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ABSTRACT Diversifying pastures with forage legumes may reduce nitrogen fertilization due to biological N fixation. This study aimed to quantify forage accumulation rate and macronutrients extraction and to identify the best intercropping combination between butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) – a legume, and three warm-season forage grasses of different growth habits (signalgrass – Urochloa decumbunes, Guinea grass - Mega thyrsus maximus, and bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon). Treatments consisted of mixes of perennial herbaceous legume, butterfly pea (twining stem), with grasses, signalgrass (decumbent stem) and Guinea grass (erect stem), and bermudagrass (stoloniferous/rhizomatous). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three treatments and three replications. There was interaction between the intercropping combinations and cutting cycles for forage accumulation rate (FAR) and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S uptake. Phosphorus and K uptake was reduced from the second cycle onwards, except for the signalgrass-butterfly pea intercropping, whose reduction was only from the third cycle. Conversely, the signalgrass-butterfly pea and bermudagrass-butterfly pea intercropping did not differ from each other in relation to total N concentration in soil, but the signalgrass-butterfly pea intercropping showed total N concentration in soil higher than that of Guinea grass-butterfly pea intercropping. A higher predominance of the N-NH4+ form was observed in the soil. Grass-legume intercropping increased the demand for nutrients, which makes it indispensable to verify the export of macronutrients to know when to supply these nutrients removed from the soil solution.

To evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep confined and fed with substitution levels of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC). We adopted a completely randomized design, with four levels of substitution (0; 33; 67 and 100%) with five replicates (sheep). We estimated the percentages of total times of intake of feed, time of rumination, in ‘other activities’, in idle agreed and in idle sleeping, dividing the day into eight periods (5h00 to 8h00; 8h01 to 11h00; 11h01 to 14h00; 14h01 to 17h00; 17h01 to 20h00; 20h01 to 23h00; 23h01 to 2h00 and 2h01 to 5h00). No interaction was observed between levels of substitution of the SM by DCC and period of the day to go. However, the isolated effect period of the day, there is more time to go from 8h00 to 11h00. The time rumination was not influenced by the levels of substitution of the SM by DCC. As for the variable other activities, the level of 67% DCC was superior to that of 100%. Regarding the variables idle agreed and idle sleeping, were not observed effects of substitution levels of SM by DCC. The DCC provides no changes in the behavior of the sheep, but the period of the day exerts influence on the behavioral pattern of such animals.

The cashew pseudo fruit can be used to animal feeding in tropical and subtropical countries as Brazil, Ivory Coast and Vietnam. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance of dehydrated cashew apple by-product to sheep. The experiment was carried out with 24 sheep in a completely randomized design with the treatments distributed in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme to test the inclusion (11, 21, 28 and 33% dry matter basis) and the grinding sizes (3 and 19 mm diameter) of dehydrated cashew apple by-product. To grinding sizes there was no effect to intake and digestibility, suggesting the use of dehydrated cashew apple by-product either finely or coarsely milled. The inclusion up to 33% of dehydrated cashew apple by-product inclusion did not affect voluntary intake and nitrogen balance. However, when including above 21%, there was a reduction of ether extract digestibility and more than 28% reduced dry matter and organic matter digestibility.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of completely replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor cake detoxified (DCC) with two alkaline products on the nitrogen balance and hepatic and renal function in goat kids. Goat kids of two breeds, Saanen and Anglo Nubian, with an initial body weight of 16.2 ± 0.67 kg, and confined during the growth phase, were used. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on SM and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Twenty-four goats kids were distributed in a completely randomized design using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme (diet x breed) with four replicates per combination. The experimental period lasted for 270 days. Consumed nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, retained nitrogen, and nitrogen balance were influenced (p < 0.05) by diets. There was significant effect of diets (p < 0.05) on creatinine, direct bilirubin, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase blood levels, however without any negative changes involving renal or hepatic dysfunction. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats kids in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats kids use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. NaOH DCC stands in the substitution of soybean meal, because in spite of decreasing the consumption of nitrogen provides the same retention of soybean meal.

Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características morfogênicas e estruturais dos capins BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sob diferentes condições hídricas. As avaliações de trocas gasosas, do fluxo de biomassa e das características estruturais foram realizadas nos períodos seco e de transição seca/águas, sob os regimes de lâminas de irrigação de 30; 60; 90 e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (lâminas de irrigação e gramíneas). O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com capacidade para 7,5 dm³, utilizando como substrato a camada de 0-0,2 m do solo. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) entre as trocas gasosas no período seco, onde os crescentes regimes de irrigação proporcionaram melhores resultados. No período de transição seco/chuvoso observou-se uma inversão de comportamento em relação ao período seco, evidenciando rápida recuperação das gramíneas sob os menores tratamentos de irrigação. Observou-se comportamento quadrático para variável concentrações de CO2 no mesófilo foliar (Ci), com ponto de máximo para o capim-massai e de mínimo para o capim-tamani, onde as maiores e menores Ci de 119 e 48 ppm nas lâminas de irrigação de 107 e 35% da ETo, respectivamente. No tocante ao fluxo de biomassa, o capim-tamani apresentou maior taxa de alongamento das hastes e de senescência foliar em relação a cultivar BRS Massai em ambos os períodos avaliados. No período seco, observou-se maior produção de biomassa de lâminas foliares verde no capim-tamani, enquanto que no período de transição seca/águas, os resultados para esta variável foram semelhantes, ao mesmo tempo em que se observa maior acúmulo de biomassa de colmo verde no capim-tamani, o que afetou sua estrutura. Conclui-se que a aplicação de uma lâmina mínima diária de 30% da ETo possibilita a manutenção das gramíneas BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sem incorrer em morte de perfilhos e redução do vigor de rebrotação, ao passo que a lâmina de 90% da ETo favorece as características morfofisiológicas, em especial do capim-tamani.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor bean cake (DCC), containing different alkaline solutions, on the nutritional parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian female goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kids. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on corn and SM; and two with DCC with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Intake and digestibility data were analyzed in two phases according to the growth curves of the goats, which showed: a linear accelerated growth (phase I, from 60 to 298 days of life) and a reduction in the intensity of body growth (phase II, from 299 to 345 days). During phase I, the goat kids fed DCC with NaOH showed a lower intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients. During phase II, there was significant effect of diets on the intake of nutrients, with the exception of ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy (ME). A diet effect was observed on the digestibility of DM, crude protein, EE, and neutral detergent fiber, mainly for goat kids fed diets with DCC. Despite their lower intake, the diets formulated with DCC do not negatively affect the nutritional performance of female goats kids in both growth phases, since they result in a greater feed efficiency.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o consumo, desempenho e na curva de crescimento de cabritas de aptidão leiteira. Foram utilizadas 24 cabras, Saanen (n=12) e Anglo Nubiana (n=12), com peso corporal inicial de 16,2±0,67 kg, idade inicial de 3 meses e confinadas durante a fase de crescimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas: dieta padrão formulada com uma fonte proteica tradicional, o farelo de soja (FS); e dietas testes, que consistiram de uma fonte proteica alternativa, diferindo os processos de destoxificação, à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Ca (OH)2) ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta FS, TMD Ca(OH)2 e TMD NaOH x raça Saanen e Anglo Nubiana) perfazendo seis sessões com quatro repetições cada. O período experimental durou 270 dias. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram os de Gompertz e Logístico. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) das dietas sobre o consumo dos nutrientes, porém não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das raças e interação entre ambos os fatores. O consumo de MS durante a fase de crescimento foi maior para as cabras alimentadas com FS. Não houve efeito (P > 0,05) das dietas nem das raças no GMD. A conversão alimentar foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelas dietas, em que as cabras que consumiram as dietas com TMD apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar. Observou-se que ambos os modelos tiveram bons ajustes, com valores numericamente superiores a 90%, contudo, o modelo Logístico apresentou maior R2 e, ao mesmo tempo, índice assintótico (IA). Apesar do GMD ser igual, as raças apresentaram taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) diferenciado ao longo do tempo, onde as cabras Saanen atingiram o pico primeiro (181 dias), com TCA de 0,14 kg dia-1. Porém, mesmo as cabras Anglo Nubianas atingindo o pico mais tardiamente, a TCA foi maior, cerca de 0,16 kg dia-1 superior às Saanen. Ambas as tortas tem potencial de substituir o FS em dieta de cabritas de aptidão leiteira durante a fase de crescimento. O modelo matemático Logístico estima de forma mais precisa o crescimento de cabras Saanen e Anglo Nubiana, sendo que a taxa de crescimento absoluto é maior em cabras Anglo Nubianas.

Avaliou-se a influência da total substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre a viabilidade econômico-financeira na produção de matrizes leiteiras das raças Saanen e Anglo Nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg confinadas até a formação de matrizes aptas a reprodução (70% do peso vivo corporal). Foram simulados seis sistemas de produção (SP), sendo: SP1, criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP2, criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta padrão à base de FS; SP3, criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2; SP4, criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD Ca(OH)2; SP5, criação de cabritas Saanen alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH; SP6, criação de cabritas Anglo Nubianas alimentadas com dieta à base de TMD NaOH. A avaliação econômico-financeira dos dados foi realizada de forma descritiva, utilizando-se o software AVETEC®. Os maiores custos com alimentação foram observados nos sistemas que utilizaram as dietas a base de FS, cerca de 58,70% para as cabras Saanen e 66,22% para as Anglo Nubianas. A simulação para produção de 144 matrizes leiteiras proporcionou receita superior aos custos de produção, resultando em indicadores econômicos positivos para todos os cenários avaliados. Observou-se que todos os cenários tiveram ponto de nivelamento (PN) inferior a 144 cabras que é a quantidade de animais que podem ser produzidas anualmente para cada sistema simulado nesta pesquisa. A receita líquida de todos os sistemas foi maior que zero, o que indica que a atividade é estável, apresentando altas taxas internas de retorno. Da mesma forma, os índices de lucratividade são bem atrativos, principalmente os sistemas que optarem pela cria de cabras da raça Saanen, onde os VPLs são superiores há um milhão de reais. As análises de sensibilidade mostraram que apenas nas situações mais desfavoráveis, tais como a redução de 30% tanto na produção quanto no preço de mercado, os indicadores são economicamente inviáveis. O uso das TMD não compromete a viabilidade econômica dos sistemas, porém quando comparados aos sistemas que utiliza a dieta padrão, apresentam menor rentabilidade.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced.

ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the lactation curves, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and 43±2.97 kg body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The lactation curves showed greater persistence of lactation in Saanen goats. There were significant effects of diets on the profile of some fatty acids present in the milk. We observed that the NaOH DCC diet led to an increase in desirable fatty acid content. Both Ca(OH)2 and NaOH DCC diets led to decreased milk production during the lactation period; however, the NaOH DCC diet led to high productive efficiency. Furthermore, NaOH DCC did not negatively affect the desirable fatty acid content, unlike Ca(OH)2 DCC. Diets formulated with detoxified castor decrease the production of milk from goats during lactation phase. It should be emphasized that milk produced by goats fed DCC diets does not contain unwanted waste.

