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Background: Gluten intolerance is a systemic process of autoimmune nature; it develops in genetically predisposed subjects with gluten ingestion. The only treatment for celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD). This study was designed to evaluate adherence to a GFD, risk of an eating disorder, and nutritional status in adult CD patients undergoing different interventions. Methods: A total of 28 Spanish women, aged 40 years or more, took part in a randomized controlled trial. Each group received a different intervention: group 1, gluten-free nutrition plan + exercise (GFD + E); group 2, gluten-free nutrition plan (GFD); group 3, celiac controls (NO-GFD); and group 4, non-celiac controls (CONTROL). The training was prescribed by a sport scientist. It was based on resistance training with elastic bands; beforehand a warm-up was performed and the resistance was increased progressively. The variables studied were adherence to the GFD, risk of eating disorders, blood values, and body composition. Results: Celiac women with personalized nutritional planning presented greater adherence to a gluten-free diet (p < 0.001). Regarding leukocytes, significant differences were observed between the GFD and control groups (p = 0.004). Perimeters and folds did not decrease significantly. Conclusion: Women with celiac disease who follow an adapted and personalized diet have a better adherence to a GFD compared to those who follow a non-professional diet, and therefore have a better immune system status (blood leukocytes).

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of taekwondo on health in elderly individuals. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA recommendations and registered on PROSPERO, as number CRD42021279561. The electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched, with the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms “martial arts” and “aged” and the alternative terms “taekwondo”, “elderly”, and “older”. We included studies that analysed the effects of taekwondo on health-related variables in older adults of both sexes. The risk of bias of the included experimental and quasi-experimental studies were analysed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, respectively. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. The interventions of the included studies ranged from 6 to 17 weeks, with 45 to 90 minutes per training session, and frequency from 3 to 5 times a week. The total sample number was 160 participants, with a predominance of females in the samples. After the taekwondo intervention, the protocols demonstrated improvement in muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and body composition. Conclusion: The investigated studies showed that taekwondo can effectively maintain health and develop physical qualities in the older population. Nevertheless, these findings should be considered preliminary due to the relatively small sample and heterogeneity of the interventions of the identified studies., Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los efectos del taekwondo en la salud de adultos mayores. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA y registrada en PROSPERO, con el número CRD42021279561. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE (a través de PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science, con los términos del Medical SubjectHeadings (MeSH) “martialarts” y “aged” y los términos alternativos “taekwondo”, “elderly”, y “older”. Se incluyeron estudios que analizaron los efectos del taekwondo sobre variables relacionadas con la salud en adultos mayores de ambos sexos. El riesgo de sesgo de los estudios experimentales y cuasiexperimentales incluidos se analizó mediante la herramienta de la Colaboración Cochrane y la herramienta Riesgo de sesgo en estudios no aleatorios de intervenciones (ROBINS-I), respectivamente. Resultados: Siete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Las intervenciones de los estudios incluidos variaron de seis a 17 semanas, con 45 a 90 minutos por sesión de entrenamiento y una frecuencia de tres a cinco veces por semana. El número total de la muestra fue de 160 participantes, con predominio del sexo femenino. Los protocolos demostraron una mejora en la fuerza muscular, la flexibilidad, el equilibrio y la composición corporal después de la intervención de taekwondo. Conclusión: Los estudios investigados demostraron que el taekwondo puede ser efectivo en el mantenimiento de la salud y el desarrollo de las cualidades físicas en la población de adultos mayores. No obstante, estos hallazgos deben considerarse preliminares debido a la muestra relativamente pequeña y la heterogeneidad de las intervenciones de los estudios. identificados.

