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El verano de 2022 se distinguió por ser una de las peores temporadas de incendios en la Europa Mediterránea debido a las repetidas olas de calor con temperaturas que superaron los 40ºC, resultando en incendios de gran magnitud, especialmente en España, donde se registraron incendios superiores a las 30.000 ha. En Aragón, el año 2022 fue también excepcional con 20.260 ha quemadas, ocho veces la media anual de 2005-2021, ocurriendo dos de los mayores incendios dentro del registro con datos. Históricamente, los grandes incendios en Aragón son principalmente de origen natural; sin embargo, desde 2010 se aprecia un cambio en las causas hacia grandes incendios más vinculados con actividades antrópicas, comportamiento que se acentúa en 2022. La temporada de incendios de 2022 en Aragón ha subrayado la necesidad de una mejor comprensión del riesgo de incendio y sus factores subyacentes, en línea con la demanda por parte de la comunidad científica de una gestión más eficiente del combustible y el territorio para afrontar futuros episodios de incendios extremos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the hygroscopic behavior and physical properties of powders from bacuri pulp freeze-dried with different drying adjuvants. Three samples were prepared by adding the maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and albumin adjuvants, at a concentration of 20% (w/w), to the pulp. The powders were analyzed for moisture content, hygroscopicity, and particle morphology. The adsorption isotherms were obtained using the models of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggehneim-Anderson-de Bôer (GAB), Henderson, and Oswin at the temperatures of 25 and 40ºC. Moisture contents ranged from 2.12 to 2.90%, and the lowest value was observed for the powder containing albumin. Hygroscopicity varied from 3.64 to 6.02%, with the lowest value for the powder containing maltodextrin. The powder particles showed non-spherical and irregular shapes, being more agglomerated in the powder with maltodextrin. For the isotherm, the best fit was obtained with the BET model and a type-III behavior was observed, which is typical of foods rich in soluble sugars. Therefore, the adjuvants contribute to the physicochemical properties of the powders, making them less hygroscopic and with irregular-shaped particles.

Abstract The agricultural sector is one of the most polluting economic activities, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Brazil is one of the largest agricultural producers worldwide and plays a major role in reducing the environmental impact of this sector. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of the agricultural sector, with special attention to production, prices, and trade openness, on the short- and long-term GHGs emissions of Brazilian agriculture. Employing data from 1974 to 2019, we tested the cointegration of variables and compared the determinants of GHG emissions using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods. Our results show a long-term equilibrium trend for Brazilian agricultural GHGs emissions, a result that correlates with emerging environmental compliance, and society demands the adoption of sustainable technologies, processes, and policies. In the short run, both cattle herds and Agricultural Added Value to GDP per capita showed an expected positive and significant contribution to GHGs emissions, while agricultural crop area demonstrated an inverse relationship. The trade openness index confirmed that foreign trade plays an important role in reducing GHGs emissions. The price index is not significant in our models. Both the private and public sectors have important roles in sustainable agriculture, especially in increasing system efficiency through the adoption of management and technologies that reduce GHG emissions levels.

De acordo com a concepção socioconstrutivista, uma compreensão da ciência deve levar em conta não apenas a própria ciência, mas também uma compreensão da sociedade. Contemporaneamente, isto se torna mais claro quando se leva em conta exemplos reais, tal como o problema da tragédia (futura ou já em andamento) do aquecimento global. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que situações como a do aquecimento global não são compreendidas apenas a partir da ciência ou da sociedade isoladamente, senão que por meio da relação entre ambas.

Embora grande parte da produção cacaueira brasileira seja voltada para o mer-cado interno, é o comércio internacional que permite a maior agregação de valor ao produto e elevação de renda na cadeia produtiva. Este estudo teve como obje-tivo analisar os efeitos de curto e longo prazo do preço e da produção de cacau sobre as exportações brasileiras do produto. Com dados entre 1994 e 2022, foi testada a existência de cointegração pelo método de Johansen entre as variáveis exportação, preço e produção de cacau, para então estimar um modelo de vetor de correção de erros (Vector Error Correction Model – VECM). Os resultados confirmaram a existência de ao menos um vetor de cointegração. Notou-se que o preço, a produção e a própria exportação do ano anterior impactam positivamen-te a exportação contemporânea. Choques e desvios no mercado tendem a ser corrigidos no longo prazo a uma taxa de 29,1% ao ano. Considerando o tempo necessário de ajuste, mudanças no mercado externo podem influenciar a dispo-nibilidade interna, portanto a valorização da cadeia produtiva e a melhoria dos sistemas de produção são importantes para o setor produtivo cacaueiro.

Apesar de o socioconstrutivismo defender que tanto os critérios epistemológicos quanto os fatores sociocomunitários devem ser levados em consideração na explicação de uma realização científica, os críticos desta concepção insistem na ideia de que os socioconstrutivistas atribuem um papel exclusivo aos fatores sociocomunitários e com isso os fatos científicos deixam de ser uma representação da natureza e se tornam uma mera construção social. O objetivo deste artigo é argumentar, por meio de uma discussão do conceito de construção para os socioconstrutivistas (a partir dos conceitos de heterogeneidade de Isabelle Stengers e de seleção de Karin-Knorr Cetina), não no sentido de uma defesa do socioconstrutivismo, mas de sua plausibilidade enquanto concepção de ciência a partir de um esclarecimento do conceito de construção: uma realização científica não é inevitável, senão que depende de escolhas epistemológicas e de circunstâncias sociais no interior das comunidades científicas.

