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Reseñas iberoamericanas

Desde el inicio de la Modernidad, la narrativa ha evolucionado tanto como lo ha hecho el pensamiento, apreciándose de un modo sustancial en los giros del gusto y en la construcción de personajes. Bajo esta premisa, en el presente artículo se analizan las diferencias entre los prototipos ejemplares y no ejemplares de la ficción, poniendo el foco en el medio audiovisual. Partiendo de la teoría de la imitación y de la imitación de prototipos establecida por Javier Gomá, se revisan algunos arquetipos de personajes amorales que, compartiendo su carácter no ejemplar, despiertan una fascinación estética ajena y contraria a la que provocan en el ámbito de la moral. Con el objetivo de dar una explicación a este fenómeno, se acude a la separación de juicios establecida por Friedrich Schiller y por otros teóricos que siguen su estela, como Adam Kotsko, y se señalan las posibles contradicciones implícitas en la faceta amoral de los personajes, cuando su carácter no ejemplar supone una referencia para sectores sociales concretos, convirtiéndose la ficción en el punto de partida del proceso imitativo.

En 2019, el Grupo de Expertos sobre Inteligencia Artificial, impulsado por la Comisión Europea (CE), publicó Directrices éticas para una inteligencia artificial fiable. Este documento, junto con otros, pretende cimentar las bases europeas para una inteligencia artificial (IA) confiable. Es decir, una serie de condiciones indispensables, principios éticos y estrategias que señalan el camino para asegurar un proyecto europeo humanocéntrico, alineado con las necesidades y las expectativas de los seres humanos. En el presente ar- tículo se detecta que esta propuesta se encuentra ante dificultades relacionadas con la imagen esencialmente negativa de la IA, que surge del ámbito de la literatura (complejo de Frankenstein), influye en el imaginario colectivo y se representa actualmente en las artes audiovisuales. De acuerdo con ello, se analizan algunos casos recientes con el objetivo de establecer un diagnóstico y ofrecer posibles soluciones, cuestión que dificulta el camino ético y político que se pretende emprender en el espacio europeo y requiere de una educación estética profunda, de la que actualmente hay una carencia sistémica.

Research on analogical reasoning has facilitated the understanding of response processes such as pattern identification and creative problem solving, emerging as an intelligence predictor. While analogical tests traditionally combine various composition rules for item generation, current statistical models like the Logistic Latent Trait Model (LLTM) and Embretson’s Multicomponent Latent Trait Model for Diagnosis (MLTM-D) face limitations in handling the inherent complexity of these processes, resulting in suboptimal model fit and interpretation. The primary aim of this research was to extend Embretson’s MLTM-D to encompass complex multidimensional models that allow the estimation of item parameters. Concretely, we developed a three-parameter (3PL) version of the MLTM-D that provides more informative interpretations of participant response processes. We developed the Generalized Multicomponent Latent Trait Model for Diagnosis (GMLTM-D), which is a statistical model that extends Embretson’s multicomponent model to explore complex analogical theories. The GMLTM-D was compared with LLTM and MLTM-D using data from a previous study of a figural analogical reasoning test composed of 27 items based on five composition rules: figure rotation, trapezoidal rotation, reflection, segment subtraction, and point movement. Additionally, we provide an R package (GMLTM) for conducting Bayesian estimation of the models mentioned. The GMLTM-D more accurately replicated the observed data compared to the Bayesian versions of LLTM and MLTM-D, demonstrating a better model fit and superior predictive accuracy. Therefore, the GMLTM-D is a reliable model for analyzing analogical reasoning data and calibrating intelligence tests. The GMLTM-D embraces the complexity of real data and enhances the understanding of examinees’ response processes.

