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Il rapporto presenta i risultati delle attività di ricerca volte ad analizzare il ruolo ed il potenziale impatto che la futura normativa UE sulla due diligence aziendale in materia di diritti umani e ambiente potrà avere nel settore agroalimentare italiano con particolare riguardo al contrasto alle violazioni dei diritti umani di carattere sistemico che avvengono in questo specifico settore: sfruttamento lavorativo, emarginazione e violenza cui sono sottoposti tanto le lavoratrici quanto i lavoratori della filiera agroalimentare, ed in modo particolare se migranti, cittadini/e di Paesi terzi.

While the development and the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) open many possibilities to explore its benefits to societies, they are also potentially capable to have negative impacts on the enjoyment of internationally recognised human rights. This paper argues that the establishment of a regulatory regime on AI technology, based upon 'human rights by design' approach, should look at the international framework on business and human rights with its emphasis on the duty to protect pending on States as well as on the responsibility to respect human rights, with its human rights due diligence duty, pending on the corporate sector.

Sino ad oggi il dibattito sull'impatto del COVID-19 sui diritti uma-ni ha concentrato l'attenzione sul ruolo degli Stati e sulla legittimità delle misure di deroga o di limitazione delle libertà individuali adot-tate per contenere la diffusione della pandemia, in combinazione con quelle di tipo economico e sociale tese ad offrire una rete di si-curezza sia agli individui che alle imprese. Minore attenzione, inve-ce, è stata riposta sul ruolo, non meno importante, del settore priva-to. I Principi Guida ONU su impresa e diritti umani del 2011 (UNGPs) ci ricordano in effetti, che se da un lato spetta agli Stati l'obbligo (positivo) di regolare le attività delle imprese in modo che queste ultime non violino i diritti umani dall'altro lato la responsabi-lità delle imprese di rispettare (CRtoR), disciplinata dal secondo Pi-lastro dei UNGPs, impone alle imprese il rispetto dei diritti umani nell'ambito delle loro operazioni e dell'intera loro value chain. A tal fine esse hanno l'onere di adottare le misure necessarie per prevenire l'impatto negativo sui diritti umani scaturente dalle proprie attività, e nel caso in cui un impatto sia stato cagionato, adottare quelle ne-cessarie per mitigarlo e rimediarlo. Ciò vale anche in relazione ai ri-schi sui diritti umani collegati all'emergenza del COVID-19. Obiet-tivo di questo contributo è analizzare gli elementi essenziali della re-sponsabilità delle imprese di rispettare i diritti umani dinanzi all'emergenza da Coronavirus.

Relatore alla conferenza su "Migrazioni e diritti procedural-processuali nel sistema CEDU", organizzata dall'Unione forense per la tutela dei diritti umani, Consiglio Nazionale forense, dove ha presentato una relazione dal titolo "La Convenzione Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo ed il contrasto allo sfruttamento dei lavoratori migranti"

Relatore alla conferenza Verso una direttiva europea sulla "due diligence" per le imprese in materia di diritti umani e ambiente, organizzata dal Comitato promotore della Campagna Impresa 2030 e dalla Università LUMSA di Roma

Relatore alla giornata di studio su Les opportunités et les défis pour une convention internationale sur les entreprises et les droits de l'homme, organizzato dal Centre de recherche sur les droits de l'homme et le droit humanitaire dell'Université Panthéon-Assas Paris II

Despite the unanimous endorsement of the UNGPs by the UN Human Rights Council in 2011, and despite the action progressively undertaken by States and corporate actors in order to assure the implementation of the Guiding Principles, much still remains to be done. BHRs is, indeed, at the centre of legislative, policy-making and other kind of action, especially in Europe, with the increasingly role attributed to the expectation that businesses exercise human rights due diligence. Some States have already adopted legislations in this respect and the EU has taken the lead in designing a mandatory human rights due diligence legislation applicable along the supply chains. This notwithstanding, little meaningful action has been taken in order to guarantee effective remedy to victims of corporate human rights abuse. Aside to judicial remedies, non-judicial remedies have a role to play in this respect: they can supplement judicial mechanisms in several ways, as they can be more accessible and less costly and lengthy than judicial avenues. In particular, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) that comply with the 1993 Paris Principles, may help States identifying whether national legislations are aligned with their human rights obligations, are being effectively enforced. They may also provide guidance on human rights to both States and companies. Several States worldwide have adopted NHRIs and in many cases NHRIs have been entitled to deal with BHR realm by attributing them consultative functions or powers to provide non-judicial grievance mechanisms. Present lecture aspires to focus on some developments occurred, or under progress, on these topics in Italy included on the long, and dating back, path concerning the establishment of a NHRI with a new draft law now pending before the Parliament.

