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Background: Kidney disease is common in patients with heart failure (HF). The Donadio equation combines plasma creatinine and bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) to estimate creatinine clearance. This study aimed to compare the Donadio formula to the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD-4), and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations in patients with HF. Methods: We analysed data from 900 patients (mean age: 76 ± 10 years) with HF. All of them underwent clinical, laboratory, BIVA, and echocardiographic evaluations. Results: Donadio equation overestimated eGFR as compared to CG and CKD-EPI formulas (+6.8 and +12 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively) while computing similar results to MDRD-4 (overestimation: +0.1 mL/min/1.73 m2). : According to the different formulas, the prevalence of renal insufficiency (eGFR< 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) in relation to the different formulas was as follows: 24% with Donadio, 21% with CG, 13% with MDRD-4, and 23% with CKD-EPI formulas. All the equations demonstrated a high precision rate (r>0.8 for all). Conclusions: The Donadio formula provided an estimation of GFR comparable to MDRD-4 in HF patients, independently from acute or chronic HF conditions. The use of BIVA in HF patients may be adopted both for HF management and for evaluating kidney function.

Purpose of Review Wildfires, wind storms, and pest outbreaks are the main large-scale disturbances of temperate and boreal forests, which often generate large amounts of deadwood in the landscape. Salvage and sanitation loggings (hereafter salvage logging) are usually practiced following such disturbance events and the generated deadwood is then extracted from the forest. Those practices affect a broad array of species, including fungi, lichens, invertebrates, and vertebrates that make use of deadwood either as habitat, food resource, foraging substrate, or as shelter. Woodpeckers, being a key group of forest birds dependent on deadwood, can be affected by salvage logging in two ways: (1) a reduction in the availability of food (i.e. removal of deadwood along with the saproxylic and predatory invertebrates that usually colonize dead or dying trees following forest disturbances) and (2) a decrease in potential nest sites due to the removal of dead trees. Therefore, we assessed the global effects of salvage logging on woodpecker abundance and reproduction by conducting a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data. We focused on comparing woodpeckers’ responses to forest disturbance in salvage-logged and unlogged sites. We considered different types of responses found in the literature, including abundance, occurrence, nest density, and breeding success. When analyzing the responses of woodpeckers, we also accounted for the potential effects of tree density, time since logging, elevation, latitude, and the continent. Recent Findings We found that both numbers and reproduction of woodpeckers were affected by salvage logging following a disturbance event. Apart from salvage logging, woodpecker responses were not significantly related to any other variables. This highlights that salvage logging can pose a substantial threat to woodpecker assemblages as well as secondary cavity-users dependent on them. Summary Salvage logging and related practices that affect deadwood availability should be carefully planned and preferably avoided entirely in areas important for woodpecker conservation. In managed forests, deadwood should be retained in sufficient quantities to avoid detrimental impacts on woodpeckers and on forest biodiversity in general.

Key message Drivers of the abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups. Abstract A common approach to support forest-dwelling species in managed forests is to preserve valuable habitat trees. To assess the quality of habitat trees, a hierarchical typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is applied in the European context for inventory standardization. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to use this hierarchical typology as a standard protocol regardless of location, which is important for potentially standardizing future studies of TreMs, by testing whether the typology could be applied to the western North American mountain forests of Idaho. The second aim of the study was to analyse drivers that influence TreMs in forests of the region. Thirdly, we assessed whether the occurrence of TreMs could be explained by functional groups of trees across the western mountain forests of Idaho and Central European mountain forests, using TreM inventory data previously collected in the Black Forest, Germany. Abundance and richness of TreMs per tree were analyzed as a function of tree species, live status (dead vs. live trees), diameter at breast height (DBH), and site factors (latitude and altitude). Our results show that the TreM typology could be applied with slight modifications in the forests of Idaho. The abundance and richness of TreMs per tree increased with DBH. Snags offered more TreMs per tree than live trees. We were able to group tree species from the two continents in functional groups that were related to the occurrence of certain TreMs. Tree functional groups offer an opportunity to predict the role of certain tree species for habitat provision through TreMs. Combinations of trees from different functional groups could be used to optimize provisioning of TreMs within forest stands.