El presente artículo es un estudio contextual y estilístico de la película Acción mutante (1993), de Álex de la Iglesia, en el que se hace un breve recorrido por la situación del cine español de la década de los ochenta y principios de los noventa. Con ello se pretende esclarecer las razones por las cuales este filme supone una excepción en la producción cinematográfica de finales del siglo XX. Por otro lado, se subraya la influencia que tiene del cine de ciencia ficción estadounidense de los años ochenta, cuestión fundamental para entender la parte distópica y de género que caracteriza a la película y que se entremezcla con aquella arraigada a la tradición propiamente española del esperpento. Como conclusión se verá que, aun siendo una rareza de la industria, la película fue pionera en la inspiración en el cine distópico americano, ya que las producciones actuales siguen dicha tendencia, ya sin reparo y sin ningún tipo de prejuicio, cosa que a finales del siglo XX no ocurría, debido a la brecha existente entre la concepción de cine de autor y cine comercial. The present article is a contextual and stylistic study of the film Acción mutante (1993), by Álex de la Iglesia, in which a brief review through the situation of Spanish cinema during the 1980s and early 1990s is made. This aims at clarifying the reasons why this film constitutes an exception in the cinematographic production of the late twentieth century. On the other hand, the influence it has from the American science fiction cinema is underscored, a crucial issue to understand the dystopian and gender perspective that characterises the film, which is interleaved with the deep-rooted perspective proper to the spanish grotesque tradition. In conclusion, it will be seen that, although a rarity in the industry, the film was a pioneer in the inspiration of American dystopian cinema, as today's productions follow this trend without hesitation and without any prejudice. This was not the case at the end of the 20th century, due to the gap between the conception of auteur cinema and commercial cinema.

With the upcoming Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) satellite mission from the European Space Agency, vegetation fluorescence (650–780 nm) will become available at 300x300 m resolution. Calibration and validation strategies of the fluorescence (F) signal remain however challenging, due to (1) the radiometric subtlety of the signal, (2) the multiple entangled drivers of the signal in space and in time, and (3) the need of a spatially representative acquisition, considering the previous two points. To tackle these challenges, the present work introduces the FluoCat, a cable-suspended system for the proximal sensing indirect measurement of solar-induced fluorescence, mounted across an agricultural field, covering a 60-m transect. On board the FluoCat are mounted: a high-spectral resolution Piccolo Doppio dual spectrometer system, a MAIA-S2 multispectral camera and a TeAx Thermal Capture Fusion camera, which can be triggered simultaneously according to a pre-set protocol.In order to test the system, two protocols were evaluated, a point-wise protocol, stopping at a pre-determined points to acquire the measurements, and the swiping protocol, acquiring measurements while in movement along the transect. Taking as a reference the values obtained with the swiping protocol, which captures the higher spatial variability, it was found that to achieve an averaged mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 2 % within between the spectral range of 500–800 nm, it is required a minimum of 6 sampling points to characterize the spectral variability of the 40-m melon crop transect.Further, by combining the fluorescence products of the Piccolo system normalized by PAR (NormF687, NormF760) and the fractional cover of sunlit vegetation (FVC Sunlit) obtained from the MAIA, we developed a multi-sensor product, i.e., the ‘sunlit green F’ for both retrieved bands. This synergy product improved the estimation of the effective surface fluorescence flux, with the leaf fluorescence emission as reference, by reducing the errors from 36 % to 18 % (band 687 nm); and from 24 % to 6 % (band 760 nm).

