borde es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado en bosques tropicales, los efectos de la creación de bordes en bosques abiertos ombrófilos del bosque atlántico del noreste de Brasil han sido poco discutido. Comunidades vegetales con una gran apertura de copa, incluyendo periodos con pérdida parcial de hojas pueden responder de manera diferenciada a los impactos de la formación de bordes ya que las especies pueden ser más tolerantes a la luz. La matriz puede tener una influencia directa sobre el efecto de borde. La mayoría de los estudios disponibles examinan las consecuencias de la interface entre el bosque y las áreas agrícolas o praderas. Sin embargo, los efectos de la creación de un cuerpo de agua han sido poco estudiados a pesar de ser frecuentes en el último siglo. En este estudio se analiza el efecto de borde en dos lados de un fragmento, el primer borde en contacto con un cultivo de caña y el segundo con un lago formado por una represa. Para neutralizar el efecto de madereo selectivo y evitar el conteo de especies establecidas antes de la formación del borde, se analiza la composición y densidad de la capa juvenil (≤ 1m). Los resultados indican que la construcción de una represa (cuerpo de agua) ha causado un efecto de borde en el fragmento de bosque, que parece no ser relevante en el área adyacente al cultivo de caña.

Amphisbaena nigricauda Gans, 1966 is a small, poorly known amphisbaenid endemic to the restinga of the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil. We analyze 178 specimens collected in Vitória municipality, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, to investigate whether this species show sexual dimorphism in pre-cloacal pores and in morphological characters. Sex was determined by a ventral incision and direct inspection of gonads. A PCA analysis was performed to generate a general body size measurement. A T test and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to assess whether this species show sexual dimorphism on five morphometric and five meristic characters, respectively. Sex could not be determined in 36 specimens because they were mutilated in the posterior portion of their bodies. The diagnosis of the species is redefined based on this sample size: the smallest number of body annuli changes from 222 to 192, the number of dorsal and ventral segments in an annulus in the middle of the body changes to 9-11/13-16 (instead of 10/16), and the autotomic tail annulus lies between annulus 7-10 (instead of 6-9). The number of tail annuli remained within the known range of variation of the species (19-24). None of the 80 females analyzed showed pre-cloacal pores, whereas within males 59 out of 62 specimens displayed four and two specimens displayed five pre-cloacal pores. A single male did not possess pre-cloacal pores, but showed irregular scales on its cloacal region. Sex-based difference based on presence or absence of pre-cloacal pores as well as males with wider head was seen in other Neotropical amphisbaenids. However, a pattern of body size differences between males and females has not been identified so far in the few amphisbaenid species studied in this regard. Further studies on this taxonomic group are still needed to elucidate the existence of general patterns of sexual dimorphism and to identify the selective pressures driving these patterns. Amphisbaena nigricauda Gans, 1966 é uma pequena anfisbênia pouco conhecida endêmica da restinga dos estados do Espírito Santo e Bahia, Brasil. Analisamos 178 indivíduos coletados no município de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, para verificar se esta espécie apresenta dimorfismo sexual nos poros précloacais e em caracteres morfológicos. O sexo foi determinado por uma incisão ventral e inspeção direta das gônadas. Uma análise de PCA foi realizada para gerar uma medida geral do tamanho do corpo. O test-T e o teste de Mann-Whitney não paramétrico foram utilizados para avaliar se esta espécie apresenta dimorfismo sexual em cinco caracteres morfométricos e cinco merísticos, respectivamente. O sexo não pode ser determinado em 36 indivíduos porque eles estavam mutilados na parte posterior do corpo. O diagnóstico da espécie é redefinido com base nesta amostra: o menor número de anéis corporais alterou de 222 para 192, o número de segmentos dorsal e ventral em um anel no meio do corpo mudou de 9-11/13-16 (ao invés de 10/16), e o anel autotômico na cauda encontra-se entre 7-10 (ao invés de 6-9). O número de anéis caudais permaneceu dentro do intervalo de variação conhecida para a espécie (19-24). Nenhuma das 80 fêmeas analisadas apresentou poros pré-cloacais, enquanto que, dentro os 62 machos, 59 apresentaram quatro e dois indivíduos cinco poros pré-cloacais. Um único macho não tinha poros pré-cloacais, mas apresentava escamas irregulares em sua região cloacal. Diferença sexual quanto à presença ou ausência de poros pré-cloacais, assim como machos apresentando cabeças mais largas que a fêmeas, foi observada em outros anfisbenídeos neotropicais. No entanto, um padrão de diferenças de tamanho corporal entre machos e fêmeas não tinha sido identificado até agora nas poucas espécies de anfisbênias estudadas. Outros estudos com este grupo taxonômico ainda são necessários para elucidar a existência de padrões gerais de dimorfismo sexual e identificar as pressões seletivas que resultam estes padrões.