The last decades have witnessed a consolidating consensus in the international community towards considering the climate change as one of the most pressing concerns for human rights. Numerous human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels for power generation or for transportation, result in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) which interfere with our climate. This paper aspires to review the evolution of the UN practice as far as the interconnections between human rights and climate change international legal regimes, in order to explore if and to what extent human rights protection has been taken into account in the process of 'configuring' the contemporary international legal system on climate change and, conversely, to assess the extent to which climate change has 'broken-in' the international mechanisms of protection of human rights.

Non applicabile

This chapter posits that, even though nowadays there are good theoretical reasons for considering corporations as legitimate duty bearers under the international human rights legal system, there is a risk that the future treaty, if adopted, might not establish direct human rights obligations on corporations due to the pressure of these realism-inspired considerations. Indeed, not all States are ready to accede to a treaty which provides for such obligations, whereas it is necessary to catalyze the largest possible consensus around the negotiating text in order to avoid the possibility that a United Nations (UN) led process of negotiations on a binding treaty on business and human rights might get bogged down for the third time. There is a need, in sum, to strike a balance between the normative utopia of putting in place a binding and effective international framework of corporate accountability for breaches of human rights and the reality in which the State is still the organizing framework of international law.

Sino ad oggi il dibattito sull'impatto del COVID-19 sui diritti umani ha concentrato l'attenzione sul ruolo degli Stati e sulla legittimità delle misure di deroga o di limitazione delle libertà individuali adottate per contenere la diffusione della pandemia, in combinazione con quelle di tipo economico e sociale tese ad offrire una rete di sicurezza sia agli individui che alle imprese. Minore attenzione, invece, è stata riposta sul ruolo, non meno importante, del settore privato. I Principi Guida ONU su impresa e diritti umani del 2011 (UNGPs) ci ricordano in effetti, che se da un lato spetta agli Stati l'obbligo (positivo) di regolare le attività delle imprese in modo che queste ultime non violino i diritti umani dall'altro lato la responsabilità delle imprese di rispettare (CRtoR), disciplinata dal secondo Pilastro dei UNGPs, impone alle imprese di rispettare i diritti umani nel corso delle loro operazioni e dell'intera value chain e di adottare le misure necessarie per evitare che le proprie attività abbiano un impatto negativo sui diritti umani e nel caso in cui lo si sia cagionato, per prevenirlo, mitigarlo e rimediarlo. Ciò vale anche in relazione ai rischi sui diritti umani collegati all'emergenza del COVID-19. Obiettivo di questo contributo è proprio analizzare, alla luce dei Principi guida, come si declina la CRtoR dinanzi all'emergenza da Coronavirus.

Il contributo analizza il processo che ha condotto all'adozione nel 2011 dei Principi Guida ONU su imprese e diritti umani, nonché struttura contenuto ed impatto di quello che rappresenta il primo standard internazionale realmente globale in materia di imprese e diritti umani.

Traduzione dei Principi Guida ONU su impresa e diritti umani, più saggio dedicato allo studio dei Principi Guida

Comment to the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to the member States on human rights and business

The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights adopted in 2011 by the United Nations, are only the latest in a long series of international instruments adopted since the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 with the aim of promoting the respect of human rights within the economic operations of corporate actors. The Guiding Principles have rapidly become the main international benchmark in this field area. They have received general acceptance by States, International Organizations, civil society and the private sector itself, and can be considered, nowadays, as a sort of 'codification' of the state-of-the-art of the international legal regime in the field of business and human rights. This article aims to review the evolution that led to the rise of such a regime, as well as of its founding elements, which are reflected in the three different Pillars of the Guiding Principles: the State Duty to Protect (SDtoP), the Corporate Responsibility to Respect (CRtoR) and the Access to Remedies (AtoR) for victims. Also, to analyse the developments that may derive from the 'transposition' of the Guiding Principles into the different national legal systems.

Comment to the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe s on human rights and business

Lecturer to the Summer School on Business and Human Rights jointly organized by jointly organized by IRISS-CNR, the University of Milan, the University Sant'Anna of Pisa and HRIC NGO, 18-22 June 2018

Raccomandazioni e osservazioni sulla Revisione di medio termine del Piano di Azione Nazionale su impresa e diritti umani presentate al Comitato interministeriale sui diritti umani.