Increasing milk production in countries such as Brazil, India and Pakistan implies the generation of dairy by-products such as nutrient-rich bovine whey which, if used in feeding small ruminants would reduce environmental waste and add value to this by-product. Twenty entire male kids weighing an average 17 kg and 5 months age were used. The diet control was composed by Aruana hay, milled whole maize, pelleted soybean and limestone. Bovine cheese whey at 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% (DM basis) was added to experimental diets. Variables measured included intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, energy balance, and nitrogen balance. Regression equations and Pearson correlations (P ? 0.05) were determined. The 3% diet resulted in greater ether extract (EE) (g/kg0.75) and digestible EE (P ? 0.05) concentrations compared to 0% whey. The consumption of cellulose (g/kg0.75) was greater (P ? 0.05) for kids on the 3.0% diet compared to 0 or 1.5%. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of whey. Kids on the 4.5% diet excreted more (P ? 0.05) fecal N than those fed no whey; these also retained less N (P ? 0.05) compared to animals fed 3.0% or less whey in their diet. All diets resulted in positive energy and nitrogen balances. Bovine whey can be included in male kid diets up to 4.5% of diet without negatively affecting consumption or apparent digestibility of those diets.

ABSTRACT The effect of substituting soybean meal (SM) with four levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of detoxified castor cake (DCC) on intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance was evaluated in uncastrated, male, crossbred sheep in a randomised complete block design with four treatments and five replications. There was a decreasing linear effect from the levels of substitution on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) intake, total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and on DM, OM and TC digestibility, for reductions of 2.04, 1.70, 0.35, 1.56, 1.89 and 1.67 g dia-1 and 0.34, 0.53 and 0.51 g kg-1 DM respectively, for each 1% SM substituted with DCC. DMI and NDFap expressed, in %BW and g kg-0.75, showed a quadratic response, with a maximum value of 3.85 and 1.73%BW, and 95.15 and 42.47 g kg-0.75, for 25.00, 65.00, 20.75 and 61.50% SM substituted with DCC respectively. There was a linear increase in the intake of acid detergent fibre and in ether extract digestibility. The nitrogen balance was not affected by the substitution of SM with DCC. Substituting soybean meal with castor cake detoxified by autoclaving in lamb diets alters nutrient intake and digestibility without affecting the nitrogen balance.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)2 or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the performance and ingestive behavior of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass and fed diets containing 40% carnauba or tucum fruits. Twenty-one male castrated goats were distributed into three groups, one exclusively on pasture and the other two on pasture and fed diet supplemented at the level of 1.5% body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design. The intake of the supplements was obtained by difference between the amount supplied and the leftovers, with weighing performed every seven days, while pasture intake was determined using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as external indicator. Ingestive behavior was evaluated for three days. The supplement containing carnauba fruit resulted in a greater intake of neutral detergent fiber (0.137 kg NDF/day), with a reduction of 8.61% in the pasture dry matter (DM) intake of goats. Associated with the intake of pasture nutrients, the tucum fruit diet met the protein (0.103 kg CP/day) and energetic (0.547 kg TDN/day) requirements of goats with intake set at 0.124 kg CP/day and 0.572 kg TDN/day, with higher weight gain (0.111 kg/day) and larger loin eye area (12.76 cm2). The supplementation with fruits influenced the grazing behavior of goats, increasing the idle time by 1 h in relation to animals not supplemented. The supplementation of growing goats grazing on Tanzania guinea grass pasture with a diet containing 40% tucum fruit, in the proportion of 1.5% BW, did not meet the nutritional requirements for gain of 150 g/day; however, it met requirements for maintenance and average gain of 111 g/day. Energy supplementation reduces the grazing time of goats; thus, it is necessary to consider the level and formulation of supplements, with the possibility of increasing the stocking rate and productivity per unit area.

Was evaluated the influence of alternative methods of detoxification of castor cake on nitrogen balance and ruminal evaluation in sheep fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets. Twenty sheep (ten males and ten females) were used in five treatments (castor cake untreated, treated with limestone, treated with urea, treated with phosphate monodicalcium and autoclaved) and four repetitions. For nitrogen balance we used a randomized block design, with the blocks according to the sex and the variables pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the experimental design was split plot, with plots in the diets subplots and the collection times (0, 2, 5 and 8 hours postprandial).The treatments did not influence N intake, N urinary, urea and N-urea concentration in plasma. The Urinary N was higher in diet containing castor cake treated with phosphate monodicalcium (FOS) when compared with those containing castor cake treated by autoclave (ACL). Already the nitrogen balance (BN) was higher in diet ACL when compared to FOS diet. The pH and N-NH3 were within the normal range of sheep, being little affected by diet. Diets with methods of detoxification of castor cake promoted moderate changes in nitrogen balance with emphasis on the castor cake autoclaved and treated with limestone. The males sheep showed higher nitrogen balance than females.

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p < 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p < 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.Avaliou-se a produção e qualidade do leite de cabras em pasto cultivado de Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzânia sob níveis de suplementação com concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito cabras da raça Anglonubiana, com idade entre dois e quatro anos, peso médiode 43,6 kg, entre a 2ª e 4ª ordem de lactação, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino balanceado 4 x 4. Os níveis de suplementação avaliados foram: 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% do peso vivo. O concentrado, foi composto por grão de milho e farelo de soja. O consumo de matéria seca e de nutrienteseas produçõesdiárias de leite, de leite corrigido a 4% de gordura, gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais aumentaramcom a suplementação, enquanto que os teores de gordura e sólidos totais reduziram. A suplementação com concentrado em até 1,5% do peso vivo em pasto cultivado de capim-tanzânia promove aumento no consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes da dieta, do que resulta o aumento linear na produção de leite e de seus constituintes.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 33; 67 e 100%) do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada em rações sobre o desempenho produtivo e as características de carcaça de ovinos mestiços de Morada Nova. Utilizaram-se 20 machos não-castrados, com peso vivo médio de 18,7 kg, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados o desempenho, o peso, o rendimento e a composição regional das carcaças. A substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada não teve efeito sobre o peso vivo ao abate e o ganho de peso total durante o confinamento, entretanto teve efeito linear decrescente sobre o ganho médio diário e a conversão alimentar dos animais. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada sobre o peso vivo final, o peso vivo ao abate em jejum, o peso corporal vazio, o peso da carcaça quente e o peso da carcaça fria. O rendimento de carcaça quente foi afetado pelos níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona, mesmo comportamento observado para o rendimento de carcaça fria. O peso da costela e os rendimentos da costela e da paleta também foram influenciados pelos níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada. O peso e o rendimento das demais regiões, no entanto, não apresentaram diferenças entre níveis de substituição. A torta de mamona destoxificada pode ser utilizada em níveis de até 67% de substituição ao farelo de soja em dietas para ovinos.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of four substitution levels (0; 33; 67 and 100%) of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake on performance and carcass characteristics of 20 non-castrated male crossbred Morada Nova lambs, with mean body weight of 18.7 kg, in a randomized blocks design with four treatments and five replicates. Performance, carcass weight, carcass yield and relative composition of the commercial cuts were evaluated. The substitution levels of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake had no effect on final live weight or total weight gain in feedlot, but it caused decreasing linear effect on average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was observed. There was no effect of the substitution levels of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake on final body weight, live weight at fasting, empty body weight, hot carcass weight or cold carcass weight. The hot carcass yield was affected by substitution levels; the same behavior was observed for cold carcass yield. Rib weight and yield and shoulders yield had linear decrease of substitution levels of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake, whereas weight and yield of other regions did not present any effect for the substitution levels. Detoxified castor cake can be utilized in levels of up to 67% in substitution of the soybean meal in sheep diets.