Antz (Hormigaz), de Eric Darnell y Tim Johnson, es una película que contiene un imaginario temático y estilístico muy rico en cuanto a su relación con otros géneros de la historia del cine. Se trata de un documento complejo, al estar a caballo entre una divertida comedia de animación y una distopía de manual. En este artículo se analizan sus características visuales y narrativas con el fin de establecer un diálogo comparativo con el género distópico y subrayar las características que comparte con él. Estableciendo una analogía con La semilla inmortal, de Jordi Balló y Xavier Pérez, se enumeran algunos argumentos universales propios de la narrativa distópica, presentes en la literatura y en el cine, y que sirven para establecer conexiones entre Antz y el resto de las películas del género, como Metrópolis o Matrix, entre otras. Asimismo, se hace un análisis visual del filme, en relación con las ya clásicas Sinfonías urbanas y con el cine de propaganda de Leni Riefenstahl, para dar cuenta de que, además de argumentos universales, existen imágenes de la misma índole, que influyen en la película y amplían su abanico estilístico, enriqueciendo el imaginario. Antz, by Eric Darnell and Tim Johnson, contains a very rich thematic and stylistic imagination in terms of its relationship with other genres in cinema history. It is a complex film, saddled between a funny animated comedy and a standard dystopia. In this article, its visual and narrative characteristics are analyzed in order to establish a comparative dialogue with the dystopian genre and underline the characteristics that the film shares with it. Establishing an analogy with La semilla inmortal, by Jordi Balló andXavier Pérez, some universal arguments of the dystopian narrative are listed, present in literature and in the cinema, which serve to establish connections between Antz and the rest of the films of the genre, such as Metropolis or Matrix, among others. Likewise, a visual analysis of the film is made in relation to the now classic Urban Symphonies and to Leni Riefenstahl's propaganda cinema, to account for how, apart from universal arguments, there are images of the same nature, which influence on the film by broadening its stylistic range and enriching its imaginary.

Computational thinking (CT) is a multidimensional term that encompasses a wide variety of problem-solving skills related to the field of computer science. Unfortunately, standardized, valid, and reliable methods to assess CT skills in preschool children are lacking, compromising the reliability of the results reported in CT interventions. To surpass this limitation, we validated in a sample of 700 preschool students (5-6 years old) the Beginners Computational Thinking test Short-Form (BCTt-SF), an unplugged 12-item instrument that measures three of the most common computational concepts assessed in preschool research: sequences, loops, and conditionals. The theoretical model underpinning the BCTt-SF was supported by dimensionality assessment, which suggested that preschool students can be distinguished in terms of four specific abilities (i.e., sequences, simple loops, nested loops, and conditionals) and that all of these abilities were related by a general factor. We modeled this hierarchical structure with a bi-factor model that presented excellent psychometric properties, from good statistical fit indices to adequate reliability of the general ability. To take full advantage of this model, we created an online application in the Shiny platform (https://computationalthinkingtests.shinyapps.io/SF-BCTt/) for the seamless scoring of examinees by any teacher or researcher who uses the BCTt-SF to assess CT skills in preschool children. Finally, we demonstrated how the BCTt-SF can be used to test the impact of educational interventions for improving CT skills in preschoolers.

Juniperus flaccida Schltdl. is a very important forest species which is severely affected by Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. at El Cardonal, Hidalgo, Mexico. The objective of this research was to evaluate the response, in terms of tree twig biomass and nutrient status of both the tree and its parasitic species, to fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), in a natural forest of J. flaccida. The fertilizer rates and sources were 0,1000; 0, 300 and 0, 450, 900 g tree-1 of urea, phosphoric acid and potassium sulphate, respectively. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial (2x2x3) with six replicates. Soil analysis showed low levels of N and P, and adequate levels of K in the site. Nitrogen or phosphorus alone did not significantly affect twig biomass, despite of being deficient nutrients in the study site. J. flaccida displayed higher concentrations of N, Mg, Cu, Mn, and B than P. juniperinum and the latter, showed higher concentrations of P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn than its host species. Application of nitrogen significantly decreased the concentration of K in P. juniperinum and influenced the partition of foliar P between J. flaccida and P. juniperinum, in favor of the host tree and to the detriment of the parasitic species. Application of K increased foliar N in J. flaccida. Vector analysis showed that the combination of phosphorus with the highest dose of potassium led to an increase in twig biomass of J. flaccida.