Protecting private data in smart homes, a popular Internet-of-Things (IoT) application, remains a significant data security and privacy challenge due to the large-scale development and distributed nature of IoT networks. Recently, smart healthcare has leveraged smart home systems, thereby compounding security concerns in terms of the confidentiality of sensitive and private data and by extension the privacy of the data owner. However, proof-of-authority (PoA)-based blockchain distributed ledger technology (DLT) has emerged as a promising solution for protecting private data from indiscriminate use and thereby preserving the privacy of individuals residing in IoT-enabled smart homes. This review elicits some concerns, issues, and problems that have hindered the adoption of blockchain and IoT (BCoT) in some domains and suggests requisite solutions using the aging-in-place scenario. Implementation issues with BCoT were examined as well as the combined challenges BCoT can pose when utilised for security gains. The study discusses recent findings, opportunities, and barriers, and provides recommendations that could facilitate the continuous growth of blockchain applications in healthcare. Lastly, the study explored the potential of using a PoA-based permission blockchain with an applicable consent-based privacy model for decision-making in the information disclosure process, including the use of publisher-subscriber contracts for fine-grained access control to ensure secure data processing and sharing, as well as ethical trust in personal information disclosure, as a solution direction. The proposed authorisation framework could guarantee data ownership, conditional access management, scalable and tamper-proof data storage, and a more resilient system against threat models such as interception and insider attacks.

ABSTRACT High-sugar dehydrated foods have strong hygroscopicity, which can be avoided by using drying aids. One way to assess the hygroscopic behavior is through sorption isotherms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of maltodextrin concentration on sorption isotherms of powdered cajá-manga pulp in spray-dryer, lyophilization and fluidized bed spray drying processes. The dryings were carried out in a spray-dryer, lyophilizer and fluidized bed, with 10%, 20% and 30% of maltodextrin. Adsorption isotherms were determined by the static gravimetric method using salt solutions for a relative humidity range of 21% to 90%. The GAB, BET, Henderson, and Oswin models were adequate to the experimental data. The relative deviation between the experimental values and the estimated values was calculated for each curve, in order to assess which equation best fit the experimental data. The mean relative error value of less than 10% was considered one of the criteria for selecting the models. The BET (A), BET (B) and GAB (C) models had the lowest error means, 3.35%, 3.35% and 5.28%, for cajá-manga powders obtained by spray-dryer, lyophilization and fluidized bed spray drying processes, respectively, and coefficients of determination above 0.99. It is concluded that the type of drying process did not influence the behavior of the adsorption isotherms, and that increases in maltodextrin concentration and temperature are significant in reducing equilibrium moisture contents.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the drying adjuvants maltodextrin, gum Arabic and albumin on the physical and physicochemical characteristics of freeze-dried bacuri pulp powder. The adjuvants were added to the pulp at a concentration of 20% (w/w), giving three samples that were dehydrated in a freeze-dryer. The samples were analysed for moisture content, colour using the CIELab scale, phenolic compounds, hygroscopicity, particle morphology and density. The fluidity of the powders was evaluated using the Carr index and Hausner ratio. The moisture ranged from 2.33% to 2.76%, the powder containing albumin having the lowest moisture content (p < 0.05). A difference (p < 0.05) was seen in the colour parameters of the samples, except for luminosity in the samples containing maltodextrin or albumin. The level of phenolic compounds ranged from 183.22 to 386.90 mg GAE/100 g of solids, with the sample containing albumin again showing the lowest value (p < 0.05). The hygroscopicity of the powders ranged from 6.22% to 6.92%, the densities ranged from 287.9 to 433.1 kg/m3, and the wall friction angle from 12.2° to 13.55°. The Carr index and Hausner ratio varied from 23.21% to 25.80% and 1.30 to 1.34, respectively. The bacuri pulp powder was classified as having acceptable fluidity regardless of the adjuvant; however, the adjuvants had an effect on particle morphology and on the composition of the powder.

Uma importante categoria filosófica conceitual para a compreensão de uma produção científica é a noção de autoridade cognitiva; autoridades atuam como agentes causais de certas produções científicas. A historiografia costuma dar muita atenção a influências que redundam em casos de sucesso científico. No entanto, há um caso na história da biologia em que o uso de autoridades cognitivas resultou em um fracasso teórico: a derrota de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) para o geólogo suíço Louis Agassiz, (1807-1873) na controvérsia sobre as “estradas paralelas de Glen Roy”, um fenômeno geológico natural que se tornou um problema científico. Darwin, em suas investigações, empregou diversas autoridades cognitivas como por exemplo, William Whewell (1794-1866) e Charles Lyell (1797-1875) e considerou várias hipóteses, mas não a de Agassiz, já disponível na literatura, fazendo uso do “princípio da exclusão”. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que Darwin estava justificado em proceder como procedeu, devido exatamente às suas fontes, autoridades impecáveis em ciência.