The objective of the current study was to analyze the prevalence of spine pain in adolescents and to show the relationship between back pain and some associated factors. The sample consisted of 57 schoolchildren, mean age 14.11±0.43 years-old. Body mass and height were measured to calculate BMI; the survey about back pain in adolescents was completed to register the prevalence of PA, sedentary lifestyle, way of carrying a backpack and spine pain; and the strength of the flexor and extensor muscles and hamstring extensibility was evaluated. It was found that a 43.86% of the subjects had spine pain, with low back pain as the most common (36.84%). Approximately 15 to 25% of the adolescents had visited the family doctor or physiotherapist because of spine pain throughout their lives. A tendency, with no significant differences, was found for a greater presence of spine pain in sport practitioners (r=0.250; p=0.059), especially among those who practiced fewer hours a week (r=0.348; p=0.076). The schoolchildren who presented spine pain tended to have less flexor and extensor strength of the trunk and less hamstring extensibility, with no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). Sex, time spent in sedentary activities, way of carrying a backpack and BMI were not related to spine pain (p>0.05). In conclusion, the sport practice, trunk strength and hamstring extensibility are variables that could affect the incidence of spine pain in adolescents., El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la prevalencia del dolor de espalda en adolescentes y hallar la relación entre el dolor de espalda y algunos factores asociados. La muestra estuvo constituida por 57 escolares con una edad media de 14,11±0,43 años. Se tomaron los datos relativos al peso y la talla, con los que se calculó el IMC; se administró la encuesta sobre el dolor de espalda en adolescentes para conocer los hábitos sobre práctica deportiva, sedentarismo, forma de llevar la mochila y dolor de espalda; y se midió la fuerza flexora y extensora del tronco y la flexibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural. Se encontró que el 43,86% de los sujetos habían sufrido dolor de espalda en algún momento de sus vidas, siendo el dolor lumbar el más habitual (36,84%). Entre un 15 y 25% aproximadamente de los adolescentes habían visitado al médico de cabecera o al fisioterapeuta a causa del dolor de espalda a lo largo de su vida. Se encontró cierta tendencia, sin que hubiera diferencias significativas, a que la presencia de dolor de espalda fuera mayor entre los practicantes de deporte (r=0,250; p=0,059), especialmente entre los que practicaban menos horas a la semana (r=0,348; p=0,076). Los escolares que presentaron dolor de espalda tenían tendencia a presentar menos fuerza flexora y extensora del tronco y una menor extensibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural, sin que hubiera diferencias significativas entre grupos (p>0,05). El sexo, el tiempo en actividades sedentarias, la forma de llevar la mochila y el IMC tampoco se relacionaron con el dolor de espalda (p>0,05). En conclusión, la práctica de deporte, la fuerza del tronco y la extensibilidad isquiosural son variables que podrían afectar a la incidencia de dolor de espalda en adolescentes.

Drowning is a serious public health problem with profound economic and health impact. The objective was to design and analyze the validity of the content within a scale as to assess aquatic competence in aquatic rescue. The content validation has been carried out in accordance to the opinion, agreement and consensus of 9 experts using the Delphi technique. The validity (of comprehension) was bear out once the scale was applied to a separate sample. Following the collection of the contributions made by the trial of experts and adjusting the scale according to the indications, a second review was carried out obtaining in all of the scenarios values higher than 0.8 in the Kendall coefficient. The validity of content such as the confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate measurements for the dimensions of the evaluation scale: aquatic competence in rescue and lifeguard. The results presented the Aquatic Competence Assessment Scale as valid and reliable, which allows the opening of a new line of work towards the development of cognitive and behavioral processes in the teaching and training of lifeguard, offering a measuring instrument to analyze its effect on the decision-making.

Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent immune reaction to gluten in those with a genetic predisposition. This study was designed to evaluate menopause-associated symptoms, mood, bone quality, and IgA antibody levels in women with CD, untreated and treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD), and with or without resistance exercise. The randomised controlled trial was conducted on 28 Spanish women (>40 years old). Participants were divided into the following intervention groups: personalised gluten-free nutrition plan + exercise (GFD + E); personalised gluten-free nutrition plan (GFD); celiac controls (NO-GFD); and non-celiac controls (CONTROL). The participants responded to the Menopause Rating Scale and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires. Bone quality was measured with ultrasound and IgA with a blood test. After 12 weeks of intervention, the GFD + E group showed significant improvement in urogenital symptoms and scored higher on the ‘vigour’ subscale of the POMS. Negative associations were found between the total score on the Menopause Rating Scale and the ‘vigour’ subscale of the POMS questionnaire. Only those women who underwent a personalised GFD nutritional intervention combined with resistance exercise demonstrated significant changes after the intervention.