The economic viability of finishing sheep on Tanzania grass under intermittent grazing was evaluated with four concentrate supplementation levels (0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8% LW), two herd separation systems (electric and net fence) and three pasture sizes (1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 ha). The analysis was carried out to determine the minimal necessary conditions to have a viable business. Net income, benefitcost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return with an interest of rate of 8.75% per year were verified. The total implantation cost and maintenance to each system was estimated according to Fortaleza/CE market. Sale price between R$ 2.60 to 3.20/kg LW was considered to estimate total budget. The pasture sized 1.0 ha was economically unviable for both kinds of system tested.The system with net fence was more expensive than the one with electric fence. For the systems with supplementation, data showed viability only for a sale price above R$ 3.00/kg LW and, in some cases, in areas above 5.0 ha.

Quantitative characteristics of the carcass of feedlot finished Nelore X Limousin bulls, receiving diets containing 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% corn germ meal (CGM) were evaluated. The initial average weight and age were 321.25 kg and 20 months, respectively. The experimental diets were composed by 25% of roughage and 75% of concentrate. Each 1% CGM inclusion provided the increase of 0.62 kg in the slaughter weight. The CGM addition to the diets provided linear increases in the weights of the hot and cold carcasses. There were no differences for hot and cold carcasses dressing percentages and chilling loss for the different diets. Observed averages were 55.21%; 54.42% and 0.78%, respectively. The hindquarter (pistol) (48.53%), spare ribs (11.66%) and forequarter (39.8%) cuts did not alter with the CGM inclusion in the diets. The weights and percentages of the commercial cuts of the hindquarter were, also not influenced by the CGM addition. Diets containing up to 45% of CGM can be supplied to feedlot finishing bovine, providing higher body and carcass weights, without affecting carcass yields. KEY WORDS: By-products, commercial cuts, carcass evaluation, carcass yield. Foram avaliadas as características quantitativas das carcaças de 24 tourinhos Nelore X Limousin submetidos a dietas contendo 0%, 15%, 30% e 45% de gérmen de milho integral (GMI), terminados em confinamento, com peso e idade média inicial de 321,25 kg e vinte meses, respectivamente. A dieta total conteve 25% de volumoso e 75% de concentrado. Cada 1% de inclusão de GMI às dietas proporcionou ganhos de 0,62 kg no peso de abate dos animais. Os pesos da carcaça quente e carcaça fria mostraram comportamento linear crescente (pPALAVRAS-CHAVES: Avaliação de carcaças, cortes comerciais, rendimento de carcaça, subprodutos agroindustriais.

Avaliou-se o fluxo de biomassa em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro níveis de suplementação concentrada, com período de ocupação de três dias e descanso de 21 dias, em delineamento de parcelas subdivididas, de modo que as parcelas foram os níveis de suplementação (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% do PV) e as subparcelas, os ciclos de pastejo (quatro), com três repetições (piquetes amostrais). Não houve efeito dos níveis de suplementação e dos ciclos de pastejo sobre a relação entre as taxas de lâmina foliar (TAlF) das folhas 1 e 2 recentemente expandidas, com média de 0,69. A suplementação e os ciclos de pastejo tiveram efeito quadrático sobre a taxa de alongamento foliar, cujas estimativas foram de 5,04; 4,95 (ponto de mínimo estimado) e 5,7 cm/perfilho·dia nos níveis de 0,0; 0,46 e 1,8% de suplementação, respectivamente. A taxa de alongamento das hastes e a altura do pseudocolmo não foram afetadas pelos níveis de suplementação. As taxas de senescência foliar anterior, posterior e total não foram afetadas pelos níveis de suplementação nem pelos ciclos de pastejo. Não houve efeito dos níveis de suplementação nem dos ciclos de pastejo sobre o filocrono. A taxa de crescimento da cultura e a taxa de acúmulo da cultura não foram afetadas pelos níveis de suplementação nem pelos ciclos de pastejo. O índice de área foliar residual foi estimado em 2,00 e de 2,72 nos níveis de suplementação de 0,0 e 1,8% PV. Não houve diferença na densidade populacional de perfilhos entre os níveis de suplementação, porém, entre ciclos, observou-se que o ciclo 4 foi superior ao 2 e semelhante aos demais. Os componentes do fluxo de biomassa do capim-tanzânia são pouco afetados pelos níveis de suplementação.The biomass flow of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania under intermittent stocking with four concentrate supplementation levels, with three grazing periods and 21 rest periods was evaluated. A split plot design, with supplementation level (0.0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8% of live weight) and grazing cycles as sub-parcels, with three replicates (paddocks) by treatment was used. There was no effect between supplementation levels and grazing cycles on the leaves 1 and 2 TAlF ratio, averaging 0.69. There was a square effect of the supplementation level on the leaf elongation rate, estimating 5.04, 4.95 (estimated minimum point) and 5.70 cm/tiller × day to the levels of 0.0, 0.46 and 1.8% LW, respectively. No effect of the supplementation levels on the culm elongation rate and culm height was observed. The supplementation levels and grazing cycles did not affect the senescence rate of leaves remaining after grazing, of the new emerged leaves, the total senescence rate. No effect of the supplementation levels and grazing cycles on the phylochron was observed. There was no effect of the supplementation levels and grazing cycles on the herbage growth and herbage accumulation rates. A residual leaf area index of 2.00 and 2.72 was estimated for supplementation levels of 0.0 and 1.8% LW. No effects of the supplementation levels on the tiller population density were observed. In relation to the cycles, cycle 4 was higher than cycle 2 and similar to the others. The biomass flows of tanzania grass are little affected by the supplementation levels.