Abstract Climate teleconnections (CT) remotely influence weather conditions in many regions on Earth, entailing changes in primary drivers of fire activity such as vegetation biomass accumulation and moisture. We reveal significant relationships between the main global CTs and burned area that vary across and within continents and biomes according to both synchronous and lagged signals, and marked regional patterns. Overall, CTs modulate 52.9% of global burned area, the Tropical North Atlantic mode being the most relevant CT. Here, we summarized the CT-fire relationships into a set of six global CT domains that are discussed by continent, considering the underlying mechanisms relating weather patterns and vegetation types with burned area across the different world’s biomes. Our findings highlight the regional CT-fire relationships worldwide, aiming to further support fire management and policy-making.

O argumento da abdução de Charles Peirce, ou raciocínio abdutivo, frequentemente foi identificado na literatura de Filosofia da Ciência com o argumento da inferência da melhor explicação (IBE) de Gilbert Harman. Essa identificação, embora muito comum, foi esclarecida como um equívoco, visto que enquanto a abdução descreve um processo gerativo de teorias, a IBE de Harman trata de um processo seletivo entre alternativas teóricas rivais. Todavia, Peter Lipton, buscando desenvolver IBE, apresentou uma estrutura muito similar à abdução peirciana com a finalidade de oferecer um modelo capaz de descrever tanto os momentos de geração, quanto de seleção de teorias. O objetivo deste artigo é o de mostrar que as duas diferentes concepções de IBE (a de Harman e de Lipton) implicam diferentes concepções sobre a própria noção de aceitação: enquanto Harman deixa a aceitação para uma etapa avaliatória final, Lipton coloca a aceitação no interior do processo de geração de uma produção científica.

Carbonate rocks are important for the petroleum industry, as they contribute significantly to hydrocarbon reserves, although their analysis is complex due to the high cost of core sampling and their high heterogeneity; for this, synthetic rocks aim to provide relatively homogeneous samples with analogous characteristics to natural rocks. In this research, synthetic carbonate rocks were produced by mixing a fixed ratio between limestone powder, obtained from limestone mining waste, and epoxy resin as a cementing material, using compaction energy for consolidation. The work aimed to produce homogeneous samples with high strength, reproducing the intergranular pore system for future applications in rock–fluid interaction analysis. The characteristics and structure of the samples were investigated through X-ray computed microtomography, petrographic images, petrophysical, chemical and geomechanical tests. Results showed a direct increasing relationship between porosity and permeability and a tendency for mechanical strength (UCS) to decrease with increasing porosity. When compared with the natural carbonate rocks, these presented similarities in their mechanical properties and petrophysical measurements, showing that the methodology can be considered as an alternative for the obtention of a realistic material that can be used for future experiments regarding rock mechanics and rock–fluid interaction for prediction of carbonate rocks’ behavior.

Este artigo é um relato/registro do processo de um improvável encontro com a ancestralidade surgido durante a realização de oficinas de cerâmicas realizadas em Cambé, no Paraná, no ano de 2021. As ações da oficina desencadearam uma série de reflexões sobre minha própria ancestralidade. Assim, buscando responder a essas inquietações, apoiei-me em dois autores que pensam e refletem sobre a memória, os quais: Michael Pollak e Achille Mbembe. O primeiro, contribui com sua discussão sobre os conceitos de “memórias subterrâneas”e “memória herdada”. O segundo, por sua vez, contrapõe à ideia de memória subterrânea e oficial, concebendo a ideia de que a potência da memória não está em narrar a história fidedigna, mas está no seu movimento de fabulação. Também são citados outros teóricos que contribuem para a discussão, bem como artistas, que de uma maneira e outra, abordam esses questionamentos em suas obras.

RESUMO O argumento da inferência da melhor explicação estabelece que, dado um fenômeno a ser explicado, várias hipóteses rivalizam para oferecer essa explicação, e a hipótese que melhor explicar o fenômeno fornece boas razões para a crença em sua verdade e, portanto, para a aceitação dessa hipótese. O argumento pressupõe que essas hipóteses rivais compartilham o mesmo fenômeno a ser explicado. Neste artigo, é argumentado que, em alguns episódios científicos, cientistas com hipóteses diferentes, mesmo que compartilhem o fenômeno a ser explicado, possuem objetivos diferentes quanto ao tratamento do fenômeno; isso, por sua vez, geraria um problema para a estrutura do argumento, pois a colocação de objetivos diferentes para o tratamento de um fenômeno teria como consequência um direcionamento axiológico por parte dos cientistas, direcionamento este não contido na estrutura do argumento. Além disso, o direcionamento axiológico pode também se revelar decisivo para a questão da aceitação de uma hipótese, situação esta não prevista no argumento da inferência da melhor explicação. O objetivo deste artigo é o de defender, por meio da concepção de “programas de pesquisa” de Imre Lakatos, e por meio de um estudo de caso – a aceitação do modelo da dupla hélice do DNA –, a ideia de que a diferença axiológica pode se revelar fundamental para a aceitação de uma hipótese em detrimento de outras hipóteses rivais.

Abstract Wildland fire is expected to increase in response to global warming, yet little is known about future changes to fire regimes in Europe. Here, we developed a pyrogeography based on statistical fire models to better understand how global warming reshapes fire regimes across the continent. We identified five large‐scale pyroregions with different levels of area burned, fire frequency, intensity, length of fire period, size distribution, and seasonality. All other things being equal, global warming was found to alter the distribution of these pyroregions, with an expansion of the most fire prone pyroregions ranging respectively from 50% to 130% under 2° and 4°C global warming scenarios. Our estimates indicate a strong amplification of fire across parts of southern Europe and a subsequent shift toward new fire regimes, implying substantial socio‐ecological impacts in the absence of mitigation or adaptation measures.