On 19 July 2018 the Open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights released the Zero Draft legally binding instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises and soon afterwards, on 4 September 2018, the Zero Draft optional protocol to the zero draft legally binding instrument. The two Drafts represent the first outcome of the ongoing negotiations on a legally binding instrument on business and human rights. While they are meant to establish a general human rights framework of the future international governance of business activities, they show of course both strengths, on which the future sessions of the negotiating process should rely upon, and weaknesses that would need to be addressed, in order to achieve this objective. The paper aims to peek into their current structure and organization in order to focus on those issues that appear to be crucial from the point of view of the ability of a future Treaty to address corporate human rights violations and to assure effective protection to the victims of corporate abuse.

The growth of the international business and human rights agenda has led to the development of an unprecedented debate as to the role of the State in protecting human rights from corporate-related abuses as well as in the implementation of the 2011 UN Guiding Principles on business and human rights. States are both the engine of the process of implementation of the Principles and the pace-maker of the mechanism of the National Action Plans (NAPs), which has been selected as policy-making tool for an effective implementation of the Principles. Since the launch of the first NAP by the United Kingdom in 2013, many other countries, especially within the European regional area, have adopted their own NAP; ultimately Italy adopted its Italian National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights 2016-2021 on December 2016. This paper aims to provide a first appraisal of the Italian Action Plan, of its contents and methodology, in order to assess its strengths and weak-nesses. Also, the analysis will allow to perform some remarks on the Italian NAP in the light of the broader process of implementation of the UN Guiding Principles within domestic legal systems.

The CRPD was adopted by the UNGA on December 13, 2006, and entered into force on May 3, 2008, together with its Optional Protocol. The Convention is the first UN human rights treaty to be adopted in the twenty-first century and is reputed to be the most rapidly negotiated ever. The CRPD aspires "to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity" (Art. 1) and marks a turning point in the approach toward disabilities. Indeed, since its adoption, it has played a vanguard role as to the promotion and protection of disability rights, as well as a driving force toward legal change at national level, including the EU level. From the first perspective, the CRPD has not only rapidly become part of the international anti-discrimination law framework, but it has also given a fundamental contribution in the acknowledgement that disability has to be seen as an evolving concept resulting "from the interaction between person with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others" and that the focus of this notion has to be centered not only on individual impairments but mainly on the barriers to participation. The CRPD, in sum, has contributed to a dramatic cultural shift of the approach towards disabilities from the so-called medical model, according to which it is the impairment itself that causes the limitation, to a social model of disability, according to which the experience of disability has to be located in the social environment rather than in the impairment. The social model to disability carries with it the inference that problems of disability have to be located squarely within society. Under this model, it is not individual limitations that are the cause of the problem but society's failure to provide appropriate services and adequately ensure that the needs of persons with disabilities are fully taken into account in its social organization. The application of a right-based approach to disability has paved the way to the acknowledgment of the centrality of the principle of accessibility, one of the three pillars of the CRPD, in the mechanism of protection set forth by the Convention and of the pivotal role played by the right to personal mobility enshrined in Article 20.

Chair del PanelThe Market Participants: Stakeholders, Business Entities, and Financial Institutions" del Workshop su "Public Values and Public Goods: How do They Live in the Intersection of Finance and Human Rights?" nell'ambito del Workshop su "Public Values and Public Goods: How do They Live in the Intersection of Finance and Human Rights?", organizzato dalla Società Europea di Diritto Internazionale, presso l'Università "Federico II".

Comment to the FRA Opinion n. 1/2017 on access to remedies in the EU for victims of violation of human rights within corporate business activities

With the recent adoption of the Declaration on Business and Human Rights, of 16 April 2014, and the Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 on human rights and business, of 2 March 2016, the Council of Europe has moved some first steps toward the operationalizing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) within its legal system. Interestingly, the acquis resulting from this early, and developing, policy framework, highlights three main areas in which CoE human rights treaties (and first of all the European Convention on Human Rights) with their mechanisms of control, may play a vanguard role when the objective of implementing UNGPs is concerned. These areas involve: a) the duty of States to take appropriate steps to protect against human rights abuses by business enterprises; b) the duty of States to formulate and implement policies and measures to promote that all business enterprises respect human rights throughout their operations, within (and even beyond) their national jurisdiction); c) the duty of States to take appropriate steps to ensure those affected have access to effective remedy.