Retention forestry implies that biological legacies like dead and living trees are deliberately selected and retained beyond harvesting cycles to benefit biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This model has been applied for several decades in even-aged, clearcutting (CC) systems but less so in uneven-aged, continuous-cover forestry (CCF). We provide an overview of retention in CCF in temperate regions of Europe, currently largely focused on habitat trees and dead wood. The relevance of current meta-analyses and many other studies on retention in CC is limited since they emphasize larger patches in open surroundings. Therefore, we reflect here on the ecological foundations and socio-economic frameworks of retention approaches in CCF, and highlight several areas with development potential for the future. Conclusions from this perspective paper, based on both research and current practice on several continents, although highlighting Europe, are also relevant to other temperate regions of the world using continuous-cover forest management approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-019-01190-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Functional diversity is linked with critical ecosystem functions, yet its relationship with numerical diversity, e.g. species richness, is not fully understood. The mechanisms linking changes of species richness, e.g. random and non-random species losses and gains, with changes of functional diversity become more relevant in the face of rapid environmental changes. In particular, non-random species changes including rare species may affect functional diversity, and the overall ecosystem function, disproportionately compared to random species changes including common species. In this study, I investigated how changes in numerical diversity of bird assemblages are related to functional diversity, and how the environment, and in particular forest management, influences such a relationship. I collected bird count data in the extensively-managed forest landscape of the Black Forest (Germany), at 82 sampling sites over three years. Data included species richness and abundance per site, and functional traits related to diet and habitat type for each species to compute functional diversity. By partitioning numerical diversity changes into five components using Price Equations, I calculated the contribution of random and non-random species losses and gains, and the abundance of common species, to functional diversity. Then I modelled these contributions as a function of several environmental variables describing broad forest conditions, and including forest management intensity. I found that, beside the major contribution of random species losses to functional diversity, non-random species losses also play a role, indicating that rare species that contribute more to functional diversity are often lost earlier than common species. The overall contribution to functional diversity of species losses is larger than that of species gains, pointing toward an ongoing simplification of the forest bird assemblage. Among all Price components, random species gains were influenced by management intensity, while other components were not influenced by any management variable. This highlight that potential conservation actions may not be effective in halting ecosystem functioning decline, as species gains do not result in increased functional diversity.

Scientists have warned decision-makers about the severe consequences of the global environmental crisis since the 1970s. Yet ecological degradation continues and little has been done to address climate change. We investigated early-career conservation researchers' (ECR) perspectives on, and prioritization of, actions furthering sustainability. We conducted a survey (n=67) and an interactive workshop (n=35) for ECR attendees of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology (2018). Building on these data and discussions, we identified ongoing and forthcoming advances in conservation science. These include increased transdisciplinarity, science communication, advocacy in conservation, and adoption of a transformation-oriented social–ecological systems approach to research. The respondents and participants had diverse perspectives on how to achieve sustainability. Reformist actions were emphasized as paving the way for more radical changes in the economic system and societal values linked to the environment and inequality. Our findings suggest that achieving sustainability requires a strategy that (1) incorporates the multiplicity of people's views, (2) places a greater value on nature, and (3) encourages systemic transformation across political, social, educational, and economic realms on multiple levels. We introduce a framework for ECRs to inspire their research and practice within conservation science to achieve real change in protecting biological diversity.

The Natura 2000 network of protected sites is the pillar of biodiversity conservation in Europe. Although the Natura 2000 network directly addresses birds, these have shown worrying declining trends. It is therefore crucial to assess the potential contribution of Natura 2000 conservation measures. In this paper, we use a replicable method to model bird trends in the period 2000–2015 and the effects of Natura 2000 protection, across land cover classes, on regional abundances and local species richness and diversity. We model bird trends in Veneto, a North-Eastern Italian Region with areas among the richest in bird species in Italy. Bird data were derived from the national breeding bird monitoring scheme. Breeding birds showed declining trends at the regional level, confirming national and continental trends, particularly on agricultural and natural areas. The land cover class, rather than Natura 2000, mostly influenced population trends; however, it was possible to observe slightly higher estimates of species richness and diversity in Natura 2000 sites. Despite the absolute higher estimates of richness and diversity over the investigated period, farmland and woodland bird species had steeper declining trends inside Natura 2000 than outside, matching the values of the areas outside the network at the end of the survey period. We conclude that the Natura 2000 network capacity to buffer biodiversity loss and act as a species-pool for non-protected areas is decreasing over time, mainly with regards to farmland and woodland birds. Natura 2000 implementation must be improved: conservation objectives and measures, management, and monitoring should be better integrated into existing plans and funding should be made more efficiently available for Natura 2000.

