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La catenària és un exemple d’equilibri que ens regala la naturalesa, motiu d’arquitectures elegants, òptimes, però complexes d’executar. Aquesta investigació relata un període de crisi de recursos materials en el qual es va posar en pràctica. Es tracta del fenomen de les “Catedrals del vi”, cellers que van sorgir de la cooperació entre la societat vinícola en el primer terç del segle XX a Catalunya. Davant la crisi, la implementació de l’arc equilibrat va esdevenir una solució funcional, econòmica i estètica. Però, tracen realment aquests una corba catenària? Sovint, l’anàlisi d’aquestes geometries requereix un càlcul matemàtic complex. És per això que, en la part d’experimentació, s’aborda aquesta qüestió a través del modelatge paramètric, un llenguatge més proper a l’arquitectura d’avui en dia. En resum, aquesta investigació pretén contribuir a la comprensió de la catenària en un context de construcció tradicional, utilitzant eines actuals per a la seva anàlisi., The catenary curve is an example of ‘equilibrium’ given by nature, allowing for elegant and optimized architectures which are, nonetheless, complex to perform. This research recounts the crisis of natural sources whereby the catenary was implemented. Specifically, it is about the phenomenon of “wine cathedrals”; a set of cellars that came from the cooperation between the Catalan wine society in the early 20th century. In response to the crisis, the implementation of the “balanced arch” became a functional, economic and aesthetic solution. But do these arches truly follow a catenary curve? Oftentimes, the analysis of these geometries requires sophisticated mathematical calculus. Therefore, during the experimental part, this question is approached through parametric modeling, a more suitable language for today’s architecture. To sum up, this research aims to elucidate how the catenary curve is applied in a traditional construction system, being analysed with up-to-date tools., Award-winning

The need to carry out experiments and physical tests with models is today questioned with the use of the computer; which constitutes an important optimization and a shape search tool. But to what extent? Frei Otto, a German architect born in 1925 in Siegmar, devoted much of his career to the study of shapes and materials from experimental models. Experimentation in architecture was the central axis of his work. Although the principles of these models cannot be applied directly to buildings, they served a pure research purpose and offered a theoretical point of view in the design of structures. He established an unprecedented working methodology. His experimental models allowed him a further understanding of how materials work at their best when they are under tension, the soap film minimal surface models for tensile membranes and the hanging chain catenary form models for compressive arch and shell structures. This allowed him not only to find an optimal lightweight structure, but also to have a more environmentally friendly approach to architecture. This research work interrogates, reads, interprets and reconstructs Frei Otto’s soap film models in order to find a method of working with digital tools that allows us to deepen the study of these forms. After this study, both methods, analog and digital, will be compared to see which one is better to work with nowadays, Award-winning

El trabajo de estudio que se expone a continuación explora el uso de las herramientas paramétricas en arquitectura a través de una investigación teórica sobre las exposiciones que se expusieron a lo largo de la historia, desde el pasado al presente y hacia el futuro. Con la idea de analizar pabellones efímeros paramétricos, se recorre desde la definición entre la paramétrica y lo efímero, explorando los años de entrada de las nuevas herramientas y, los inicios de una arquitectura efímera, pasando de la idea de refugio, alojamiento temporal, a generar más posibilidades de espacios, como son los espacios de mercado y, de estos espacios hacia lo que tenemos hoy en día, las exposiciones. Partiendo de la primera exposición mundial más reconocida del 1851, con la división de diferentes etapas, se seleccionan las exposiciones más influenciadas que tuvieron lugar a lo largo de los años hasta llegar a la última exposición del 2020 en Dubái. Se plantea también la búsqueda de cómo se habían enfrentado los arquitectos de cada época a construir algo efímero, temporal. Que tipo de herramientas se usa para el diseño y cómo se materializa. Y para alcanzar este objetivo se plantea mediante un análisi y comparación de 3 de las obras más emblemáticas con características formales y de función similares de diferentes etapas de exposición: El palacio de trabajo, Expo Roof y el pabellón Sostenibilidad. Finalmente pudiendo Llegar a conclusiones de la evolución del mismo, como con las nuevas herramientas se ha conseguido una mejora en un ámbito de la arquitectura y, en un futuro próximo quizás se pueda aplicar en más ámbitos de la arquitectura, no sólo para las exposiciones.