Resenha do livro VEIGA, Rychelmy Imbiriba. Um menino da Bahia: em busca de Pai Procópio de Ogunjá. 2ª ed. Salvador: Vento Leste, 2021. 148 p.

IntroductionThe global burden of multi-morbidity has become a major public health challenge due to the multi stakeholder action required to its prevention and control. The Social Determinants of Health approach is the basis for the establishment of health as a cross-cutting element of public policies toward enhanced and more efficient decision making for prevention and management.ObjectiveTo identify spatially varying relationships between the multi-morbidity of hypertension and diabetes and the sociodemographic settings (2015–2019) in Aragon (a mediterranean region of Northeastern Spain) from an ecological perspective.Materials and methodsFirst, we compiled data on the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and sociodemographic variables to build a spatial geodatabase. Then, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to derive regression variables, i.e., aggregating prevalence rates into a multi-morbidity component (stratified by sex) and sociodemographic covariate into a reduced but meaningful number of factors. Finally, we applied Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and cartographic design techniques to investigate the spatial variability of the relationships between multi-morbidity and sociodemographic variables.ResultsThe GWR models revealed spatial explicit relationships with large heterogeneity. The sociodemographic environment participates in the explanation of the spatial behavior of multi-morbidity, reaching maximum local explained variance (R2) of 0.76 in men and 0.91 in women. The spatial gradient in the strength of the observed relationships was sharper in models addressing men’s prevalence, while women’s models attained more consistent and higher explanatory performance.ConclusionModeling the prevalence of chronic diseases using GWR enables to identify specific areas in which the sociodemographic environment is explicitly manifested as a driving factor of multi-morbidity. This is step forward in supporting decision making as it highlights multi-scale contexts of vulnerability, hence allowing specific action suitable to the setting to be taken.

De modo a explicar o sucesso das realizações científicas, as abordagens tradicionais em filosofia da ciência empregam critérios epistemológicos; abordagens socioconstrutivistas, a) também utilizam critérios epistemológicos, porém o fazem sem o rigor das abordagens tradicionais, b) quando empregam conceitos socioconstrutivistas, eles não são tão bem definidos quanto os critérios epistemológicos, e c) investem muito mais em narrativas do que propriamente em reconstruções conceituais. Temos assim portanto uma diferença metodológica entre as abordagens tradicionais e o socioconstrutivismo., diferença essa que será o objeto central deste artigo. O conceito central que perpassa o artigo é o de que, embora as narrativas socioconstrutivistas sejam formas legítimas de se explicar o sucesso da ciência, elas possuem algumas limitações.

The aim of this study was to produce powders from the phenolic extract of the cashew by-product using maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents to preserve these bioactive compounds and their antioxidative activity. Extraction was assisted by an ultrasound bath to increase the release of the bioactive compounds, resulting in the hydroalcoholic extract from cashew bagasse. The powders were physically and morphologically characterized, and their total phenolics, antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility were evaluated. All parameters were analyzed by chemometrics. In addition, UPLC-HRMS analysis was used to evaluate the phenolic profile of the extracts, revealing that the powders were able to protect some of the original compounds of the extract, such as catechin, the myricetin fraction and quercetin. The powders showed high total phenolic retention capacity, especially maltodextrin (2893.34 ± 20.18 mg GAE/100 g (DW)), which was the encapsulant that preserved the highest content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity after bioaccessibility in comparison to the unencapsulated extract. The powders showed low water activity (60 %) and low hygroscopicity (

Abstract The characteristics of milk are controlled by several genes, with emphasis on the four genes from casein, CSN1S1; CSN1S2; CSN2 and CSN3, which are responsible encoding of fractions the milk protein. The study of genetic variants in these genes, seek to investigate alleles, insertions or deletions, that can directly reflect on productive characteristics, indicating differences in milk quality, composition and yield. The CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes were analyzed in lactating Murrah buffaloes using nucleotide sequencing. An SNP was found in the amplified fragment of the CSN1S1 gene, located in nucleotide number 2,123 of the promoter region in position nt-258 (A/G). As for the CSN3 gene, two SNPs of exon number 4 were identified in codons 33 (ACC/ATC) and 34 (ACC/ACT) of the analyzed fragment. This study contributes to important associations between genetic variants and the desired characteristics of milk and its derivatives in future studies, because the variants found may be associated with the quality of milk, enabling genetic selection to be assisted by molecular markers, indicating a major advance that makes it possible to select animals early.