Avaliou-se a composição e produtividade do capim-andropógon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth.) em diferentes idades de rebrota, associado às espécies arbóreas pau-d’arco (Tabebuia serratifolia) e jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) no período chuvoso, em Teresina, Piauí.Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas os ambientes (sombreamento com jatobá e pau-d’arco e área aberta) e posições (nascente e poente), e as subparcelas as idades (35, 49 e 63 dias), com cinco repetições. Houve interação ambiente x idade para MS na planta, FDN e FDA na planta e nas folhas e NIDN nas folhas. A PB nas folhas à sombra foi superior (9,65 ± 0,94%) em relação à área aberta (9,16 ± 1,41%). Houve efeito linear decrescente (p < 0,01) da idade sobre PB na planta e folhas. A partir dos 47,7 e 48,8 dias houve redução na relação folha/colmo do capim-andropógon em pau-d’arco e jatobá, respectivamente. É viável o cultivo da gramínea em sistema silvipastoril, pela estabilidade na composição de MS e FDA e nas proporções de NIDN e NIDA na planta e nas folhas, bem como para PB naplanta e FDN nas folhas, com maior teor de PB nas folhas da gramínea. Não houve diferença nos teores de FDN na gramínea em função da idade entre os ambientes.The study evaluated composition and productivity of Andropogon grass at different ages of resprout, associated with the species Tabebuiaserratifolia and Hymenaea courbaril, during the rainy period, in Teresina, Piauí. A random blocks design was adopted, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with subdivided parcels, being the parcels theenvironments (shading with Tabebuia serratifolia, Hymenaea courbaril and open area) and position (rising and setting), and subparcels the ages (35, 49 and 63 days), with five repetitions. There wasinteraction between the environment and age for DM in the plant, NDF and ADF in the plant and leaves, and NDIN in leaves. The CP in leaves in the shade was higher (9.65 ± 0.94%) compared to the open area (9.16 ± 1.41%). There was a linear effect (p < 0.01) of the age on CPin the plant and leaves. From days 47.7 and 48.8 there was a reduction in the leaf/steam ratio of Andropogon grass under T. serratifolia and H. courbaril, respectively. The culture of the grass in silvopastoral systems is viable, due to the stability in the composition of DM and ADF in the ratios of NDIN and ADIN in the plant and leaves, as well as for CP in plant and NDF in leaves, with higher CP levels in leaves of the grass. There was no difference in the levels of NDF in the grass in function of the age among environments.