En el context d’emergència climàtica en que ens trobem, l’arquitectura ha d’aportar solucions en relació als seus mètodes de disseny i processos constructius, per tal de reduir les emissions de CO2 i el consum d’energia que se’n deriva. Els mètodes de Form Finding ens permeten crear la forma òptima d’una estructura, optimitzant l’ús de materials i economitzant el procés constructiu. Un tipus d’estructura resultant d’aquests processos són les funicular shells, geometries que treballen exclusivament a compressió i que permeten l’ús de materials més sostenibles. Tot i així, aquest tipus d’estructures han esta poc implementades tradicionalment per la complexitat dels seus processos de disseny i construcció. A l’actualitat, les eines de disseny i fabricació digital han obert noves portes per a la implementació eficient, viable i econòmica de les funicular shells. En aquest treball s’analitzaran els avenços que ha suposat les eines computacionals en el disseny, construcció i aplicacions d’aquestes estructures, valorant si han representat un canvi de paradigma en la seva implementació i explorant les seves capacitats per esdevenir una alternativa sostenible per a la arquitectura del futur., In the context of climate emergencyi, architecture must provide solutions in relation to its design methods and construction processes, in order to reduce CO2 emissions and the energy consumption derived from them. Form Finding methods allow us to create the optimal shape of a structure, optimizing the use of materials and lowering the costs of the construction process. One type of structure resulting from these processes are funicular shells, geometries that work exclusively in compression and allow the use of more sustainable materials. However, these types of structures have traditionally been poorly implemented due to the complexity of their design and construction processes. Nowadays, digital design and manufacturing tools have opened new possibilities for the efficient, viable and economical implementation of funicular shells. This work will analyze the advances made by computer tools in the design, construction and applications of these structures, assessing whether they have represented a paradigm shift in their implementation and exploring their capabilities to become a sustainable alternative for the architecture of the future.

Aquest treball tracta de la practica de la biomimètica feta juntament amb instruments de parametrització, aleshores per una banda consisteix en observar i detectar formes, idees, processos o fenòmens a la natura, -posat que la naturalesa en si porta milers de milions d’anys perfeccionant els seus aspectes formals i funcionals-, per després aplicar-les en un procés de disseny dintre del camp, per exemple, de l’arquitectura amb la finalitat de solucionar problemes determinats d’origen, per exemple, estructural, material o energètic. I per altre banda aquest treball tracte d’entendre els ajuts que ens faciliten dites eines paramètriques dintre d’aquesta pràctica, ajuts com l’experimentació amb models programats dintre d’un context del ‘form finding’ que és la recerca de la forma més òptima en funció d’uns objectius determinats., Este trabajo trata de la práctica de la biomimética hecha junto con instrumentos de parametrización, entonces por un lado consiste en observar y detectar formas, ideas, procesos o fenómenos en la naturaleza, -puesto que la naturaleza en sí lleva miles de millones de años perfeccionando sus aspectos formales y funcionales-, para después aplicarlas en un proceso de diseño dentro del campo, por ejemplo, de la arquitectura con el fin de solucionar problemas determinados de origen, por ejemplo, estructural, material o energético. Y por otro aparte este trabajo trate de entender las ayudas que nos facilitan dichas herramientas paramétricas dentro de esta práctica, ayudas como la experimentación con modelos programados dentro de un contexto del 'form finding' que es la búsqueda de la forma más óptima en función de unos objetivos determinados., This work deals with the practice of biomimetics done together with parametric tools, meaning that on one hand it consists in observing and detecting forms, ideas, processes, or phenomenas in nature, —since nature itself has spent billions of years perfecting its formal and functional aspects-, to later apply them in a design process within the field, for example, of architecture in order to adress certain problems of different kinds like structural, material or energetical. On the other hand this work also seeks to understand the aids that are provided thanks to the mentioned parametric tools within this practice, aids such as experimentation with programmed models within a ‘form finding’ context which is the search for the most optimal paradigm given specific objectives to tackle.