El potencial de uso de Moringa oleifera, genera el interés de investigar las características potenciales de materiales genéticos promisorios. Con el objetivo de caracterizar morfológicamente plantas de Moringa oleifera cv Honghe en condiciones de trópico seco, con base en altura y diámetro basal de plantas, número de ramas y hojas, número de frutos por planta, longitud y diámetro ecuatorial del fruto, numero de semilla por fruto y por kilogramo, peso, largo y diámetro de cada semilla, tasa de supervivencia, inicio de floración y fructificación durante su establecimiento inicial, se realizó este studio en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA) del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria, en Managua, Nicaragua, con 12 árboles establecidos a una distancia de siembra de cuatro metros entre surcos y entre plantas en un área de 172.50 m2. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Los resultados encontrados muestran una tasa de supervivencia de 91.66 %, altura igual 277.16 cm, diámetro basal de 5.13 cm, número de hojas 51, número de ramas siete, inicio de floración, a los tres meses de edad, con un 100 % de floración, a los cinco meses de edad, inicio de fructificación a los 5.5 meses de edad, con un 100 % de fructificación con siete meses de establecidas en el campo. La producción de frutos por planta fue de 65 ± 27, longitud del fruto 52.83 ± 5.22 cm, diámetro ecuatorial 1.93 ± 0.38 cm y 21 ± 4 semillas por frutos. Las semillas presentaron peso medio de 0.3366 ± 0.06 gramos, largo de 11.38 ± 1.35 mm, diámetro de 10.26 ± 0.99 mm y 3 002 ± 30 semillas por kilogramo de peso. Estos resultados permiten concluir, que Moringa oleifera cv Honghe es un material genético promisorio por ser un cultivar muy precoz y de rápido crecimiento, en comparación con otras procedencias y cultivares evaluados por otros autores en nuestro país.

Soils are an essential factor contributing to the agricultural production of rainfed crops such as barley and triticale cereals. Changing environmental conditions and inadequate land management are endangering soil quality and productivity and, in turn, crop quality and productivity are affected. Advances in hyperspectral remote sensing are of great use for the spatial characterization and monitoring of the soil degradation status, as well as its impact on crop growth and agricultural productivity. In this study, hyperspectral airborne data covering the visible, near-infrared, short-wave infrared, and thermal infrared (VNIR–SWIR–TIR, 0.4–12 µm) were acquired in a Mediterranean agricultural area of central Spain and used to analyze the spatial differences in vegetation vitality and grain yield in relation to the soil degradation status. Specifically, leaf area index (LAI), crop water stress index (CWSI), and the biomass of the crop yield are derived from the remote sensing data and discussed regarding their spatial differences and relationship to a classification of erosion and accumulation stages (SEAS) based on previous remote sensing analyses during bare soil conditions. LAI and harvested crop biomass yield could be well estimated by PLS regression based on the hyperspectral and in situ reference data (R2 of 0.83, r of 0.91, and an RMSE of 0.2 m2 m−2 for LAI and an R2 of 0.85, r of 0.92, and an RMSE of 0.48 t ha−1 for grain yield). In addition, the soil erosion and accumulation stages (SEAS) were successfully predicted based on the canopy spectral signal of vegetated crop fields using a random forest machine learning approach. Overall accuracy was achieved above 71% by combining the VNIR–SWIR–TIR canopy reflectance and emissivity of the growing season with topographic information after reducing the redundancy in the spectral dataset. The results show that the estimated crop traits are spatially related to the soil’s degradation status, with shallow and highly eroded soils, as well as sandy accumulation zones being associated with areas of low LAI, crop yield, and high crop water stress. Overall, the results of this study illustrate the enormous potential of imaging spectroscopy for a combined analysis of the plant-soil system in the frame of land and soil degradation monitoring.

New York’s Rockefeller Center is one of most symbolically rich places in the world, although few of its millions of visitors stop to reflect on what its images of power really mean. In the form of an Atlantean mythological allegory, Rockefeller Center was conceived as symbolic propaganda for capitalist, liberal values implicit in both the ‘American Dream’ and the ideology espoused by the Rockefeller family. It embodies the utopia of progress and science that promotes the freedom of the individual and the free movement of capital. Due to ideological clashes –or the vagaries of fate– the Catalan José María Sert was the artist to ultimately complete the most eloquent mural in the main building, a mural which had formerly been painted by Diego de Rivera, and entitled Man at the Crossroads. Sert was a muralist who had previously worked on the scenographic illustration of Manuel de Falla’s Atlántida, capturing some of the motifs that inspired that great cantata based on poetic texts by Jacint Verdaguer. That earlier work is reflected in the lobby of Rockefeller Center’s main building. While Diego de Rivera’s censored frescoes have been studied prolifically, little attention has been paid to Sert’s paradoxical reading of the same subjects. In this article, we analyse the history of the Atlantean Mediterranean literary myth in relation to Spain, the use John D. Rockefeller Jr. made of them in his emblematic urbanistic ensemble, and also the peculiar reading that the Catalan muralist made of these themes of Atlantis in relation to capitalism.