Avaliou-se o comportamento de ovinos em pastagem de capim-tanzânia irrigado sob suplementação (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% PV) com concentrado. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições (ovinos). A porcentagem do tempo total sob o sombrite, pastejando, ruminando, em "outras atividades", em ócio, o número de ingestões de suplemento/sal, de defecações, de micções e de ingestão de água e a taxa de bocado foram estimados dividindo-se o dia em oito períodos de 3 horas (das 5 às 8 h; 8 às 11 h; 11 às 14 h; 14 às 17 h; 17 às 20 h; 20 às 23 h; 23 às 2 h; 2 às 5 h). O tempo de pastejo foi maior entre os animais que não receberam suplementação e decresceu progressivamente, voltando a elevar somente com 1,8% de suplementação. O tempo de ruminação foi maior nos animais com suplementação de 0,6% PV, principalmente das 14 às 17 h e das 17 às 20 h, enquanto o tempo de ócio foi maior no nível de 1,2% PV. A ingestão de água elevou-se com o aumento da suplementação até 1,2% PV e concentrou-se entre 11 e 14 h. O número de micções e de defecações foi maior com suplementação no nível de 1,8% PV. A elevação progressiva na taxa de bocado até o nível de suplementação de 1,2% PV no período das 11 às 20 h com posterior redução sugere efeito aditivo do suplemento sobre o pasto até esse nível, no qual se inicia efeito substitutivo. O tempo sob o sombrite concentrou-se no período das 8 às 14 h e reduziu com a suplementação até 1,2% PV. A suplementação afeta o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos em pastejo, uma vez que, no nível de 1,2% PV, houve otimização da capacidade ingestiva dos animais. Níveis superiores de suplementação comprometem o comportamento ingestivo, por isso, são necessárias alterações na formulação do suplemento quando utilizados níveis mais elevados.The sheep behavior over 24 hours in Tanzania grass irrigated pastures under four supplementation levels (0.0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8% LW) was evaluated in this work. A complete randomized design with six replicates (sheep) was used. The percentage of total time under shade, grazing, ruminating, in "other activities", in idleness, the number of supplement/salt ingestions, defecations, urinations, water ingestion and bite rate were estimated, splitting the day in eight periods of three hours (from 5 to 8 a.m.; 8 to 11 a.m.; 11 a.m to 2 p.m; 2 to 5 p.m.; 5 to 8 p.m.; 8 to 11 p.m.; 11 p.m. to 2 a.m.; 2 to 5 a.m). The highest grazing time occurred in animals without supplementation and decreased gradually and increased back again in the supplementation level of 1.8% LW. The rumination time was higher in the supplementation level of 0.6% LW, mainly in the periods from 2 a.m. to 5 p.m and from 5 p.m to 8 p.m. The idleness time was higher in the supplementation level of 1.2% LW. Water ingestion increased up to time the supplementation level of 1.2% LW and was concentrated in the period from 11 a.m to 2 p.m. The urination and defecation frequency was higher in the supplementation level of 1.8% LW. The gradual increase of bite rate up to the supplementation level of 1.2% LW, in the periods from 11 p.m to 8 p.m, with posterior decrease, suggests an additive effect of the supplement on the grass until such level, and a substitutive effect beyond this level. The total time under shade was concentrated in the periods from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m and decreased with the supplementation level up to 1.2% LW. The supplementation level affected the sheep behavior under grazing, where the supplementation level of 1.2% LW presented optimization of the ingestive capacity of the grazing sheep. The highest supplementation levels compromised the ingestive behavior, suggesting that changes on ration formulation in such levels should be implemented.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da amonização com diferentes níveis de ureia e do uso de grãos de soja como fonte de urease, na melhoria da composição químico-bromatológica do resíduo agroindustrial da carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera), conhecido como bagana (BC). Os níveis de ureia utilizados foram 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 e 10%, em relação à percentagem de matéria seca total da BC; e os níveis de grãos de soja tostados foram de 0 e 20%. Foram também avaliados o consumo de ração e o desempenho de cordeiros confinados, submetidos a dietas com níveis crescentes de substituição de feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) (FT) pela BC: 100 FT; 25% BC e 75% FT; 50% BC e 50% FT; 75% BC e 25% FT; 100% BC. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros mestiços inteiros, recém-desmamados, com peso corporal médio de 17 kg e idade média em torno de 80 dias. Os teores de proteína bruta na forragem aumentaram com o aumento das dosagens de ureia. Foram observados, ainda, aumentos nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro e celulose e redução da digestibilidade da BC. Os consumos diários mais elevados de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro foram observados nos animais que receberam apenas FT como volumoso. O desempenho animal foi reduzido com o aumento da BC na dieta.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of ammonization with different levels of urea and the use of soybean grains as a urease source, for the improving of the chemical composition of carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera) agroindustrial residue (BC). The levels of urea were 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% in relation to the percentage of total dry matter of BC and the levels of toasted soybean grains were 0 and 20%. Evaluations were also made for forage intake and performance of confined sheep subjected to diets with increasing levels of replacement of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) hay (FT) by BC: 100% FT, 25% BC plus 75% FT, 50% BC plus 50% FT, 75% BC plus 25% FT, and 100% BC. Thirty crossbred 80-day old weaned sheep with 17 kg initial average weight were used. Crude protein in the forage increased with the increasing doses of urea. Increases were also observed for neutral detergent fiber and cellulose contents and reductions were observed for roughage digestibility. The highest daily intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract and neutral detergent fiber were observed in animals fed only FT. Animal performance decreased with increase of BC in the diet.

Avaliaram-se as características estruturais do capim-tanzânia pastejado por ovinos sob lotação rotativa com quatro níveis de suplementação concentrada (NS) (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% PV), em delineamento de parcelas subdivididas, em que as parcelas foram os níveis de suplementação e os ciclos de pastejo (CP), as subparcelas, com quatro repetições. Estimaram-se as produções de massa seca de forragem total (MSFT), forragem morta (MSFM), forragem verde (MSFV), lâmina foliar verde (MSLV) e colmo verde (MSCV), a altura (ALT) e o número de folhas/perfilho (F/P); as relações folha/colmo (F/C) e material vivo/morto (MV/MM) no pré e pós-pastejo; a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP); e o índice de área foliar (IAFres). Não foram observados efeitos dos NS e nem dos ciclos para as variáveis F/P, MSFM, MSFV, MV/MM, MSLV e MSCV. Para a variável ALT, observaram-se diferenças do ciclo 4 em relação aos demais. A MSFT foi afetada pelos NS, de modo que o pasto com ovinos sob suplementação a 0,6% PV foi semelhante aos dos NS de 0,0 e 1,8% PV, porém foi superior ao do NS de 1,2% PV. Foi observado efeito dos NS sobre a MSFTres e MSFMres no nível de 0,6% PV, sendo superior ao do nível de 1,2% PV, porém semelhante aos demais. Para MSFVres observou-se efeito quadrático dos NS, porém não houve efeito dos CP. Para a relação MV/MMres, não foram observadas diferenças entre NS e nem entre CP. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos NS sobre a MSLVres, o IAFres e a MSCVres. Houve aumento linear na F/C com o aumento do NS. Quanto à DPP, não foi observada diferença entre NS. Os níveis crescentes de suplementação não comprometeram o vigor da rebrotação da pastagem, em razão da manutenção dos componentes da biomassa dentro de níveis aceitáveis.This research evaluated the canopy structure of tanzania grass under intermittent stocking with four concentrate supplementation levels (SL) (0.0; 0.6; 1.2 and, 1.8% of live weight), in a split plot design, with SL being plots and grazing cycles (GC) subplots, with four replicates. Total herbage dry mass (MSFT), death herbage dry mass (MSFM), green herbage dry mass (MSFV), green leaf blade dry mass (MSLV), green stem dry mass (MSCV), canopy height (ALT); number of live leaf per tiller (F/P), leaf/stem (F/C) and live/death material (MV/MM) ratios, pre- and post-grazing, as well as the tiller populational density (DPP) pre-grazing and residual leaf area index (IAFres) were determined. Considering pre-grazing biomass components, it was not observed significative effects between SL and GC to F/P, MSFM, MSFV, MV/MM, MSLV and, MSCV. For canopy height, it was observed difference between cycle 4 compared to others. The MSFT was affected by SL, where the sheeps supplemented with 0.6% LW was similar to the ones supplemented with 0.0 and 1.8% LW levels, however at the 0.6% LW level, MSFT was greater than 1.2% LW. There were no effects of SL and cycles on MSFTres and MSFMres. It was not observed differences among 0.0, 0.6 and 1.8% SL on MSFTres and MSFMres, however the 0.6% SL (LW) was greater than 1.2% SL (LW). There was a squared effect of SL on MSFVres, however, there was no observed effect of cycles. It was not observed effect of SL and GC on the MV/MMres relation. It was observed a squared effect of SL on the MSLVres and IAFres. There was a squared effect of SL on the MSCVres. The addition of SL caused increase in F/Cres. It was not observed effect of SL on DPP. The SL did not affect the pasture regrowth vigor, because of the maintenance of biomass components in accepted levels.