Avui dia en que tot és rapidesa i immediatesa sempre es busca la solució més optimitzada per realitzar qualsevol activitat. Es per això que en el àmbit de la construcció, on la manera tradicional de treballar no ha patit gaires canvis significatius, s’intenta implementar una nova manera de treballar, més eficient, que canvia radicalment el concepte que hem tingut fins ara. Aquest treball fa una immersió en el BIM, una manera de treballar de manera col·laborativa i que optimitza els processos de la construcció. Amb un anàlisi teòric sobre aquest nou mètode de treball s’estudiarà quins sons els avantatges i inconvenients que suposa aquest canvi així com una investigació sobre la manera en que s’està implementant i quins son els resultats obtinguts fins ara. Per poder aprofundir més en la metodologia BIM es realitzaran tres casos d’estudi per analitzar i extreure conclusions sobre l’impacte que te el BIM en els projectes de petita escala d’una casa unifamiliar, una plurifamiliar i una reforma. En un últim capítol es comenten les conclusions a les que s’ha arribat. I es que l’ús d’aquesta metodologia és beneficiosa en tot tipus de projecte, ja sigui de grans dimensions o de petites. El BIM sempre aporta uns avantatges que compensen l’esforç d’implementar una nova metodologia amb els canvis i la formació que impliquen., Nowadays, when everything is fast and immediate, we are always looking for the most optimal solution to carry out any activity. That is why in the field of construction, where the traditional way of working has not taken significant steps, a new way of working is being implemented, it is more efficient, which radically changes the concept that is held of it. This study focuses on BIM, a collaborative way of working that optimizes construction processes. With a theoretical analysis of this new working method, we will study the advantages and disadvantages of this change as well as an investigation on how it is being implemented and what are the results obtained so far. In order to go deeper into the BIM methodology, three case studies were carried out to analyse and draw conclusions about the impact of BIM in small-scale projects of a singlefamily house, a multi-family house and a refurbishment. A final chapter discusses the conclusions reached. The use of this methodology is beneficial in all types of projects, whether large or small. BIM always brings advances that compensate for the effort of implementing a new methodology with the advice and training involved.

L’obra de l’arquitecte republicà Fèlix Candela (1910 – 1997), exiliat a Mèxic després de la Guerra Civil Espanyola (1936 – 1939), és reconeguda per les seves fines closques de formigó armat amb forma de paraboloide hiperbòlic, rebatejades per els estatunidencs com hypar, que va dissenyar per cobrir gran part dels seus edificis. Donades les seves característiques geomètriques i estructurals va arribar a resoldre projectes de grans llums amb només 4 cm de gruix de formigó armat i va trobar l’equilibri entre bellesa, utilitat i economia. Candela va revolucionar l’ús de la línia recta amb les superfícies de doble curvatura, dintre de l’arquitectura mexicana va crear un nou capítol dins de l’estil internacional. Aquest treball investiga com es pot tornar a muntar i materialitzar el paraboloide mitjançant exercicis de geometria descriptiva en alguns dels seus treballs més notables., The work of the Republican architect Félix Candela (1910–1997), exiled in Mexico after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), is recognized for its thin concrete shells with the shape of hyperbolic paraboloid, renamed by the Americans as hypar, which he designed to cover much of its buildings. Because of its geometric and structural features, it managed to solve large-light projects with only 4 cm thickness reinforced concrete and found the balance between beauty, utility and economy. Candela revolutionized the use of the straight line with the double curvature surfaces, within Mexican architecture he created a new chapter in international style. This thesis researches how paraboloid material can be reassembled and materialized through descriptive geometry exercises in some of his most notable works.