En el presente artículo se hace un análisis estético de la película Die Nibelungen (1924), de Fritz Lang, partiendo de la base de que sigue una línea estética tradicional, en la que el juicio estético y el moral están unidos, oponiéndose a muchos de los filmes contemporáneos, en los que estos juicios se conciben por separado. Se defiende, por tanto, la existencia de una correspondencia entre temática e imágenes, en la que las ideas morales se reflejan visualmente mediante la iluminación o las apariencias de los personajes, entre otros elementos. Asimismo, se la ubica dentro de la tradición cinematográfica de los Groβfilme (películas monumentales), que se contrapone a la del Künstlerische Film (cine artístico), para dar cuenta de que se trata de modos de producción distintos, que presentan diferentes esquemas narrativos y distintas tradiciones estéticas. Palabras clave: Die Nibelungen, Fritz Lang, Cine, Estética Abstract: The present article makes an aesthetic analysis of the film Die Nibelungen (1924), by Fritz Lang, on the basis that it follows a traditional aesthetic line, where both the aesthetic and the moral judgement are connected, opposing many of the contemporary films, where these judgements are thought separately. It is advocated therefore the existence of a correspondence between the topic and the images, where the moral ideas are visually reflected through the illumination and the appearances of the characters, among other elements. In addition, the film is placed within the filmmaking tradition of the Groβfilme (monumental films), which stands in opposition to the tradition of Künstlerische Film (art films), to realise that it involves different modes of production, which have different narrative structures and different aesthetic traditions.

Metrópolis de Fritz Lang es una película de enorme complejidad que casi cien años después de su estreno sigue provocando polémica en torno a las posibles interpretaciones ideológicas que propone. En este artículo, se estudia la película en paralelismo con otros usos ideológicos que se hicieron de los mismos mitos clásicos y bíblicos en ese contexto histórico. Especialmente aporta mucha luz sobre el complejo significado de Metropolis la comparación con el proyecto iconográfico del Rockefeller Center de Nueva York, que sigue una estética similar y hace también un uso simbólico de los mitos clásicos de Prometeo y Atlas que aparecen en la película. Sin embargo, mientras que Metrópolis supone una cierta premonición distópica -y preventiva- de la crisis del sueño europeo que presagiaba, por ejemplo, el uso simbólico que de esos mismos mitos se hacía entonces tanto en la URSS como en la Alemania nazi, el Rockefeller Center simboliza -todavía hoy- el proyecto más utópico del sueño capitalista americano. El estudio comparativo entre estos usos diferentes de los mismos mitos griegos muestra que la película de Fritz Lang -ya superados los prejuicios metodológicos heredados de la guerra fría académica- se nos descubre como una obra de arte abierta, considerablemente universal e intemporal.

Con la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPN) se evalúa el efecto de las prácticas silviculturales en ecosistemas manejados, pues es fundamental para entender su capacidad de almacenamiento de biomasa y carbono. En dos plantaciones de Pinus patula de 13 y 15 años se determinó el impacto del aclareo y la fertilización química sobre la PPN y otras variables; se estableció un experimento factorial de 22. La unidad experimental fue una parcela de 8 x 8 m y 10 x 10 m con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Se obtuvo un área basal residual de 18 y 21 m2 ha-1 en las parcelas con aclareo, y el área basal promedio en aquellas sin aclareo fue de 28 y 42 m2 ha-1. Se aplicaron 0.64, 0.128, 2.68 y 1.4, 0.4, 8.34 kg de urea, superfosfato triple de calcio y sulfato de potasio, respectivamente. La caída de hojarasca se controló mediante trampas de 0.5 m2; los incrementos de biomasa de fuste, follaje y ramas se calcularon con ecuaciones alométricas. La fertilización no tuvo efectos significativos, pero tendió a disminuir el incremento de biomasa (IB) y a incrementar la producción de hojarasca (PHo) y la PPN en la plantación de 13 años. En la de 15 se elevaron el IB y la PPN, pero disminuyó la PHo. El aclareo no tuvo efectos significativos, aunque se registró aumento en la PPN en la plantación de 15 años, B aumentó en ambas y reducción en PHo. Algunos resultados sugieren que el recurso más limitante, probablemente, es la luz, mientras que la disponibilidad de nutrimentos no.

