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O interesse pela carne de búfalo vem crescendo satisfatoriamente, isso devido a estudos demonstrarem que é a mais saudável entre as carnes vermelhas conhecidas para o consumo humano. Diante disto, tornase necessário lançar mão de novas tecnologias alimentares que busquem um maior ganho de peso, carne de melhor qualidade em um menor espaço de tempo. Dietas de alto grão tem sido utilizadas nos confinamentos em busca desse propósito. No entanto, o alto custo dos ingredientes utilizados nesse tipo de sistema, torna a atividade onerosa. Objetivou-se avaliar as características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de búfalos confinados e alimentados com palma forrageira associada ao caroço de algodão em substituição a dietas de alto grão.

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro nutrient disappearance and in vivo nutrient digestibility of cattle diets containing 70 or 30% roughage, with and without glycerin supplementation. Four Nellore cattle were used in the study based on a 4 × 4 Latin Square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Inclusion of glycerin and roughage proportion did not affect the nutrient disappearance of each ingredient (P > 0.05). Regardless of the inclusion of glycerin, a reduction in the proportion of roughage led to an increase (P < 0.05) in DMDis (64 vs. 72%), NDFDis (41 vs. 54%), and ADFDis (31 vs. 44%) of the total rations. Inclusion of glycerin resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in DMD (70 vs. 62%) and a reduction (P < 0.05) in CPD (32 vs. 38%) and STD (82 vs. 74%). The diet containing 30% roughage led to higher (P < 0.05) DMD (67 vs. 65%) and CPD (35 vs. 33%) in comparison with the 70% roughage diet, but did not differ (P > 0.05) in STD (78%). Inclusion of glycerin at 20% of the total DM increased the utilisation of dietary DM without affecting the fibrous fraction of the diet. Glycerin supplementation in diets containing 70% roughage improves neutral detergent fibre digestibility.

This study investigates the methane and carbon dioxide gas production, dry matter degradation, and final pH values obtained during the in vitro incubation of corn grain, soybean hulls, citrus pulp, corn silage, and crude glycerin. Experiments were performed using a randomized block design with four incubation periods. Each period featured four replicates per ingredient and four blanks, totaling 16 repetitions per ingredient. The lowest total amount of produced gas (37.96 mL gincubated DM-1) and the lowest final pH value (4.95) were obtained for crude glycerin (P < 0.05), which, however, exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) DM degradation. Citrus pulp produced the largest amount (P < 0.05) of CH4 per gram of incubated DM (13.56 mL g-1). However, when methane production was expressed per gram of degraded feed, the ingredients with lower degradation values, such as soybean hulls and corn silage, produced more CH4 per gram of degraded DM. Citrus pulp and corn grain produced more (P < 0.05) CO2 per gram of incubated DM. However, per gram of degraded food, citrus pulp produced the largest amount of CO2 (P < 0.05). Crude glycerin and corn grain produced less methane (per gram of degraded feed) than citrus pulp, soybean hulls, and corn silage. Differentiation of ingredients based on their methane production ability is important to express methane production per unit degraded food mass.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the partial replacement of corn grains by soybean hulls, in high-grain diets, and its effect on the feeding behavior and ruminal fermentation parameters of feedlot sheep. Eight rumen-cannulated crossbred sheep were assigned to four treatment groups composed of a control, to fed a diet of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate, and to three groups fed high-grain diets, as follows: 85% corn (Diet85), 75% corn plus 10% soybean hulls (Diet75), and 65% corn plus 20% soybean hulls (Diet65). High-grain diets reduced rumination time and provided a higher degradation of feed dry matter, a higher-propionic acid concentration, a lower-acetic acid concentration, a lower methane and carbon dioxide gas production, and a lower ruminal pH value. Diet65, with 20% soybean hulls, promoted an increase in the acetic acid proportion, with a reduction in the CO2:CH4 ratio. At the end of in vitro incubation, the pH value was higher for the control diet, and it was lower for Diet85. The inclusion of soybean hulls does not change methane production and dry matter degradation, and it can be used to substitute up to 20% of corn grain in high-grain diets.