La complexitat arquitectònica es pot estuidar a través de la seva pràctica, l’anàlisi teòric o l’estudi de les seves formes i representacions. Tot i això, l’arquitectura es comprén tenint en compte la història i el context en el qual es desenvolupa. L'objectiu d'aquest treball d'investigació és profunditzar en el coneixement de la història de l'arquitectura del segle XX al Regne Unit i entendre el moviment de l’habitatge social que s'hi va produir durant els anys seixanta. Es per això que parteix d’una anàlisi de l’influent revista britànica Architectural Review i consdidera dos aspectes: els debats arquitectònics sobre l’habitatge social i els projectes més rellevants i significatius d’aquest. Amb la finalitat de comprovar l’influència que té la revista en la resolució de l’habitatge social., The complexity of architecure can be studied through its practice, theoretical analysis, or the study of its forms and representations. Nevertheless, architecture is understood by taking into account the history and context in which it develops. This research work aims to deepen our knowledge of the history of twentieth-century architecture in the United Kingdom and to understand the social housing movement that took place there during the 1960s. This is why it starts with an analysis of the influential British magazine Architectural Review and considers two aspects: the architectural debates on social housing and the most important and significant projects. The main goal is to prove the influence that the magazine has on the resolution of social housing.

El treball final de grau examina el paper que té la Realitat Virtual, amb el software de motor de videojocs Unreal Engine com a eina, per entendre com funciona, les oportunitats que té, les aplicacions reals i actuals al sector, i els futurs passos. L’objectiu és aprofundir en la funció que pot tenir en el procés de disseny d’un arquitecte, ja que fins ara l’adaptació en el camp professional de l’arquitectura ha estat relativament rara i limitada sobretot a la mera visualització. Per mitjà d’entrevistes i publicacions es fa la recerca per arribar a assolir-lo. La hipòtesi principal del projecte es basa a demostrar l'afirmació: La implementació d'estratègies virtuals en l'àmbit del disseny arquitectònic, generarà una millora en el projecte final, per un entorn més dinàmic, real i àgil, gràcies a les tecnologies visuals augmentades i immersives. Per desenvolupar la hipòtesi es treballa amb un model d’uns futurs habitatges a Lanzarote, on es parteix d’uns plànols amb CAD, es genera un model 3D amb el software Blender, i s’exporta a la plataforma 3D en temps real, Unreal Engine, per a la seva visualització en temps real i realitat virtual. Mitjançant els tres tipus de representacions gràfiques, el 2D, el 3D i la realitat virtuales desenvoluparà principalment el disseny de les façanes d’aquest model, remarcant com les diferents eines participen en el procés de disseny, i com aquestes posen en relleu les característiques espacials. També es tracta de posar èmfasi a una activitat emergent com és la realitat virtual amb uns avenços tecnològics que permeten realitzar mons virtuals cada vegada més perfectes, i al mateix temps accentuar unes característiques espacials que habitualment poden passar desapercebudes., El trabajo final de grado examina el papel que tiene la Realidad Virtual, con el software de motor de videojuegos Unreal Engine como herramienta, para entender cómo funciona, las oportunidades que tiene, las aplicaciones reales y actuales en el sector, y los futuros pasos. El objetivo es profundizar en la función que puede tener en el proceso de diseño de un arquitecto, ya que hasta ahora la adaptación en el campo profesional de la arquitectura ha sido relativamente rara y limitada sobre todo a la mera visualización. Por medio de entrevistas y publicaciones se hace la búsqueda para llegar a alcanzarlo. La hipótesis principal del proyecto se basa en demostrar la afirmación: La implementación de estrategias virtuales en el ámbito del diseño arquitectónico, generará una mejora en el proyecto final, por un entorno más dinámico, real y ágil, gracias a las tecnologías visuales aumentadas e inmersivas. Para desarrollar la hipótesis se trabaja con un modelo de unos futuros viviendas en Lanzarote, donde se parte de unos planos con CAD, se genera un modelo 3D con el software Blender, y se exporta a la plataforma 3D en tiempo real, Unreal Engine, para su visualización en tiempo real y realidad virtual. Mediante los tres tipos de representaciones gráficas, el 2D, el 3D y la realidad virtuales desarrollará principalmente el diseño de las fachadas de este modelo, remarcando como las diferentes herramientas participan en el proceso de diseño, y como éstas ponen de relieve las características espaciales . También se trata de poner énfasis en una actividad emergente como es la realidad virtual con unos avances tecnológicos que permiten realizar mundos virtuales cada vez más perfectos, y al mismo tiempo acentuar unas características espaciales que habitualmente pueden pasar desapercibidas., The final degree project examines the role of Virtual Reality, with Unreal Engine video game engine software as a tool, to understand how it works, the opportunities it has, the real and current applications in the industry, and future steps. The aim is to delve into the role it can play in an architect’s design process, as so far adaptation in the professional field of architecture has been relatively rare and limited especially to mere visualization. Through interviews and publications, research is done to achieve this. The main hypothesis of the project is based on proving the statement: The implementation of virtual strategies in the field of architectural design, will generate an improvement in the final project, for a more dynamic, real and agile environment, thanks to visual technologies augmented and immersive. To develop the hypothesis we work with a model of future homes in Lanzarote, where we start from plans with CAD, generate a 3D model with the Blender software, and export to the 3D platform in real time, Unreal Engine, for real-time visualization and virtual reality. Using the three types of graphic representations, 2D, 3D and virtual reality will mainly develop the design of the facades of this model, highlighting how the different tools participate in the design process, and how they highlight the spatial characteristics. It is also a matter of emphasizing an emerging activity such as virtual reality with technological advances that make it possible to create increasingly perfect virtual worlds, and at the same time accentuate spatial features that can usually go unnoticed.