Sixteen lambs fed with 0%, 15%, 30% or 45% of tomato by product (TBP) in the diet were used in order to evaluate the intake (I) and apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fi-ber (ADF) in a randomized design. There were no diffe-rences in DM-I related to live weight (3,6%) and metabo-lic weight (91,7g/kg0,75) among the treatments. The 30% TBP diet showed higher OM-AD. It was found a linear effect for ADF-I and a quadratic response for NDF-I. The regression analysis revealed a negative effect of TBP in a CP-AD. For the others parameters there were no differen-ces among treatments. It was concluded that the TBP has good AD of all analyzed fractions and that proportions up to 45% TBP in lamb’s diet do not reduce the intake, howe-ver higher digestibility was found with 30% of inclusion.KEY-WORDS: Apparent digestibility, intake, tomato by-product. Avaliaram-se os consumos (Co) e as digestibilida-des aparentes (DA) da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgâni-ca (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) em ovinos ali-mentados com 0%, 15%, 30% ou 45% de resíduo indus-trial de tomate (RIT) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos não apresentaram diferença para o Co-MS em relação ao peso vivo (3,6%) e ao peso metabólico (91,7 g/kg0,75). A dieta contendo 30% de RIT apresentou maior digestibilidade DA-MO em relação às demais. Verificou-se que para o Co-FDA existe relação li-near positiva e para FDN relação quadrática. A análise de regressão demonstrou efeito negativo da adição do resí-duo sobre a DA-PB. Para os demais parâmetros não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o RIT apresentou boa DA de todas as frações analisa-das, sendo que a utilização de até 45% de RIT na dieta de ovinos não prejudicou o consumo, embora melhor digesti-bilidade tenha sido atingida com 30% de inclusão.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Consumo, digestibilidade aparente, resíduo industrial de tomate.

O potencial de produção de trinta e cinco cabras mestiças - 12 ½Pardo-alpina + ½Moxotó (½PA-M), 11¾ Pardo-alpina + ¼Moxotó (¾PA-M) e 12 Tricross (½Anglo-nubiana + ¼Pardo-alpina + ¼Moxotó) - foi avaliado em um experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Caprinos. Os cabritos foram separados das respectivas mães ao nascimento. As cabras foram ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia e o controle leiteiro procedido semanalmente. Os animais foram confinados em baias coletivas e receberam dieta para produção de 2,5 kg de leite/dia, composta de silagem de sorgo ad libitum e concentrado. Os animais foram pesados em intervalos de 14 dias. A produção de leite, como coletada, não foi influenciada pelo genótipo. No entanto, quando foi corrigida para 4% de gordura, o genótipo ½ PA-M foi superior aos ¾ PA-M e Tricross. Não houve diferença significativa entre genótipos para gordura, proteína e extrato seco total do leite.The objective of this trial was to study the production of thirty-five crossbred goats: ½Brown Alpine x 12 ½Moxoto (½BA-M), 11 ¾Brown Alpine x ¼Moxoto (¾BA-M), and 12 Tricross (½Anglo Nubian x ¼Moxoto x ¼Brown Alpine). After birth, the kids were separated from their mothers. Goats were milked twice a day and milk composition determined weekly. Animals were housed in collective pens and received a diet composed of sorghum silage (ad libitum) plus concentrate that were formulated to allow 2.5 kg/d of milk yield. Animals were weighted every 14 days. Milk production did not differ among genotypes. However, 4% fat corrected milk was greater for ½BA-M than the remaining groups. No significant differences were observed for milk composition (fat, protein, and total solids) across genotypes in the current trial.

It was evaluated the production and quality of milk produced by goats grazing Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Tanzania (Guineagrass) and receiving four levels of concentrate supplementation. Eight Anglo Nubian goats, aged between two and four years, 43.6 kg in average body weight and between the 2nd and 4th lactation were distributed into two 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. The supplementation levels were: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of body weight. The concentrate was composed of corn and soybean meal. The intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the daily production of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose and total solids had increased (p < 0.05) with supplementation, whereas fat and total solids percentage were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrate supplementation up to 1.5% of live weight in Tanzania-grass pasture raises the intake of dry matter and nutrients, resulting in a linear increase in milk production and of its components.