West African land use systems have been experiencing one of the fastest transformations in the world over recent decades. The Sudanian savanna is an interesting example, as it hosts the cultivation of some crops typical of the Guinean savanna as well as some of the Sahel. Therefore, this region is likely to experience further changes in its crop portfolio over the next decades due to crop migration processes responding to environmental change. Simulation approaches can guide the development of agricultural production strategies that contribute to sustainably optimize both food and fuel production. This study used crop models already available in the APSIM platform to simulate plant production and the soil water and nutrient cycles of plots cultivated with groundnut, millet, sorghum, maize, and rice on three (two upland and one lowland) soil fertility classes and subjected to five levels of management (conventional tillage without residue incorporated to the soil and nor fertilizer application; conventional tillage without residue incorporated to the soil and 5 kg N ha−1; conventional tillage with residue incorporated to the soil 20 kg N ha−1, and no-till herbicide treated with 50 and 100 kg N ha−1). Simulation outputs were contrasted against data reported in the literature and converted into nutritional, fuel and feed yields based on the qualities and uses of their different plant comparments. Groundnut yields outperformed all of the cereals across most growing conditions, nutritional and feed indicators. Maize and rice provided the highest caloric yields, with the least fertile growing conditions. Sorghum provided average to high caloric and iron yields across all of the treatments. Millet provided the highest iron yields and high fuel yields across most treatments. Some simulated treatments could not be compared against literature review data because of their absence in actual cropping systems and the lack of experimental data. Plant production was simulated with higher accuracy than the other components of the simulation. In particular, there is a need to better parameterize and validate the rice, groundnut and millet models under Sudanian savanna conditions in order to perform more accurate comparative assessments among species.

One of the main applications of field spectroscopy is the generation of spectral libraries of Earth’s surfaces or materials to support mapping activities using imaging spectroscopy. To enhance the reliability of these libraries, spectral signature acquisition should be carried out following standard procedures and controlled experimental approaches. This paper presents a standard protocol for the creation of a spectral library for plant species. The protocol is based on characterizing the reflectance spectral response of different species in the spatiotemporal domain, by accounting for intra-species variation and inter-species similarity. A practical case study was conducted on the shrubland located in Doñana National Park (SW Spain). Spectral libraries of the five dominant shrub species were built (Erica scoparia, Halimium halimifolium, Ulex australis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Stauracanthus genistoides). An estimation was made of the separability between species: on one hand, the Student’s t-test evaluates significant intra-species variability (p < 0.05) and on the other hand, spectral similarity value (SSV) and spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithms obtain significant separability values for dominant species, although it was not possible to discriminate the legume species Ulex australis and Stauracanthus genistoides.

La variación de plántulas de cuatro familias de Pinus leiophylla de diferentes procedencias se evaluó en respuesta a la sequía, considerando las variables potencial hídrico (Ψa), potencial osmótico (Ψ0), componentes y asignación de biomasa. Las familias de P. leiophylla se localizan en un huerto semillero del Colegio de Postgraduados en el Estado de México. El estudio se hizo con el fin de identificar los genotipos resistentes al estrés hídrico. Después de 26 días sin riego, 50 % de las plántulas presentaron decaimiento permanente del ápice del tallo, con Ψa = -3.35 MPa y Ψ0 = -3.23 MPa, lo que representó disminución de 596 y 112 %, respectivamente, por efecto de la sequía. La acumulación de biomasa también fue afectada significativamente (P = 0.05) en las familias evaluadas, a excepción de la procedente de San Rafael. En promedio, la biomasa de la raíz de las plántulas en sequía fue 38 % menor que las plántulas sin sequía. Las familias de P. leiophylla provenientes de San Juan Tetla y de Santa María Atepetzingo (ambas del estado de Puebla) presentaron mejor respuesta al estrés impuesto, mientras que la familia de Tlalmanalco (Estado de México) fue la más afectada.