La relazione ha analizzato le principali problematiche esistenti in relazione alla attuazione del terzo Pilastro dei Principi Guida ONU su impresa e diritti umani e ha indicato alcune chiavi metodologiche per sopportare il processo di attuazione dell'obbligo di accesso ai rimedi all'interno degli ordinamenti degli Stati.

Article 28 of the CRPD by jointly recognizing to persons with disabilities the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to social protection conjugates in the same provision the guarantees enshrined in Articles 9 and 11 of the ICESCR. The raison d’etre of the provision consists in obligating Contracting States to satisfy basic needs of persons with disabilities (e.g., adequate food, clothing, housing, including public housing programs, clean water, retirement benefits and programs, as well as social protection and poverty reduction programs) and to ensure that all persons with disabilities and their families be able to enjoy access to a minimum essential level of such rights without discrimination. Indeed, a clear indication there exists that persons with disabilities are more likely, than other individuals, to be caught in a vicious cycle of poverty and disability, each of which is both a cause and consequence of the other.

In the last decades the EU has made major efforts to introduce a new European scheme for labour immigration and, due to the idea that it can contribute to the economic vitality of the EU market, it has progressively welcomed the creation of flexible admission systems that are responsive to the priorities and volumes (number of people admitted) set by each member State. According to the point of view of EU institutions, well-managed migration policies aimed at attracting highly qualified migrants can contribute to boosting economic growth and competitiveness, addressing labour market shortages and offsetting the costs of demographic aging. It was this objective that led the EU to adopt in 2009 the so-called EU 'Blue Card Directive' , in order to incentivize non-EU workers to enter the EU for the purpose of highly qualified employment. This legislation aspired to facilitating the admission and mobility of highly qualified migrants and their family members by harmonising entry and residence conditions throughout the EU and by providing for a legal status and a set of rights.

In the aftermath of the failed 15 July 2016 military attempted coup, Turkey's government declared a state of emergency under domestic law and notified to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe its decision to derogate the ECHR on behalf of article 15 of the Convention. Accordingly, Turkey adopted a series of extraordinary measures in the attempt to restore normalcy aiming at preventing other members (or sympathizers) of the organization which was supposed having led the attempted coup (the Fethullah Terrorist Organisation - FETÖ), to support in any way the action or to try a new coup. The present article aims to assess whether Turkey has exercised his power to derogate legitimately and in accordance with the substantive and procedural requirements of Article 15 ECHR, or whether extraordinary measures adopted are gone beyond the boundaries of the reasonableness and of the proportionality criteria in order to restrict the scope of protection of fundamental rights in this Country.

