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Shoulder stiffness is a condition of painful restriction of the glenohumeral range of motion. Numerous risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness have been described. This article summarizes the known aspects of the pathophysiology of shoulder stiffness, with special attention to elements of molecular biology and genetics, which could influence the risk of developing shoulder stiffness. Furthermore, the role of hormonal and metabolic factors, medical disorders, drugs, and of other published risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness is reviewed and discussed. Finally, aspects related to shoulder surgery and postoperative rehabilitation protocols, which could influence the development of postoperative stiffness are presented.

The development of arthroscopic reconstructive procedures has resulted in the creation of dedicated knots, sliding or not, to be used without skin incision and passed through the cannulas. Most of the recent studies are dedicated to realize and develop slip knots because they are easier and faster to use. The authors report their experience in use of a personal slip knot we called Inverse knot, due to the peculiar characteristic that is closed by the "post" strand.

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions are commonly repaired arthroscopically. Most of the interest in repairing TFCC lesions is focused on the development of an internal technique to avoid an extra incision of the skin. The most common techniques in use today are the inside-out or the outside-in, both of which have the disadvantage of requiring an additional opening to tie the suture. We suggest a personal method that allows an all-inside repair for type 1B lesions with a technique similar to the one used for rotator cuff repair in the shoulder.