Due to demographic changes, the world’s population is progressively aging. The physiological deterioration of the older adult may lead to reduced balance capacity and increased risk of falls, among others, due to the prevalence of degenerative diseases. Physical exercise can be effective in reducing the risk of disease and slowing functional decline in older people. The aim of the research is to test the effects of aquatic resistance training and dietary education on health indicators, strength, balance, functional autonomy, perception of satisfaction with life. Thirty-four participants aged 69 ± 4 years were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (aquatic resistance interval training) and control group (no intervention). The intervention consisted of resistance training in an aquatic environment carried out for 14 weeks (three sessions per week: 60 min each). All variables were analyzed twice; pre - post intervention. Aquatic resistance training has positive effects on strength (p < 0.001), functional self-sufficiency (p < 0.001) and aerobic capacity (p < 0.001), however, no significant differences were observed in the perception of satisfaction with life and balance. Research results suggest that older women who engage in regular, scheduled aquatic resistance training have greater autonomy in performing activities of daily living, agility, gait control, and body composition variables (lower fat compartment and greater muscle mass).

El envejecimiento es un proceso natural asociado a un declive que repercute en un mayor riesgo de padecer discapacidad física y cognitiva, y/o afección emocional y social. En consecuencia, diversos estudios muestran los múltiples beneficios de los programas de entrenamiento multicomponente. Además, las directrices actuales amplían este enfoque hacia los programas multidominio. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el programa de intervención multidominio Healthy-Age que sigue las recomendaciones de las principales instituciones y literatura científica e incluye los principales dominios (físico, social, cognitivo y motivacional) en las personas mayores. Su finalidad es la de prevenir, mantener o mejorar la salud integral (física, psíquica, emocional y social) y educarles para un envejecimiento saludable. Además de incluir unas recomendaciones generales de actividad física, se muestran recomendaciones para el entrenamiento de la resistencia aeróbica, el equilibrio, la coordinación, la fuerza y resistencia muscular, la flexibilidad y el entrenamiento cognitivo; y se presentan dos modalidades; un plan de 5 días supervisado y un plan de 3 días supervisado más 2 días autónomo., Ageing is a natural process associated with a decline that results in an increased risk of physical and cognitive disability and/or emotional and sentimental impairment. Consequently, several studies show the multiple benefits of multi-component training programmes. The current guidelines extend this approach to multi-domain programmes. For this reason, the objective of this paper is to present the Healthy-Age multi-domain intervention programme that follows the recommendations of the main institutions and scientific literature and includes the main domains (physical, social, cognitive and motivational) in older people. Its purpose is to prevent, maintain or improve the overall health (physical, psychological, emotional and social level) for a healthy ageing. In addition to including general recommendations of physical activity, recommendations are shown for aerobic resistance, balance, coordination, muscular strength and resistance, flexibility and cognitive training; and two modalities are presented; a 5-day supervised plan and a 3-day supervised plan plus 2 autonomous days.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by gluten-induced intestinal inflammation. Dietary restrictions and symptoms may have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life, body composition (BC), and strength. This study was designed to assess the impact of an isocaloric gluten free diet and resistance exercise in women. A total of 28 Spanish women, aged 40 years old or more, took part in a randomized controlled trial. Each group received a different intervention: group 1, gluten-free nutrition plan + exercise (GFD + E); group 2, gluten-free nutrition plan (GFD); group 3, celiac controls (NO-GFD); and group 4, non-celiac controls (CONTROL). The variables studied were quality of life, BC and isometric hand strength. After 12 weeks of intervention, celiac women that followed a gluten-free diet and exercise showed higher scores on the psychological health scale than celiac women without intervention. The women in group 1 were the only ones who presented improvements in BC variables; fat mass, BMI, and fat-free mass. Negative correlations were found between the perception of quality of life and age, however a positive correlation between quality of life and isometric strength test results was found. In addition to a gluten-free diet, resistance training is essential to improve BC, strength, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical exercise programs on physical and mental health throughout life. It is necessary to know the factors that contribute to the well-being of older adults in order to achieve healthy aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between well-being perception and the use of autonomy supportive coaching behaviours across a motivational aquatic resistance interval training program. Thirty-four women over 65 years of age from the province of Alicante, Spain, participated, and were randomly assigned to: motivational aquatic resistance interval training group (MART; age: 69.6 ± 5.01 years, height: 1.62 ± 7.88 m, weight: 75.3 ± 12.8 kg) and control group (CG; age: 67.7 ± 3.60 years, height: 1.54 ± 5.47 m, weight: 66.9 ± 10.2 kg). The MART program was conducted for 14 weeks, with three training sessions/week. The CG did not perform any physical activity during the study. Perception of autonomy support was assessed through the Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Questionnaire (ASCQ), Psychological needs by the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES), Intrinsic motivation to exercise was assessed through Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) and Perception of Physical Activity by the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). In MART, compared to CG, significant differences were observed in BPNS, IMI and IPAQ questionnaires used, except in the ASCQ. The differences were significant in all three cases in BPNS (p < 0.05 in autonomy and competence and p = 0.001 in relationship with others), obtaining better scores after intervention than previously. As for the IMI scale, significant differences were also obtained in both subscales. The level of physical activity also improved significantly, with higher scores on the IPAQ after the intervention than before (p < 0.001). In conclusion, when practitioners perceive greater well-being, satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, greater

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.