Canopy height is an excellent indicator of forest productivity, biodiversity and other ecosystem functions. Yet, we know little about how elevation drives canopy height in mountain areas. Here we take advantage of an ambitious airborne LiDAR flight plan to assess the relationship between elevation and maximum forest canopy height, and discuss its implications for the monitoring of mountain forests’ responses to climate change. We characterized vegetation structure using Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data provided by the Spanish Geographic Institute. For each ALS return within forested areas, we calculated the maximum canopy height in a 20 × 20 m grid, and then added information on potential drivers of maximum canopy height, including ground elevation, terrain slope and aspect, soil characteristics, and continentality. We observed a strong, negative, piece-wise response of maximum canopy height to increasing elevation, with a well-defined breakpoint (at 1623 ± 5 m) that sets the beginning of the relationship between both variables. Above this point, the maximum canopy height decreased at a rate of 1.7 m per each 100 m gain in elevation. Elevation alone explained 63% of the variance in maximum canopy height, much more than any other tested variable. We observed species- and aspect-specific effects of elevation on maximum canopy height that match previous local studies, suggesting common patterns across mountain ranges. Our study is the first regional analysis of the relationship between elevation and maximum canopy height at such spatial resolution. The tree-height decline breakpoint holds an intrinsic potential to monitor mountain forests, and can thus serve as a robust indicator to appraise the effects of climate change, and address fundamental questions about how tree development varies along elevation gradients at regional or global scales.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a trajetória de carreira de profissionais com nível de formação pós-graduação stricto sensu e com vínculo empregatício na indústria farmacêutica. A pesquisa adotou uma orientação qualitativa, baseada na técnica de análise de conteúdo, sendo os dados obtidos via preenchimento de questionários eletrônicos. Como resultado, foi observada uma tendência de mudança na visão sobre profissionais com titulação nível de pós-graduação stricto sensu, valorizando e incentivando sua formação continuada. Constatou-se que a busca pela pós-graduação é motivada majoritariamente por uma decisão individual, e não de uma decisão conjunta entre discente, organização de ensino e iniciativa privada.

Referência ao texto comentado: Borge, Bruno. ¿Fue lakatos un realista epistémico?: el rol de la verdad en la metodología de los programas de investigación científica. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, vol. 43, Número Especial, p. 47 –72, 2020.

O artigo apresenta e discute quatro objeções que têm sido direcionadas ao socioconstrutivismo, enquanto concepção de ciência: i) sua impossibilidade teórica; ii) sua implausibilidade teórica; iii) sua irrelevância; iv) sua indesejabilidade. O artigo sustenta a inadequação das quatro objeções, sugere a importância do socioconstrutivismo, mas defende que essa posição não é nem a única nem a melhor, para nossa compreensão da ciência, porém, apenas mais uma, dentre tantas contribuições filosóficas para essa compreensão.

La infección del cóndilo mandibular, artritis séptica, es una enfermedad caracterizada por dolor, fiebre, edema y disminución funcional de la articulación temporomandibular. Predomina en hombres adultos y su etiología incluye distintos factores: enfermedades sistémicas, autoinmunes, trauma local y diseminación de infecciones en la región de cabeza y cuello. Se presenta un caso clínico de artritis séptica en articulación temporomandibular como complicación de una celulitis facial infecciosa. El tratamiento consistió en antibioterapia y artrocentesis seriadas con el objetivo de realizar un aseo intraarticular, acompañado de la movilización temprana de la articulación, idealmente con el apoyo de un equipo de kinesiología. Además, son muy importantes los controles periódicos y de larga data para poder obtener un mejor resultado clínico en el paciente, controlar en el largo plazo, minimizando los riesgos de presentar disminución en la dinámica mandibular y/o anquilosis de la articulación.

IntroductionConsidering health as a cross-cutting element of all public policies leads to rethinking its interactions with the environment in which people live. The collection of large volumes of data by public administrations offers the opportunity to monitor and analyze the possible associations between health and territory. The increase in the incidence and prevalence of mental health diseases, particularly depression, justifies the need to develop studies that seek to identify links with the socioeconomic and environmental setting.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explain the behavior of the depression in a mediterranean region of Northeastern Spain from an ecological and diachronic perspective.MethodsWe conducted a correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify explanatory factors of the prevalence of depression in 2010 and 2020 and in the variation rate. Potential explanatory factors are related to the socioeconomic status and to the territorial development level.ResultsThe regression models retained both socioeconomic and territorial development variables as predictors of the prevalence in both years and in the variation rate. Rural areas seem to play a protective role against the prevalence.ConclusionIt is under the territorial prism that epidemiological studies could offer useful guidelines for proactive decision-making. The integration of data on diseases and territory must be considered when developing policies for the creation of healthier environments and for directing health services with more specific resources to where they may be needed.

O artigo apresenta os modelos da inferência da melhor explicação de Peter Lipton e da inferência da única explicação de Alexander Bird, mostrando que a diferença entre ambos é, em um primeiro momento, meramente semântica, mas, no desenvolvimento da discussão, revela sua origem nas diferentes fontes filosóficas utilizadas por ambos os autores.

ABSTRACT Mixing acerola pulp with whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, led to this study, whose aim was the development of a powdered beverage mix of acerola pulp, whey and maltodextrin (DE20). To determine the proportions of the mixture, a simplex-centroid mixture design was used. Different proportions of the mixture were dehydrated in a spray dryer at 175 °C. The results were evaluated in relation to hygroscopicity, moisture and ascorbic acid. Higher proportions of whey and pulp increased hygroscopicity and moisture, while maltodextrin reduced these parameters. An increase in pulp content raised the levels of ascorbic acid. The proportions (m m-1) of 50% acerola pulp, 25% whey and 25% maltodextrin resulted in significantly lower hygroscopicity (8.25 g 100 g-1) and moisture (1.66%), and appreciable levels of ascorbic acid (1492.49 g 100 g-1). The results indicated that the powder obtained shows good stability after 75 days of storage, with 9.20%, 1.79% and 1146.13 g 100 g-1 of hygroscopicity, moisture and ascorbic acid respectively.