El treball fa un estudi dels criteris de representació en els concursos d'arquitectura, a partir de l'anàlisi de diferents projectes guanyadors, per identificar quins d'ells són més rellevants., El trabajo hace un estudio de los criterios de representación en el concursos de arquitectura, a partir del análisis de diferentes proyectos ganadores, para identificar cuáles de ellos son más relevantes., The work makes a study of the criteria of representation in the architectural competitions, from the analysis of different winning projects, to identify which of them are more relevant.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a must in architecture when it comes to new buildings, but in heritage buildings and in rehabilitation projects, it is still a debate if it’s useful or efficient to make a BIM model. In this paper we analyze and propose When, How and Why modeling in BIM should be a standard process for rehabilitation projects in which an architectural has been performed. In the field of heritage architecture, archeology and rehabilitation, to create an as-built model to work on, it is needed an architectural survey using a laser scan or/and photogrammetry, which captures dense 3D measurements of the building, so architects can make studies of its geometry, detect pathologies and use it as a base for their new designs. However, even though the 3D surveying technics has evolved in the recent years, in the world architecture, the point clouds are still pretty unknown, therefore for many architects are useless information in that format. So, it is necessary to convert this 3D information as point clouds to a more common file like 2D vector drawings in CAD. For this process, it should be question if and how modeling in BIM from the point cloud (scan to BIM) helps to this purpose, without taking into the account that modeling in BIM you get a BIM model, which in rehabilitation and heritage is still not common enough to work with it. Analyzing the information of the point clouds, the typology of the building, the timings, the precision required, and how works a BIM software (Revit) and its libraries; we conclude that, in some particular projects, as far as technology and architecture field are nowadays, to make a useful documentation for rehabilitation modeling in BIM the building in a specific LoD directly from a point cloud (scan to BIM), it is an upgrade in the process beyond the fact of having a BIM model, that is to say, you can get the same documents, but with better quality results, in a more efficient way and less time spend. We ended, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this article, methodologies are developed of complex surveys, using the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) technology, both for the characteristics of the building, the documentation particularities of the different spaces and the size of the monumental complex. The developed study case is the monumental complex of the Palacio Real Mayor, part of the Museo de História de la Ciudad de Barcelona (MUHBA). The monumental complex is divided into: The Salón del Tinell, the Chapel of Santa Ágata, and the Romanesque Arcs under the Tinell. This study case requires a high number of positions due to the compartmentalization of the spaces and the degree of interconnection between levels, in both the interior ones and to the four attached exterior spaces. At the end, a total of 230 TLS positions were realized. As the case study is a project of great complexity of spaces and lighting, with methodologies that distinguish the different areas, highlighting the use in the same project of different equipment such as the Scanner Faro Focus3D 120 and the Faro Focus3D X 330 HDR. As the project has a purpose of disclosure, the colour registration must be photorealistic. Therefore, HDR techniques and photographic projection were used, in relation to the characteristics of the buildings. As a dissemination tool, classification processes of the point cloud were performed emphasizing the characteristics of a set of interconnected buildings. These can be decomposed in a stratigraphic approximation, taking into account the different periods of their construction, which are related to other investigations and allow a greater understanding of the historical evolution of the building. A Romanesque architecture building that is building on ancient Roman buildings, and rehabilitated based on Catalan Gothic architecture., Postprint (author's final draft)