Species associations can have profound effects on the realized habitat niche of species, indicating that habitat structure alone cannot fully explain observed abundances. To account for this aspect of community organization in niche modelling, we developed multi-species abundance models, incorporating the local effect of potentially associated species, alongside with environmental ones, targeting mainly forest management intensity. We coupled it with a landscape-scale analysis to further examine the role of management intensity in modifying the habitat niche in connection with the landscape context. Using empirical data from the Black Forest in southern Germany, we focused on the forest bird assemblage and in particular on the cavity nester and canopy forager guilds. We included in the analysis species that co-occur and for which evidences suggest association is likely. Our findings show that the local effect of species associations can moderate the effects of management intensity. We also found that species express a larger habitat niche breadth in intensively managed forests, depending on the landscape context. Species associations may facilitate the utilization of a broader range of environmental conditions under intensive forest management, which benefits some species over others. Such network of associations may be a relevant factor in the effectiveness of conservation-oriented forest management.

The European Community, with regulation no. 1303/2013, introduces the need to do for the “Major projects” of investment in different strategic sectors, including water supply services, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), in order to assess their co-financing (Cohesion Fund 2014–2020). The paper presents an interesting case study of a CBA for the evaluation of a complex hydraulic system in Campania Region. The results of the study highlight, on the one hand, the strategic nature of the investment for the improvement of collective well-being and, on the other hand the well known problems and limitations in the literature related to the application of the CBA to public projects. Future developments in the methodology adopted may concern the estimation of external effects as well as an in-depth study of the choice of the social discount rate that reflects the importance of recovering existing works and therefore the need for investment in order to optimize public resources.

Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) experience sleep disturbances due to the impact of respiratory symptoms on sleep quality. We explored whether sleep disturbances in COPD are linked to heterogeneity of airway constriction.The impact of breathing problems on sleep quality was measured in consecutive COPD outpatients with the COPD and Asthma Sleep Impact Scale (CASIS) questionnaire. Impulse oscillometry technique (IOS) was employed to assess heterogeneity of airway constriction. Subjects with a previous or concomitant diagnosis of asthma or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were excluded.Fifty COPD subjects (M/F 40/10; age: 71 +/- 8 yrs, Body Mass Index (BMI): 26.2 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1): 65 +/- 25% predicted; mean +/- SD) were enrolled. The mean CASIS score was 36 +/- 3.3, and the R5-R20 value was 0.2 +/- 0.15 kPa s L-1. The CASIS score was significantly higher in subjects with increased R5-R20 (>0.07 kPa s L-1) (39 +/- 24; p = 0.02) compared to normal R5-R20 (21 +/- 17). When subjects were categorized on the basis of lung function in severely versus non severely obstructed (FEV1 50% predicted) or air trappers versus non air trappers (Residual Volume, RV >= or

The variability in the amount and configuration of broad habitat types in the landscape, together with their structural complexity, influence observed biodiversity patterns. When considering structurally similar sites of the same habitat type, the variability in the abundance, species richness or diversity of organisms may be explained by the landscape context. To assess the numerical response of species to the landscape context, in terms of amount and configuration of forest environments, we investigated the bird assemblages of similarly structured forest habitats in an extensively managed forest region, encompassing different landscape contexts. We considered the numerical response of bird assemblages, in terms of abundance, species richness and diversity, and relative abundance of specific guilds, to the landscape context. We considered the forest cover at different spatial scales as a measure of habitat amount, while we quantified aspects of habitat configuration using various landscape metrics, and measured local forest structures. We found significant responses in multiple forest bird species to three important indices of forest structures: mean diameter of living trees, mean diameter of dead trees and volume of lying deadwood. Within similarly structured forest plots, bird assemblages showed responses linked with the landscape context, while plots with different habitat structure showed similar responses to the landscape context. In particular, there was a clear positive response of birds to the amount of broadleaf and mixed forest cover in the landscape. In addition, the distance between forest patches negatively affected species richness and diversity. Within landscapes, the increase of broadleaf in the existing forest area could boost abundance and diversity, decrease isolation levels for species dependent on broadleaves and enhance structural connectivity, generally favouring the majority of the species. Our findings suggest that the simple provision of habitat structures cannot represent a viable solution for biodiversity conservation and that the use of structural indicators of biodiversity like deadwood and age of canopy trees for assessing conservation value of forest needs to be integrated with landscape-scale indices. Our analysis clearly shows that the amount of habitat available in the surrounding landscape is linked with positive biodiversity responses. As human activities can alter both the provision of important habitat structures in stands across the landscape, as well as their overall landscape context, an integrated multi-scale biodiversity management is highly advisable.