ABSTRACT: The increasing availability of crude glycerin from biodiesel production has generated great stock in the industries. To solve this problem, crude glycerin is being used as an energy source to replace corn in livestock diets. This study evaluated the effects of the association of crude glycerin (10% on DM of diets) with different roughages in Nellore cattle diets on ruminal pH and ammonia, degradability, digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and greenhouse gas production. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design. The following treatments were evaluated: Hydrolyzed Sugarcane associated or not with crude glycerin, Corn Silage associated or not with crude glycerin or Tifton-85 Hay associated or not with crude glycerin. Association of crude glycerin with roughages did not affect the rumen ammonia concentration and pH and dry matter intake, but reduced the intake of NDF for diets with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane and Corn Silage and reduced the digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, EE, CNF and starch and decreased the effective degradation at the rate of 8% h-1 for diets with Tifton-85 Hay. The association crude glycerin with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane reduced the production of CH4 and CO2 in mL g-1 of DM. The inclusion of crude glycerin affects differently nutrient utilization in diets with Corn Silage, Hydrolyzed Sugarcane or Tifton-85 hay. Moreover, promotes mitigation of greenhouse gases in diets with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane. Association of crude glycerin with Corn Silage in Nellore cattle diets showed better conditions of ruminal fermentation and utilization of nutrients.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding crude glycerin with food additives (sodium monensin or essential oils) to the diets of beef cattle on feed intake, ruminal parameters, in vitro digestibility, and production of greenhouse gases. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were randomly assigned in a 5×5 Latin square design. The treatments were: control, without crude glycerin and additives; with essential oils and without crude glycerin; with sodium monensin and without crude glycerin; with essential oils and crude glycerin; and with sodium monensin and crude glycerin. The addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in dry matter (DM) intake, increase in vitro dry matter digestibility, and decrease in vitro crude protein digestibility, regardless of the food additive. All treatments were effective in maintaining the rumen environment with pH values above 6.2 and ammonia nitrogen concentrations above 10 mg dL−1. No difference was observed in the production and quality of protozoal and bacterial fractions. The addition of crude glycerin at 200 g kg−1 DM in the total diet can partially replace corn grain and soybean hulls and be combined with either sodium monensin or essential oil without impairing the rumen fermentation, being effective in reducing gas methane production and, when combined with sodium monensin, enables more efficient utilization of the diet by the animal. Therefore, feedlot experiments at large scales of production should be evaluated to prove these positive results.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desaparecimento in vitro de nutrientes e a digestibilidade in vivo de alimentos para bovinos contendo 70 ou 30% de forragem, com e sem suplementação de glicerina. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos Nelore num delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4 em um esquema fatorial 2 × 2. A inclusão de glicerina e forragem não afetou o desaparecimento de nutrientes dos ingredientes (P > 0,05). Independentemente da inclusão de glicerina, uma redução na proporção de forragem provocou um aumento (P < 0,05) na DesMS (64 vs. 72%), DesFDN (41 versus 54%) e DesFDA (31 vs. 44%) das rações totais. A inclusão de glicerina resultou em um aumento (P < 0,05) na DMS (70 contra 62%) e uma redução (P < 0,05) na DPB (32 vs. 38%) e DAM (82 versus 74%). A dieta contendo 30% de forragem proporcionou maior (P < 0,05) DMS (67 vs. 65%) e DPB (35 versus 33%) em comparação à dieta com 70% de forragem, mas não diferiu (P > 0,05) na DAM (78%). A inclusão de 20% de glicerina aumentou a utilização de MS sem afetar a da fração fibrosa da dieta. A suplementação de glicerina em dietas contendo 70% de forragem melhora a digestibilidade de fibra de detergente neutro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipid sources in the diet and sexual condition on carcass traits, non-carcass components and muscle chemical composition of feedlot sheep. Twenty male and 20 female Dorper cross St Ines sheep, with initial weight of 19.5+2.8 kg were fed on a diet consisting of 40:60 roughage: concentrate ratio. Five rations were tested, the control ration contained no additional lipids whereas the four test rations contained lipids sourced from either sunflower grains, peanut kernels, crude peanut oil or protected fat. A randomized complete block design in factorial scheme was used (2 sexes x 5 lipid sources). The animals were slaughtered at an average of 37.5+0.8 kg. There was no effect of lipid source on any of the carcass variables measured (P> 0.05). Males had higher carcass weights and true yields than females. Females, however, had higher percentages of omental+mesenteric+pelvic fat (8.8 vs 6.4%), subcutaneous fat thickness (4.51 vs 2.23 mm), and intramuscular lipid concentrations (5.06 vs 3.77 g 100g-1 of muscle). Therefore, it appears that females are more inclined to fat deposition when slaughtered at the same weight as males. Further research is required to determine if it is possible to include these lipid sources in feedlot rations without changing the production and composition of sheep meat.

The use of high-grain diets in feedlots is associated with the development of acidosis and ruminitis, which can lead to the occurrence of liver abscesses (LAs). However, the effect of LA on carcass traits is not well known. This study assessed the effects of LA on the performance and carcass traits of beef cattle. Nine peer-reviewed publications with forty-seven treatment means were included in the data set. The effects of the LA were evaluated by examining the weighted mean difference (WMD) between LA (animal with LA) and control treatment (animal without LA). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression, followed by a subgroup analysis of the scores and percentages of liver abscess and concentrate level in the feedlot diet. Animals affected by LA showed a reduction in dry matter intake (−1.03%) and feed efficiency (−1.82%). Animals with an LA score of “A” (one or two small abscesses) exhibited a decrease in carcass weight (WMD = 3.41 kg; p = 0.034) and ribeye area (WMD = −1.37 cm2; p = 0.019). When assessing the impact of LA on carcass traits, the most reliable finding indicates a 1.21% reduction in the ribeye area, with no adverse effects observed on subcutaneous fat thickness or the marbling score in the carcass.

Methodological variations in the amount of sample incubated and the type of rumen fluid used are commonly observed. This study evaluated the effect of three sample amounts (0.6, 1.3 or 2.6g DM 100mL-1 of rumen fluid) incubated in rumen fluid buffered (BRF-buffered rumen fluid) or not (PRF-pure rumen fluid) on total gas volume (TV), methane (CH4) production, dry matter degradation (DM Deg) and final pH of corn silage incubated in vitro. The highest DM Deg was reached with the lowest amounts of sample (0.6 and 1.3g of DM 100mL-1 of rumen fluid). The sample amount of 2.6g associated with PRF reduced CH4 production (P0.05). The use of BRF caused no effect on CH4 production (P>0.05), independent of the sample amount. Increasing the amount of substrate resulted in lower final pH of incubation in both fluids (P