Resumen El efecto del sustrato, tipo de estaca y concentración de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) se evaluó en el enraizado de estacas de Pinus leiophylla con el propósito de multiplicar progenies de familias de medios hermanos con crecimiento sobresaliente. Para ello se utilizaron dos tipos de sustratos (agrolita y una mezcla de turba-agrolita-vermiculita 1:1:1), dos tipos de estacas (apicales y basales) y dos concentraciones de AIB (0 y 10,000 ppm). La probabilidad y porcentaje de enraizado, crecimiento de la estaca y características de las raíces formadas de P. leiophylla se evaluaron. Los resultados indican que usando estacas basales es 3.5 veces más probable que el enraizamiento de P. leiophylla sea exitoso que utilizando estacas apicales. El tratamiento formado por la mezcla de turba-agrolita-vermiculita, estaca basal y 10,000 ppm de AIB produjo 45.3 % de enraizamiento (mayor porcentaje), mientras que con el testigo solo se obtuvo 8.6 % de enraizamiento (agrolita, estaca basal y sin AIB). Las interacciones que incluyeron el tipo de sustrato mostraron diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) en el crecimiento de la estaca. El uso de agrolita y la aplicación de AIB favorecieron un mayor número de raíces, particularmente en las estacas tipo basal de P. leiophylla.

Field spectroscopy has undergone a remarkable growth over the past two decades in terms of use and application to different scientific disciplines. This work presents an important step forward to improve the interoperability for the spectral library interchange in the field spectroscopy scientific community, by establishing an XML-based metadata system using published International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifications. The proposed methodology is structured using three different XML files: each spectral library file acquired during a field campaign is accompanied by an XML file encoded according to the ISO 19156 standard, which carries the information related to the material or surface measured and the sampling procedure applied; the spectral libraries acquired on the same date share an XML file encoded according to the ISO 19115 standard, to represent dataset-level metadata; finally, all of the spectral libraries for the entire field campaign are referenced to an XML file encoded according to the Sensor Model Language (SensorML) specification, for information related to the field spectrometer characteristics and status. This structure ensures that the ISO 19156 files are not very large and avoids the repetition of many common metadata elements required to describe the dataset and sensor description.

Background: In Europe, acute hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) traditionally was an infection found in people who had travelled to endemic zones, mainly Asia and Africa. However, a growing number of sporadic autochthonous cases are now being diagnosed in the Western world. Objective: To analyze the cases of acute HEV hepatitis diagnosed in our setting, with the identification of the clinical-epidemiological characteristics. Material and methods: We included the cases of acute HEV hepatitis diagnosed (positive anti-HEV IgM and/or HEV RNA present in serum) between January 2008 and December 2014. Different clinical, epidemiological and evolutive parameters were analyzed. Results: A total of 23 patients were identified, all originating from Spain. Fourteen cases (60.87%) presented jaundice and marked cytolysis at the time of diagnosis (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] 1,106.91 U/l and alanine aminotransferase [ALT] 1,407.04 U/l). Twenty-two cases were regarded as autochthonous, and one patient had travelled to China three months before. The mean time to resolution was 11.2 weeks. Some autoimmune markers were positive in 43.5% of the patients. Two subjects were diagnosed with previous chronic liver disease and were classified as "acute-on-chronic liver failure" (ACLF), one died and the other underwent liver transplantation. Conclusion: Acute HEV hepatitis in our setting is an autochthonous condition that is probably underdiagnosed, manifesting with jaundice and cytolysis. Autoimmune marker positivity is an epiphenomenon, which in some cases complicates the diagnosis.