A reasonably-complete bird inventory is the crucial starting point for the analysis of the bird community. We evaluated the efficiency of point counts in detecting forest birds and verified how many sampling points or occasions are needed to adequately characterize the bird community. We sampled birds in 5 forest stands (conifer and beech forests) from northern to southern Italy in 2012. Sampling (through aural and visual clues) lasted 5 minutes, during which species were recorded. Data were analysed in relation to both the number of sampling points and the number of sampling occasions. Then, estimates of species richness were compared to random resampling of subsets of the original data. Results showed that after 3.8 sampling occasions (out of 19-24 sampling points) or 10.4 sampling points (given points are sampled 5 times), the species coverage of each community approached, or exceeded, the 90% threshold. Also, no difference in the mean values emerged with the subset estimates, but the latter appeared less precise. Our results suggest that the density of 1 sampling point per every 5 ha, each repeated at least 3 times, can represent an adequate optimization of the sampling effort. We provided useful methodological information for planning bird inventories in forest environments (applicable at least for Mediterranean and south-European mountain forests) when personnel and financial resources are limited, leading to a thoughtful fund management whilst providing a method to evaluate the reliability of species coverage for bird surveys.

Several biodiversity features can be linked to landscape heterogeneity, that, in turn, can be informative for management and conservation purposes. Usually, the more the landscape is complex the more the biodiversity increases. Biodiversity indicators can be a useful tool to assess biodiversity status, in function of landscape heterogeneity. In this study, we developed a biodiversity indicator, based on Shannon diversity index and built from distribution maps of protected species. With such an approach, we seek to evaluate the feasibility of using a combination of target species as a surrogate for assessing the status of the whole bird community. Our approach was spread over multiple spatial scales, to determine which was the most informative. We selected four species protected by European regulation and generated a presence-absence map from species distribution modelling. We, therefore, used the FRAGSTATS biodiversity metric to calculate Shannon index for the overlapped presence-absence maps, at two spatial scales (500 m and 1000 m). Then, the relationships with the whole community was assessed through generalised least square models, at the spatial scale of 4 ha, 9 ha and 25 ha. Results showed that the higher rate of variability of community was explained by the biodiversity indicator at 1000 m scale. Indeed, the more informative spatial scale for the whole bird community was 9 ha. In addition, a pattern emerged about the relationships between biodiversity indicator and community richness, that is worth of further research. Our study demonstrates that the usefulness of surrogate species for biodiversity and community assessment can become clear only at a certain spatial scales. Indeed, they can be highly predictive of the whole community, and highly informative for conservation planning. Moreover, their use can optimize biodiversity monitoring and conservation, focusing on a small number of noteworthy species.

One of the most felt current problems in the worldwide scientific community is the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources. Fossil fuels as a source of energy have produced numerous unfavorable effects over the years, such as a decrease in air quality and an increase in global temperature. Nowadays, the rapid depletion of these fuels is provoking fluctuations in global market prices with relative crises in nonenergy-independent states. Bioethanol is one of the promising alternatives for replacing fossil fuels. Currently, most ethanol comes from corn and cane sugar crops that are called first-generation raw materials. However, if ethanol was used as the main fuel and its raw materials were food crops, there would be a marked increase in the cost of food, leading to an increase in the problem of world hunger. For this reason, two other generations of lignocellulosic biomasses were studied that could meet the production needs and were not from agricultural crops. The second generation in fact provides for the use of agricultural, forest, industrial, and urban waste as raw material, while the third generation uses marine algae as raw material. This chapter aims to provide an overview both of the different generations of raw materials used for the production of bioethanol and of the various steps of the fermentation process that from biomass leads to the formation of ethanol.

Nowadays, the world’s energy requirements are based on the use of fossil fuels. Rapid growth in both global energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions associated with the use of these fuels have driven the research for alternative sources, which are renewable and have a lower environmental impact. Ethanol is considered one of them. In fact, it is considered one of the better biofuels for transport: it can be burned directly or blended with petrol to improve fuel combustion in vehicles, resulting in lower CO 2 emission to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The optimization of the ethanol production processes from lignocellulosic biomass is considered an important research from both industrial and research point of view. In function of the nature of the raw material, it is possible to distinguish these three different feedstock generations. In the first generation, the substrate consists mainly of seeds, potato, and grains and the production process consists of the purification of simple sugars to obtain ethanol. Nevertheless, the first generation of biofuels has been perceived as sustainable mainly from both an environmental and limitation in food supply point of view. This has meant that research has switched to the development of more advanced technology to obtain an energy sustainability to minimize greenhouse gases emission. For these reasons, other two different production processes have been developed, focusing on the fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose from mainly agricultural wastes (second generation) and algae (third generation). This chapter represents a critical analysis of published data on application and potentiality of the bioethanol production from first, second and third generation of feedstock.