Abstract Given the growing use of alternative sources of protein, studies on the commercial viability of amazonians wild species, based on the yield of their carcass, are still scarce in the literature. To evaluate yields of carcass and commercial cuts of caiman meat (Caiman crocodilus yacare), according to sex and weight categories, besides analyzing their revenue. Thirty animals in termination phase were selected, separated by sex and weighed. The cuts analyzed was of 59.7% in relation to total live weight, and of 70.7% in relation to the carcass. Regarding the yields of the cuts, the average weight difference in detriment to the sex of the animals was minimal, however, in the weight categories, animals classified as intermediate and heavy (5.9–9.1 kg) resulted in higher cut weights (p < 0.01) and consequently in revenue for most of the meat cuts (66.7%), especially for tail, back, and sirloin fillets. It can be concluded that the carcass yield of caiman is high, and that heavy animals resulted in higher yields of prime cuts, emphasizing the need to carry out studies that prioritize the cost/benefit ratio taking into account the age and weight of the animals.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of maltodextrin addition on the flow properties of cocoa pulp powder obtained by spray and freeze drying. Cocoa pulp samples received 15% and 30% (m m-1) maltodextrin DE20. Two drying methods were used, spray and freeze drying. Powder morphology was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wall friction angle, bulk density and tapped density were determined. Carr index (CI), Hausner ratio (HR) and flow index (FI) were used to evaluate powder flow. The particles powders obtained by spray drying showed rounded shapes, whereas the freeze dried powder showed irregular shapes. Increased maltodextrin concentration in the samples altered the powder particle size by spray drying and powder particle surface by freeze drying. The powder by spray drying of the sample with 30% of maltodextrin showed smallest wall friction angles, 13.4 to 14.9. The powder by freeze drying of the samples with 15% and 30% of maltodextrin showed wall friction angles between 14.0 and 20.6. Regarding flow, the powders by spray drying containing 30% of maltodextrin showed the best CI, HR and FI, 24.88, 1.33 and 4.88, respectively, being considered an acceptable flow. According to CI, HR and FI values, samples with 15% of maltodextrin produced powder classified as difficult flow in both methods applied. The higher maltodextrin concentration in cocoa pulp, the lower agglomeration in the powder by spray drying and the smoother particles surfaces in the powder by freeze drying. The addition of maltodextrin to the samples, for both drying methods, improve the powder flow and decrease the powder cohesion.

ABSTRACT The study of the flow properties and particle surfaces of a food powder is essential for predicting its behaviour during processing and commercialization. The objective of this work was to determine the powder flow properties of lyophilized green coconut pulp with different concentrations of maltodextrin. Samples containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% (m/m) maltodextrin were lyophilized, and the flow index (FI), wall friction angles and densities were determined. The microstructure of the powders was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples containing 0 and 5% maltodextrin showed 1.87 FI, classifying them as very cohesive powders, and those containing 10 and 15% cohesive powder showed 2.12 and 2.43 FI, respectively. The powder densities varied from 138.6 to 287.6 kg/m3, and the wall friction angle varied from 15.8 to 39.8°. The powder particles presented irregular shapes and rough surfaces, especially in powders containing 0, 5 and 10% maltodextrin. The powder containing 15% had smoother and less agglomerated surfaces. An increase in the amount of maltodextrin added to the pulp made the particles smoother and denser and improved the fluidity of the powder.

Intensive agricultural production tends to stimulate the outflow of nutrients from the soil, requiring producers to properly manage the soil to avoid reducing fertility in the following crops. Thus, the objective was to estimate the annual monetary balance of nutrients in the soil of six Brazilian states that present the highest consumption of inorganic fertilizers in the years 2005 and 2015. The Annual Balance of Nutrients in Soil was used to calculate the physical and monetary balance of nutrients, in the main crops of these States, by quantifying the export of N, P, K from the soil by plants and the insertion of nutrients, through the application of fertilizers, fertigation, and biological fixation. The monetary balance of N, P and K added for the six states was positive and increased by 114% between 2005 and 2015, however, the balance of P for the state of Paraná was negative in 2015 reaching R$ 1,769.17. The balances and Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná were higher concerning Goiás, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. Except for Paraná, related to P, there was no positive depreciation of the associated NPK nutrients. The different flows, in the comparison among states, are caused by the different dynamics of land use, mainly in the size of the corn and soybean cultivation area.

Resenha do livro SILVA, Maria Alice Pereira da. Pedra de Xangô: um lugar sagrado afro-brasileiro na cidade de Salvador. Recife: Liceu, 2019. 157 p. Palavras-chave: Pedra de Xangô; Sagrado; Afro-Brasileiro

Abstract South American cities have been expanding extremely fast and with reduced urban planning, which can lead to significant biodiversity loss. In this study, it was assessed the potential consequences of unplanned urban growth on bird species inhabiting an area comprising a mosaic of forest and natural grasslands in the city of Belo Horizonte in Brazil. Considering the lower aboveground biomass, it would be expected grassland patches to be more occupied by humans than forest patches. The bird community inhabiting the area in 2012 was recorded and it was also provided a visual interpretation of satellite imagery for 2012 and 2018. The urban area increased 192.73%, which occurred to the detriment of forest and, especially, grasslands, with a reduction of 10.78% and 22.12%, respectively. In this area, it was recorded a total of 126 bird species, of which 65% were classified as of open habitat. It was also discussed the need for better urban planning by incorporating potential impacts on biodiversity and preservation of habitat mosaics within urban landscapes.