Different biological communities may exhibit similar spatial and/or temporal distributional patterns, a property termed community concordance. This study was conducted in a tropical irrigation system (Araguaia River floodplain) and aimed to quantify concordance levels between three aquatic communities (zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and aquatic macrophytes), and between these communities and a set of environmental predictors. To accomplish these goals, we used ordination techniques and Procrustean analysis. There were no relationships between the communities, and only zooplankton community patterns were significantly correlated with environmental predictors. These results indicate that biological surrogacy can be a flawed approach at small spatial scales and highlight the importance of the zooplankton community as a reliable ecological indicator in this type of system. © 2014 Associacao Brasileira de Ciencia Ecologica e Conservacao. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

A pardela-de-asa-larga (Puffinus lherminieri Lesson 1839) é uma ave marinha tropical que ocorre entre o sul do Canadá e a costa sudeste do Brasil. Puffinus lherminieri é considerado Criticamente Ameaçado na lista vermelha do Brasil principalmente porque ocorre somente em duas localidades, ambas contendo pequenas populações. Porém, muitas ilhas ao longo da costa Brasileira são pouco conhecidas e a descoberta de novas colônias pode ser significativa para a conservação desta espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a distribuição geográfica potencial da pardela-de-asa-larga no Brasil, baseada em modelagem de nicho ecológico (MNE) usando o algorítimo Maxent com camadas obtidas do banco de dados ambientais AquaMaps. A MNE foi baseada em 37 registros de áreas de reprodução nas Américas do Norte e Sul. O modelo mostrou uma ampla distribuição potencial, cobrindo a maior parte da costa Atlântica do Brasil e EUA. Quando filtrada para as ilhas ao longo da costa Brasileira o modelo indicou altos níveis de adequação ambiental próximo aos estados de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo e Bahia. Porém, P. lherminieri prefere ilhas em ambientes com água quente e salina. Então, baseado na influência das correntes que atuam na costa Brasileira nós podemos inferir que colônias são mais prováveis de ocorrer em ilhas da costa da Bahia, Espírito Santo e extremo norte do Rio de Janeiro. Estas devem ser intensamente pesquisadas enquanto as ilhas ao sul de Cabo Frio devem ser descartadas. A existência de novas populações pode ter profundos efeitos no estado de conservação desta ave marinha enigmática e raramente vista. Audubon's Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri Lesson 1839) is a tropical seabird occurring mainly between southern Canada and the southeast coast of Brazil. Puffinus lherminieri is considered Critically Endangered on the Brazilian Red List because it only occurs in two known localities, both of which contain very small populations. However, many offshore islands along the Brazilian coast are poorly known and the discovery of new colonies would be of considerable significance for the conservation of this species. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential geographic distribution of Audubon's Shearwater in Brazil, based on ecological niche model (ENM) using Maxent algorithm with layers obtained from AquaMaps environmental dataset. The ENM was based on 37 records for reproduction areas in North and South America. The model yielded a very broad potential distribution, covering most of the Atlantic coast ranging from Brazil to the US. When filtered for islands along the Brazilian coast, the model indicates higher levels of environmental suitability near the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia. However, P. lherminieri prefers islands in environments with warm saline water. Thus, based on the influence of currents that act on the Brazilian coast we can infer undiscovered colonies are most likely to occur on islands on coast of Bahia, Espírito Santo and extreme north of the Rio de Janeiro. These should be intensively surveyed while the islands south of Cabo Frio should be discarded. The existence of new populations would have profound effects on the conservation status of this enigmatic and rarely seen seabird.

The Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE) in northeastern Brazil is highly fragmented and degraded. Despite its potential conservation importance the bird fauna in this area is still relatively unknown and there are many remnant fragments that have not been systematically surveyed. Here, we report the results of bird surveys in five forest fragments (one pioneer, two ombrophilous and two seasonal). In total, 162 taxa were recorded, 12 of which are endemic to the PCE. The frequency of endangered species was lower than what has been reported in studies from the same area and most of the taxa considered to be at risk of extinction were sub-species of uncertain taxonomic validity. The comparatively low number of endemic/threatened species may be due to the small size of the fragments in the present study - a consequence of the high levels of habitat loss in this region. Analysis of species richness patterns indicates that ombrophilous forest fragments are acting as refuges for those bird species that are most sensitive to environmental degradation. O Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco (PCE), a área de Floresta Atlântica ao norte do rio São Francisco no nordeste do Brasil é altamente fragmentado e degradado. Apesar de sua importância nacional e global, a avifauna desta área é relativamente pouco estudada e há muitos fragmentos remanescentes que não foram sistematicamente pesquisados. Aqui, nós relatamos os resultados de pesquisas com a avifauna de cinco fragmentos florestais (um de floresta pioneira, dois de floresta ombrófila e dois de floresta sazonal). No total, 162 taxa foram registrados, 12 dos quais são endêmicos do PCE. No geral a frequência de espécies ameaçadas foi mais baixa do que em estudos similares e a maioria dos taxa considerados em risco de extinção foram subespécies de validade taxonômica incerta. Os principais fatores desse contraste podem ser o tamanho relativamente pequeno dos fragmentos do presente estudo e o elevado nível de fragmentação e degradação do habitat. A análise do padrão de riqueza de espécies pode indicar que os fragmentos de floresta ombrófila estão atuando como refúgio importante para espécies de aves que são sensíveis à degradação ambiental.