The heritage survey with the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) allows the document of the geometry of the building and to constitute a 3D point cloud as a register of its conservation state. When complex buildings with architectural and sculptural elements are scanned, there are a lot of captured data that is not valid, because of the instrumental error and foreign elements of the buildings. For that reason, the point cloud must be cleaned with the objective to obtain a final model from which different products could be created, such as plans, technical documents and 3D models to print. For this cleaning process, in this article with the case of study is Antoni Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia (Fachada del Nacimiento), we propose a methodology based on applying some filers, considering the fact that more than 3000 positions were realized, 750 of them belong to the same facade with positions that have a lot of overlapping data. Therefore, in a same zone of the building there is data scanned from multiple positions in different ways, so we can find there any kind of error, such as the noise from boundary effects, glass flections and mobile objects, and scans realized from a scissor lift, that have been previously validated. Different point cloud filtering processes have been studied, through the point cloud itself (position by position and with a unitary cloud), and by meshing it. Every process requires the knowledge of how the scan was realized, what type of error dominates in each zone is analyzed. Therefore, each filtering option accomplish the requirements established after the analysis., Postprint (author's final draft)

This article proposes a methodology to make the survey of complex and high buildings, with the Antoni Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia (Fachada del Nacimiento) as case of study, with high resolution Topography, Terrain Laser Scanner (TLS) and Photogrammetry technology. An architectural survey of huge complexity due to the difficulty on the data taking and the volume of the recorded data, considering the height (107 m), the incidence angle and the self-occlusions; the geometric complexity of the façade, and the needs of a resolution, precision and covering higher than 95% of the heritage building, that allows the detection of pathologies in restauration processes. The TLS survey was made using different kind of equipment, tripods with telescopic arms, a telescopic pole of 8 m and lift platforms of 16, 20 and 26 m high; with more than 4530 TLS positions, all related to each other. The photogrammetry survey was made with cranes and stabilizing systems. These solutions require of some quality controls during the taking data with sensors and while processing the data [1], validating every position, the alignment between them and during the photogrammetry process. Obtaining in this controls an average statistical error less than 7 mm, comparing the support high resolution topographical network to the TLS model and the photogrammetric orthophoto. With this methodology, some useful products for restoration works are obtained, achieving such high resolution that pathologies can be detected anywhere in the building; even creating material to study the top of the towers at 107 m high with the information validated from topography, TLS and photogrammetry., Postprint (author's final draft)

This article intends to explore the limits of scanning with the technology of 3D Laser Scanner and the 3D printing, as an approximation to its application for the survey and the study of singular elements of the architectural heritage. The case study we developed is the Porta del Drac, in the Pavelló Güell, designed by Antoni Gaudí. We divided the process in two parts, one about how to scan and optimize the survey with the Laser Scanner Technology, made with a Faro Forus3D x330 scanner. The second one, about the optimization of the survey as a highresolution mesh to have a scaled 3D model to be printed in 3D, for the musealization of the Verdaguer House of Literature in Vil.la Joana (Barcelona), a project developed by the Museum of History of Barcelona, in tribute to Jacint Verdaguer. In the first place, we propose a methodology for the survey of this atypical model, which is of special interest for several factors: the geometric complexity in relation to the occlusions, the thickness of the metallic surfaces, the hidden internal structure partially seen from the outside, the produced noise in its interior, and the instrumental errors. These factors make the survey process complex from the data collection, having to perform several scans from different positions to cover the entire sculpture, which has a geometry composed of a variety of folds that cause occlusions. Also, the union of the positions and the average of the surfaces is of great relevance, since the elements of the sculpture are constructed by a metal plate of 2mm, therefore, the error in the union of all these many positions must be smaller than this. Moreover, optimization of the cloud has a great difficulty because of the noise created by the instrumental error as it is a metal sculpture and because of noise point clouds that are generated inside the internal folds of the wings, which are made with a welded wire mesh with little spaces between them. Finally, the added difficulty that there is an inte, Postprint (published version)