It were evaluated the effects of bagana of carnauba (Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore) (BC), as roughage source, on carcass characteristics of lambs finished in confinement. Thirty crossbred weaned lambs with 16.9 + 1.56 kg initial average weight and 80-day of age were used. Five diets with increasing levels of substitution of tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) hay (FT) by BC were set: 0%BC and 100%FT; 25%BC and 75%FT; 50%BC and 50%FT; 75%BC and 25%FT; 100%BC and 0%FT. The levels of moisture, protein and ash of meat were not affected by diets. The highest slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight and the yields of both hot carcass and cold carcass decreased as FT was replaced by BC. The chilling loss and fasting loss items were not affected by diets. The greatest values for lengths of carcass and ham, weight of ham, weight of shoulder and weight of loin were observed in control treatment, while the lower values were found in the treatment where the animals received only BC. It was observed effect of diets on percentages of bone tissues of ham and shoulder, and on percentages of bone, fat and connective tissue of the loin. It was concluded that the inclusion of bagana of carnauba in diet negatively interferes on intake and carcass quality of lambs in feedlot.Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da utilização da bagana de carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore) (BC), como fonte de volumoso, sobre as características da carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês x SRD desmamados, com peso corporal médio de 16,9 + 1,56 kg e idade média de 80 dias. Foram formuladas dietas com cinco níveis de substituição do feno de capim-tyfton 85 (Cynodon spp.) (FT) pela BC: 0%BC e 100%FT (testemunha); 25%BC e 75%FT; 50%BC e 50%FT; 75%BC e 25%FT; 100%BC e 0%FT. Os teores de umidade, proteína e cinzas da carne não foram influenciados pelas dietas. O peso ao abate, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria e os rendimentos de carcaça quente e de carcaça fria diminuíram à medida que o FT era substituído pela BC. Os itens quebra ao resfriamento e perda ao jejum não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Os valores mais elevados para comprimentos de carcaça e de pernil, peso de pernil, peso de paleta e pesos de pernil, de paleta e de lombo foram observados no tratamento testemunha, enquanto os valores mais baixos foram observados no tratamento que recebeu apenas BC. Verificou-se o efeito das dietas sobre as porcentagens de tecido ósseo no pernil e na paleta e sobre as porcentagens de tecido ósseo, conectivo e adiposo do lombo. Conclui-se que a inclusão da bagana de carnaúba na dieta interfere negativamente no consumo e, consequentemente, nas características qualitativas da carcaça de cordeiros em terminação.

Avaliou-se a composição e produtividade do capim-andropógon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth.) em diferentes idades de rebrota, associado às espécies arbóreas pau-d’arco (Tabebuia serratifolia) e jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) no período chuvoso, em Teresina, Piauí. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas os ambientes (sombreamento com jatobá e pau-d’arco e área aberta) e posições (nascente e poente), e as subparcelas as idades (35, 49 e 63 dias), com cinco repetições. Houve interação ambiente x idade para MS na planta, FDN e FDA na planta e nas folhas e NIDN nas folhas. A PB nas folhas à sombra foi superior (9,65 ± 0,94%) em relação à área aberta (9,16 ± 1,41%). Houve efeito linear decrescente (p < 0,01) da idade sobre PB na planta e folhas. A partir dos 47,7 e 48,8 dias houve redução na relação folha/colmo do capim-andropógon em pau-d’arco e jatobá, respectivamente. É viável o cultivo da gramínea em sistema silvipastoril, pela estabilidade na composição de MS e FDA e nas proporções de NIDN e NIDA na planta e nas folhas, bem como para PB na planta e FDN nas folhas, com maior teor de PB nas folhas da gramínea. Não houve diferença nos teores de FDN na gramínea em função da idade entre os ambientes.

Foram avaliadas as características quantitativas das carcaças de 24 tourinhos Nelore X Limousin submetidos a dietas contendo 0%, 15%, 30% e 45% de gérmen de milho integral (GMI), terminados em confinamento, com peso e idade média inicial de 321,25 kg e vinte meses, respectivamente. A dieta total conteve 25% de volumoso e 75% de concentrado. Cada 1% de inclusão de GMI às dietas proporcionou ganhos de 0,62 kg no peso de abate dos animais. Os pesos da carcaça quente e carcaça fria mostraram comportamento linear crescente (p

Avaliaram-se os consumos (Co) e as digestibilida-des aparentes (DA) da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgâni-ca (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) em ovinos ali-mentados com 0%, 15%, 30% ou 45% de resíduo indus-trial de tomate (RIT) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos não apresentaram diferença para o Co-MS em relação ao peso vivo (3,6%) e ao peso metabólico (91,7 g/kg0,75). A dieta contendo 30% de RIT apresentou maior digestibilidade DA-MO em relação às demais. Verificou-se que para o Co-FDA existe relação li-near positiva e para FDN relação quadrática. A análise de regressão demonstrou efeito negativo da adição do resí-duo sobre a DA-PB. Para os demais parâmetros não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o RIT apresentou boa DA de todas as frações analisa-das, sendo que a utilização de até 45% de RIT na dieta de ovinos não prejudicou o consumo, embora melhor digesti-bilidade tenha sido atingida com 30% de inclusão. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Consumo, digestibilidade aparente, resíduo industrial de tomate.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradability of hay stubble from a maize crop fertilized with 40; 120 or 200 kg N ha-1, ammoniated with urea. To evaluate in situ degradability, 4 g samples were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle for 6; 24 and 72 hours. The levels of acid detergent fiber (35.4% DM) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (18.5% of total N) decreased, resulting in 32.7% of DM and 9.6% of the total N, and crude protein (CP) increased from 5.2 to 9.7% of DM as a result of the ammoniation with urea. The degradation of dry matter (48.7%), CP (56.5%) and neutral detergent fiber (33.6%) increased with ammoniation, averaging 54.5 and 75.4, and 38.4% respectively, but was not influenced by interaction fertilization x ammoniation x incubation time. The soluble fraction of DM and CP increased with ammoniation, and the degradation rate of b fraction was greater than 2% h-1. The ammoniation of the hay of stubble of maize-crop fertilized with 40 or 120 kg N ha-1 resulted in reduction of NDF content, fraction of the feed which best represents the cell wall. The protein content, in-situ degradability and the kinetics of dry-matter and protein degradation of the hay of stubble of maize-crop were increased by ammoniation with urea (3% in DM basis) and fertilization with 40 or 120 kg N ha-1, thus not justifying the ammoniation of corn stubble from crops fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1.