Sin dal World Summit di Johannesburg del 2002 la comunità internazionale si è posta l'ambizioso obiettivo di cambiare i modelli di consumo ed i sistemi di produzione nella direzione della sostenibilità ambientale, attraverso un programma di attività e di progetti volti a promuovere iniziative regionali e nazionali, a sostegno di modelli di produzione e consumo sostenibili. La transizione verso una 'Green Economy' e verso una 'Blue Economy' è diventata da tempo oggetto di tutta una serie di strategie nazionali ed internazionali finalizzate all'obiettivo dello sviluppo economico sostenibile del territorio. Tali strategie focalizzano l'attenzione verso una crescita intelligente basata sull'implementazione di sistemi eco-innovativi legati alla produzione e al consumo. A livello europeo, più in particolare, la Commissione Europea, con la Comunicazione del 22 gennaio del 2014, ha provveduto a realizzare un quadro strategico per il 2030 che mira a creare un'economia sostenibile basata sull'innovazione dei processi-prodotti e dei servizi al fine di incrementare la competitività dei settori attraverso la minimizzazione dei costi, la sostenibilità ambientale e l'efficienza energetica. Dal 2010 la strategia decennale dell'Unione Europea intitolata "Europa 2020: una strategia per una crescita intelligente, sostenibile e inclusiva", fissa come obiettivi prioritari una crescita economica basata sull'innovazione che utilizzi in maniera più efficiente le risorse per essere più verde e competitiva, e che incrementi attraverso la coesione territoriale e sociale il tasso di occupazione, creando contemporaneamente i presupposti per rendere più competitive le PMI su scala mondiale. Ancora la Comunicazione 394/2008 della Commissione Europea al Parlamento, al Consiglio, al Comitato economico e sociale europeo e al Comitato delle regioni, anche nota come "Small Business Act", disegna le strategie per le PMI al fine di favorirne la crescita e creare occupazione attraverso politiche aziendali sostenibili. A livello nazionale il Ministero dell'ambiente e della tutela del territorio e del mare (MATTM), ha adottato nel 2013 una Strategia Nazionale per il Consumo e la Produzione Sostenibile. Minimo comune denominatore di tali strategie risiede nell'idea della necessità dell'applicazione di processi di governance in cui siano coinvolti anche gli enti locali allo scopo di creare "sistema" e promuovere le sinergie che possono attivarsi sia fra gruppi di imprese, ad es. reti di imprese, e sia tra settore pubblico e settore privato, ad es. partenariati pubblico-privati. Il punto centrale di tale governance risiede nella circostanza che l'applicazione di modelli di produzione e consumo sostenibile, conduce per il territorio interessato a risparmi economici, ad un minore impatto e al mantenimento delle funzioni eco-sistemiche. Nel breve, e a maggior ragione nel lungo periodo, dunque, è possibile ottenere una maggiore attrattività del territorio e una maggiore competitività delle imprese in esso insediate. Quanto detto vale anche e soprattutto per le zone costiere che, in quanto caratterizzate da un'elevata densità demografica e dalla concentrazione di diverse tipologie di attività, rappresentano delle aree particolarmente fragili dal punto di vista fisico e biologico. Non solo, in queste zone sono soprattutto le Aree Marine Protette (AMP) - specchi d'acqua sottoposti a tutela per il particolare valore ambientale - a rappresentare il maggior terreno di sfida per queste strategie di governance volte a coniugare in una prospettiva di sostenibilità la tutela delle risorse ambientali con l'esercizio di attività produttive. L'istituzione di AMP, infatti, non è sempre indolore dal punto di vista dell'impatto sulle attività produttive, in quanto porzioni più o meno vaste della superficie del mare restano sottratte allo sfruttamento da parte degli operatori del settore della pesca. L'individuazione di attività alternative alla pesca in grado di consentire agli operatori della pesca di continuare ad esercitare la loro professione e mantenere accettabili livelli di remunerazione, coniugandoli però con il rispetto delle regole particolarmente stringenti esistenti all'interno delle AMP può rappresentare un volano economico dell'intera area interessata. Il pescaturismo può senz'altro rientrare tra queste tipologie di attività produttive caratterizzate da dinamiche di eco-compatibilità. A tal fine, però, occorre che siano attivati un quadro normativo ed un assetto istituzionale funzionali alla promozione e alla valorizzazione della vasta congerie di interessi che si confrontano in tali situazioni. È proprio in questa prospettiva che si colloca il progetto di ricerca: partire dall'analisi di uno studio pilota sugli operatori del pescaturismo esistenti nell'Area Marina Protetta "Regno di Nettuno" (AMP), AMP istituita tra le isole di Ischia e Procida, per procedere in primo luogo alla caratterizzazione della flotta peschereccia impiegata tra le isole di Ischia e Procida, e, in secondo luogo, alla ricostruzione del quadro normativo multilivello applicabile in materia di Aree Marine Protette e di disciplina del Pescaturismo, analizzandone l'efficacia nella prospettiva della valorizzazione delle attività di pescaturismo. La ricerca, quindi, dopo aver ricostruito le criticità e le best practices emerse dall'indagine in relazione al quadro normativo e a quello istituzionale, ha poi consentito di mettere a punto un modello metodologico (rappresentato da un insieme di raccomandazioni) da utilizzare per valorizzare le risorse produttive, soprattutto quelle di tipo tradizionale e artigianale, in contesti ambientali dove coesistono delicate esigenze di tutela dell'ambiente ed opportunità di sviluppo di attività produttive tradizionali collegate alla risorsa mare.

Osservazioni e Raccomandazioni presentate alla Consultazione pubblica del governo italiano sulla bozza di Piano di Azione Nazionale su Impresa e diritti umani 2016-2021.

The UN Framework on Business and Human Rights and the 2011 Guiding Principles on Business and Human rights are built upon the corporate responsibility to respect human rights and on the corporate human rights due diligence duty. The paper addresses this corporate obligation and postulates that its effective enforcement depends on two major issues and on the dynamics by which they interact. The first issue resides in the necessity to integrate traditionally clashing fields: human rights protection on the one hand and business governance on the other. The Guiding Principles achieve this result by merging the due diligence notion applied to international human rights law with the due diligence notion applied to corporate governance practice. The second issue resides in the acknowledgment that States still play a crucial role in any legal mechanism aspiring to enforce human rights corporate responsibility. Indeed, States have already started to impose due diligence obligations as a means to ensure corporations meet specified standards of behaviour in human rights related areas. Several jurisdictions have also enforced due diligence as a defence against charges of violation under both civil and criminal liability schemes. From this perspective, EU countries have started to play a potential vanguard role owing to the adoption of national legislation regulating corporate human rights due diligence: this set of norms provides interesting best practice examples of avenues for implementing principles enshrined in Pillar II of the UN Framework.