Models of human-caused ignition probability are typically developed from static or structural points of view. This research analyzes the intra-annual dimension of fire occurrence and fire-triggering factors in NE Spain and moves forward towards more accurate predictions. Applying the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) and using wildfire data (2008–2011) and GIS and remote sensing data for the explanatory variables, we construct eight occurrence data scenarios by splitting wildfire records into the four seasons and then separating each season into working and non-working days. We assess model accuracy using a cross-validation k-fold procedure and an operational validation with 2012 data. Results report a substantial contribution of accessibility across models, often coupled with Land Surface Temperature. In addition, we observe great temporal variability, with WAI strongly influencing winter models, whereas distance to roads stands out during working days. Model performances stand consistently above 0.8 AUC in all temporal scenarios, with outstanding predictive effectiveness during summer months. The comparison among static-to-dynamic approaches reveals superior performance of simulations considering temporal scenarios, with AUC values from 0.7 to 0.85. Overall, we believe our approach is reliable enough to derive dynamic predictions of human-caused fire occurrence. Highlights Wildfires exhibit differential spatial patterns at seasonal and daily levels. Accessibility by road and human pressure on wildlands govern ignition probability. Dynamic modelling through temporal scenarios enhances prediction. Winter fires display a stronger relationship to agricultural activities (WAI).

A atividade leiteira na Amazônia possui grande potencial para expansão devido a existência de vastas áreas de pastagem e o contingente de rebanho bovino. Para beneficiar a agricultura familiar, requer-se o aperfeiçoamento técnico da atividade para a geração de resultados financeiros satisfatórios. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a viabilidade econômica do investimento em irrigação em pecuária leiteira na agricultura familiar do sudeste da Amazônia. Foram coletados dados de investimento e custos com produtores rurais familiares beneficiados com a instalação de sistemas de irrigação no município de Parauapebas. Utilizando metodologias de análise financeira (VPL, TIR, IL) foi possível verificar os diferentes retornos financeiros caso o projeto fosse inteiramente à custo do produtor rural. Os resultados demonstraram que o projeto é viável quando o trabalho na propriedade é totalmente familiar, reduzindo custos de produção. A existência de mecanismos de financiamento, como o Pronaf, permite que o projeto se torne ainda mais viável para ser implantado em pequenas propriedades, entretanto requer-se o aperfeiçoamento de tais políticas de crédito.

The necessity of environmental preservation of natural stone materials, the high costs that involves paving works and environmental liabilities generated by Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), turns essential the search for alternative inputs to enhance the sustainability of the road environment. The research is based on laboratory tests in mixtures of RAP, powdered rock and Portland cement, with the objective of determining possible traits with different RAP contents to be used in base and sub-base of pavements. To develop the study, RAP was collected from highway BR-287, while the powdered rock is of basaltic origin of Serra Geral Formation. For chemical stabilization, due to its availability in the region, was chosen the use of the pozzolanic cement, CP IV-32. The granulometric ranges were used as reference of specification DNIT-ES 141/2010, adopting six blends of materials estabilized granulometrically and chemically. The samples were subjected to four specific tests: particle size distribution, Proctor compaction, compressive strength and compressive strength by diametral tensile. The tests for the determination of mechanical properties had healing time of 7, 14 and 28 days. By analyzing the results, it was observed that all mixture obtained satisfactory results in relation to NBR 12253 (ABNT, 1992), evidencing the potential use of RAP as an aggregate for mixtures to be used in floor support layers of pavement.

Despite the need for preserving the carbon pools in fire-prone southern European landscapes, emission reductions from wildfire risk mitigation are still poorly understood. In this study, we estimated expected carbon emissions and carbon credits from fuel management projects ongoing in Catalonia (Spain). The planning areas encompass about 1000 km2 and represent diverse fire regimes and Mediterranean forest ecosystems. We first modeled the burn probability assuming extreme weather conditions and historical fire ignition patterns. Stand-level wildfire exposure was then coupled with fuel consumption estimates to assess expected carbon emissions. Finally, we estimated treatment cost-efficiency and carbon credits for each fuel management plan. Landscape-scale average emissions ranged between 0.003 and 0.070 T CO2 year−1 ha−1. Fuel treatments in high emission hotspots attained reductions beyond 0.06 T CO2 year−1 per treated ha. Thus, implementing carbon credits could potentially finance up to 14% of the treatment implementation costs in high emission areas. We discuss how stand conditions, fire regimes, and treatment costs determine the treatment cost-efficiency and long-term carbon-sink capacity. Our work may serve as a preliminary step for developing a carbon-credit market and subsidizing wildfire risk management programs in low-revenue Mediterranean forest systems prone to extreme wildfires.

Mining causes profound impacts on biodiversity. In Brazil, mining pressure is intense, especially in highly biodiverse regions such as the Espinhaço range. We analyzed the direct and indirect effects of mining on the potential geographic range of 32 anuran and eight bird species endemic to the eastern Brazil mountaintops. We also assessed the mining impacts on the local biodiversity rate of both species groups. Currently, 36.44% and 28.80% of the median potential distribution of the anuran and bird species, respectively, are affected directly or indirectly by mining. More than half of the range for eight anuran species and more than 40% of two birds species's ranges are influenced by this anthropogenic activity. Regions with suitable environmental characteristics for more than one species are highly affected by mining: 67% of the pixels that are suitable for 16 species (2109 km2) are currently impacted by mining. These results indicate that mining activities present a considerable threat to both anurans and birds endemic of the eastern Brazil mountaintops. We discuss many aspects related to the loss of potential habitat for these species, and call for management strategies to avert the ongoing wave of mining impacts.

MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS, DISPUTAS POLÍTICAS E REFORMA AGRÁRIA DE MERCADO NO BRASIL.

A PRESENTE OBRA É UMA COLETÂNEA DE ARTIGOS E ENTREVISTAS DO PROFESSOR MILTON SANTOS PUBLICADOS NO JORNAL FOLHA DE SÃO PA ULO DURANTE O PERÍODO DE 1981 ATÉ O ANO DE SUA MORTE, 2001.

Esta pesquisa aborda o tema transferências de receitas intergovernamentais e orienta-se pelo seguinte: em que medida as transferências de recursos entre os entes federados cumpre o seu objetivo de equalização de disparidades regionais? O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar a desigualdade na distribuição de recursos por meio das transferências constitucionais aos municípios do Pará, Brasil. A pesquisa está sustentada na teoria das finanças públicas, notadamente na teoria da repartição de receitas tributárias entre entes federados. Parte-se da hipótese de existência de concentração das transferências intergovernamentais nos municípios paraenses, especificamente do Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (FPM) e a distribuição das cotas-partes do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (cota-parte do ICMS). Para testar a hipótese, foram usados índice T de Theil e coeficiente de Gini para os municípios do Estado entre 2010 e 2016. Os resultados demonstraram que há concentração de recursos em um grupo restrito de municípios com as cotas-parte do ICMS. Por outro lado, existe maior dispersão na distribuição do FPM. Tal situação deve-se pelo fato de o ICMS ter grande peso sobre municípios com maior valor adicionado fiscal, enquanto que o FPM possui critérios que favorecem melhor distribuição. Entretanto existe ainda uma forte dependência dos municípios paraenses em relação à distribuição destes recursos, o que requer uma gestão mais eficiente dos governos municipais para melhor utilizar os recursos disponíveis.

Este artigo tem como proposta a análise dos processos históricos que resultaram na espoliação dos povos indígenas na Região Oeste do Paraná. Neste trabalho serão apresentadas as motivações do deslocamento dos indígenas para o Paraguai e outros dilemas que vêm sendo enfrentado com o regresso ao território tradicional no Oeste Paranaense. Centraremos-nos na organização indígena, luta e resistência dos Avá-Guarani, que diariamente encaram problemas com a ausência de terras, preconceitos junto à população não indígena e conflitos com ruralistas da região. A espoliação do território indígena é o eixo central desta análise, buscando examinar o percurso histórico das relações de conflito na região, o contexto político, os agentes envolvidos, como a remoção ocorreu e, fundamentalmente, como foi abordada pelos meios de comunicação. Além disso, apresentaremos neste trabalho como os acontecimentos influenciam nos dias atuais.

Acerola is a tropical fruit characterized by a high content of vitamin C. The food sorption isotherms reflect the way that the water binds to the food. This study aimed to fit mathematical models to the adsorption isotherms of the acerola pulp powder obtained by spray-drying, and. It was used acerola pulp containing 17.1% (m m-1) maltodextrin, and a spray-dryer with drying air temperature of 154°C. The mathematical models of GAB, BET, Henderson, and Oswin were applied to determine the isotherms, using temperatures of 25, 35 and 45°C. The hygroscopicity, degree of caking and solubility analysis were performed to characterize the powders. The powder showed hygroscopicity of 5.18, degree of caking of 3.67 and solubility of 94.88%. The evaluated mathematical models showed mean relative errors ranging from 10.18 to 29.13% and a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.939 to 0.977. At 25°C, the Oswin model was the best fitted, whereas at 35 and 45°C the best fitting was obtained by the Henderson model. Type III (J-shape) isotherms were obtained, typical of high-sugar foods. The powder showed a low hygroscopicity and degree of caking in addition to a high solubility.

The proper soil use and management are essential for a sustainable production, thus the pursuit for systems that minimize damages to the environment and improve soil fertility is continuous. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil fertility by the use and management of an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho - amarelo, SiBCS) in the Amazon biome. The soil uses and management systems evaluated were native forest, native pasture, minimum tillage system and conventional tillage system. The chemical atributes of the soil layers 0.00 - 0.10, 0.10 - 0.20, 0.20 - 0.30 and 0.30 - 0.40 m were evaluated. The soil pH (CaCl 2 ) and the contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum were evaluated and the saturation by Al, effective cation exchange capacity and soil potential were determined. The highest pH values were found in the native pasture area, and the highest exchangeable aluminum contents were found in the layers 0.00 - 0.10 and 0.10 - 0.20 m of the conventional tillage system. The highest phosphorus availability was found in the layer 0.00 - 0.10 m of the native forest area. The highest potassium availability was found in the minimum tillage system. The lowest calcium and magnesium values were found in the layers 0.00 - 0.10 and 0.10 - 0.20 m of the conventional tillage system. The highest soil organic matter content was found in the layer 0.00 - 0.10 m of the native forest area. The nutrient availability for plants decreases in soils managed using the conventional tillage system. Soil uses and management systems of little soil disturbance are recommended to minimize environmental degradation in the Amazon biome.