The human population is increasing due to lengthening life expectancy, but the quality of life and health of people is moving in the opposite direction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how aquatic resistance interval training can influence body composition, body image perception and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in older women participants in a nutrition education program and to study the relation between these variables. Thirty-four participants aged 69 ± 4 years were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (aquatic resistance interval training plus nutritional intervention) and control (nutritional intervention). The intervention consisted of resistance training in an aquatic environment carried out for 14 weeks (three sessions per week; 60 min each). Body composition, body image perception and adherence to MD diet were evaluated at baseline and 14 weeks. No significant differences were found between groups regarding body image perception and adherence to the MD. There was a significant increase in muscle mass (kg) (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in fat mass (kg) (p < 0.001) in the intervention group when compared to the control group. The addition of aquatic resistance interval training to a nutritional intervention was not sufficient to change body image perception and adherence to MD but produced improvement in body composition (through an increase in muscle mass and decrease on fat mass) in older women.

Ageing is a natural process associated with a decline that results in an increased risk of physical and cognitive disability and/or emotional and sentimental impairment. Consequently, several studies show the multiple benefits of multi-component training programmes. The current guidelines extend this approach to multi-domain programmes. For this reason, the objective of this paper is to present the Healthy-Age multi-domain intervention programme that follows the recommendations of the main institutions and scientific literature and includes the main domains (physical, social, cognitive and motivational) in older people. Its purpose is to prevent, maintain or improve the overall health (physical, psychological, emotional and social level) for a healthy ageing. In addition to including general recommendations of physical activity, recommendations are shown for aerobic resistance, balance, coordination, muscular strength and resistance, flexibility and cognitive training; and two modalities are presented; a 5-day supervised plan and a 3-day supervised plan plus 2 autonomous days., El envejecimiento es un proceso natural asociado a un declive que repercute en un mayor riesgo de padecer discapacidad física y cognitiva, y/o afección emocional y social. En consecuencia, diversos estudios muestran los múltiples beneficios de los programas de entrenamiento multicomponente. Además, las directrices actuales amplían este enfoque hacia los programas multidominio. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el programa de intervención multidominio Healthy-Age que sigue las recomendaciones de las principales instituciones y literatura científica e incluye los principales dominios (físico, social, cognitivo y motivacional) en las personas mayores. Su finalidad es la de prevenir, mantener o mejorar la salud integral (física, psíquica, emocional y social) y educarles para un envejecimiento saludable. Además de incluir unas recomendaciones generales de actividad física, se muestran recomendaciones para el entrenamiento de la resistencia aeróbica, el equilibrio, la coordinación, la fuerza y resistencia muscular, la flexibilidad y el entrenamiento cognitivo; y se presentan dos modalidades; un plan de 5 días supervisado y un plan de 3 días supervisado más 2 días autónomo.

Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein). Autoimmune diseases are part of a group of diseases that are difficult to diagnose without a specific protocol or consensus to detect them due to the number of symptoms and diseases with which it has a relationship. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the diagnostic tools of CD used in middle-aged women, to compare the use and effectiveness of the different tools, and to propose a strategy for the use of the tools based on the results found in the literature. The present research followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search was conducted in the following databases: Scielo, PubMed, Web of Science, and Worldwide Science org. In the initial literature search, 2004 titles and relevant abstracts were found. Among them, 687 were duplicates, leaving 1130 articles. Based on the inclusion criteria, only 41 articles passed the selection process; 4 main types of analyses appear in the studies: blood tests, questionnaires, clinical history, and biopsy. It can be said that none of the analyses have a 100% reliability since most of them can present false negatives; therefore, the best way to diagnose celiac disease up to now is through a combination of different tests (Immunoglobulin A and small intestinal biopsy).