Reccommendations and observations submitted to the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises in occasion of the Second session of the negotiations for an international Treaty on business and human rights

Relazione alla conferenza su "Diversità culturale, diritti umani, cittadinanza", titolo relazione: "La protezione della diveristà culturale nel diritto internazionale"

The protection of the rights to work of persons with disabilities is since long a challenge for international community. However, it is only with Article 27 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities that a coherent and complete protection of persons with disabilities in the employment sphere has been foreseen. The present paper addresses this issue with the aim of highlighting both the obligations stemming for States Parties and the obligations stemming for EU Countries, in particular after the accession to the Convention by the latter. The paper, indeed, analyses the pivotal impact that the UN Convention has exercised on the EU rules applicable to the protection of the right to work of persons with disabilities, especially on those fixed in the 2000/78/EC Employment Equality Directive. The paper, hence, addresses the judicial enlargement provided by the Luxemburg Court as far as the notions of ‘disability’ and of ‘reasonable accommodation’ with the goal of aligning EU law with the UN Convention. Finally, the implementation of such provisions within main EU legal systems is also reviewed.

Access to employment is recognized as a fundamental human right in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter CRPD). However, and as far as the European Union, which is a Party of CRPD, the proportion of persons with disabilities not participating in the labour market is at least twice as high as that of average EU citizens. This situation increases their poverty risk that social benefits cannot compensate, especially in presence of severe economic crisis impairing the allocation of resources for public expenditures in welfare field area. The adoption of the CRPD in 2006 has further strengthened the social model of disability and granted persons with disabilities with a wide spectrum of human rights including the right to employment based on the principles of equal treatment, accessibility and non-discrimination. Employment is considered one of the important aspects of social inclusion, that is especially important for the employment of persons with disabilities in the mainstream labour market. However, the official unemployment rates for persons with disabilities of working age in most of the developed countries are still reported at least twice low than for those with no disability. Since persons with disabilities are pronounced to be equal members of society by international institutions and are recognized as an important group of human diversity who have rights including the right to employment, their integration into employment sphere has been progressively included within the CSR policy agenda at international and at regional level recognizing disability as a relevant item in CSR agendas. Nowadays, hiring persons with disabilities is increasingly recognized as a part of the philosophy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and an essential dimension of the workforce diversity.

The presentation has analyzed the EU legislation on Ship-source Pollution and the Introduction of Penalties for Infringements, and has deepened both the State obligations in the subject matter as well as the corporate criminal responsibility for ship-source pollution.

la decisione di condanna dell'Ecuador, resa dalla Corte il 27 giugno 2012 nel caso Sarayaku c. Ecuador, rappresenta un ulteriore importante tassello apportato al diritto di proprietà delle comunità indigene sulle proprie terre ancestrali, al loro diritto di essere consultati e a partecipare in modo effettivo al processo di formazione delle politiche inerenti lo sfruttamento delle risorse in esse presenti.

On April 2013 the US Supreme Court has handed down its opinion on the writ of certiorari in the Kiobel v. Shell case and has put an end to a longlasting judicial controversy with a decision that is destined to play a crucial role as to the actionability of the principle of corporate responsibility for human rights violation under Alien Tort Claim Act (ATCA). The essay starts by reviewing the evolution of ATCA in US legal system and those landmark decisions adopted by U.S. courts opening the 'modern line' of ATCA litigations. Then the main findings of the 2010 decision of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and of the recent Supreme Court's opinion, are reviewed. The paper focalizes in particular the two major issues emerged during Kiobel saga: the supposed inadmissibility of any extraterritorial reach in ATCA foreign-cubed cases, and the supposed inadmissibility of the principle of corporate liability for violation of human rights within contemporary international human rights law.

Il lavoro analizza le tendenze e le prosettive in tema di tutela internazionale dei lavoratori migranti nell'era della private economy

The lecture analyses the perspectives and the avenues for holding corporations responsible for the impact f their activities on human rights