In early 2020, the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led multiple countries to introduce strict lockdown measures to contain the pandemic. Movement restrictions may have influenced the ability of the public to contribute to citizen science projects. We investigated how stay-at-home orders affected data submitted by birdwatchers in Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) to a widely-used citizen science platform, iNaturalist, depending on whether observations were collected in urban or non-urban areas. We found significant trends in the daily number of observations in all three countries, indicating a surge in urban observation during lockdowns. We found an increase in the mean daily number of urban observations during the lockdown in Italy and Spain, compared to previous years. The mean daily number of non-urban observations decreased in Italy and Spain, while remained similar to previous years in the UK. We found a general decrease of new records during the lockdowns both in urban and non-urban areas in all countries. Our results suggest that the citizen science community remained active during the lockdowns and kept reporting birds from home. However, limitations to movements may have hampered the possibility of birdwatchers to explore natural areas and collect new records. Our findings suggest that future research and conservation applications of citizen science data should carefully consider the bias and gaps in data series caused by the pandemic. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential of urban areas for nature activities, such as birdwatching, and its relevance for sustainable urban planning., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image

Objectives The authors conducted a systematic pairwise and network meta-analysis to assess optimal treatment strategies in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel coronary artery disease (MV-CAD) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Patients with STEMI and MV-CAD have a worse prognosis than those with single-vessel CAD. The optimal revascularization strategy for these patients is uncertain. Methods Studies of revascularization strategies for MV-CAD in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI published between 2001 and 2015 were identified using an electronic search. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were performed for 3 PCI strategies in prospective and retrospective studies: 1) infarct-related artery (IRA)-only PCI; 2) single procedure MV-PCI; and 3) staged MV-PCI. Information on study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and clinical outcomes was extracted. The outcomes of interest were short-term and long-term mortality. Results Thirty-two studies (13 prospective and 19 retrospective) with 54,148 patients (IRA-only PCI [n = 42,112], single procedure MV-PCI [n = 8,138], and staged MV-PCI [n = 3,898]) were included in the analysis. Pairwise meta-analyses showed that staged MV-PCI was associated with lower short-term and long-term mortality compared with both IRA-only PCI and single stage MV-PCI, whereas IRA-only PCI was associated with lower mortality compared with single stage MV-PCI. Staged MV-PCI was also associated consistently with improved survival in network analyses. Conclusions The present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that in patients with MV-CAD presenting with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, a staged multivessel revascularization strategy may improve early and late survival.

Forest biodiversity underpins social welfare by preserving ecosystem multifunctionality and the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Still, the social value of biodiversity is not adequately incorporated into forest management and decision support models. This study proposes a novel approach for defining socially optimal biodiversity levels, wood supply and taxation schemes under climate change. We developed a partial equilibrium model to maximize consumers’ and producers’ surplus until the end of the century, including climate change impacts as productivity shocks in a coupled ecological-economic framework. In our model, we consider a first-best and a second-best taxation scheme to internalize the value of forest biodiversity into forest planning. The framework developed here was applied to a temperate forest landscape in southwestern Germany, where biodiversity has a high social value. Our results indicate an increasing consumption of wood and supply of biodiversity (up to 38.4 %) until the end of the century. Moreover, climate change may affect forest productivity, optimal harvesting rates and taxation schemes. Crucially, current management is unable to capture the adequate social value of biodiversity and is inefficient under climate change. Policy mechanisms are therefore required to correct biodiversity provision in temperate forest landscapes.

Despite bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with valves is a minimally invasive treatment for emphysema, it can associate with some complications. We aimed at evaluating the rate and type of complications related to valve treatment and their impact on clinical outcomes. Background: Despite bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with valves is a minimally invasive treatment for emphysema, it can associate with some complications. We aimed at evaluating the rate and type of complications related to valve treatment and their impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: It is a retrospective multicenter study including all consecutive patients with severe heterogeneous emphysema undergoing BLVR with endobronchial valve treatment and developed any complications related to this procedure. The type of complication, the time of onset, the treatment required and the out-come were evaluated. Response to treatment was assessed according to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) as follows: an improvement of ≥15% in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1); of −8% in residual volume (RV); of ≥26 m in 6-minnute walking distance (6MWD); and of ≥4 points on the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Target lobe volume reduction (TLVR) ≥350 mL was considered significant. Results: One hundred and seven out of 423 (25.3%) treated patients had complications related to valve treatment including pneumothorax (17.3%); pneumonia (1.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation (0.9%), respiratory failure (1.4%), valve migration (2.1%), and hemoptysis (1.9%). In all cases complications resolved with appropriate treatment including removal of valves in 21/107 cases (19.6%). Patients with TLVR ≥350 mL (n=64) vs. those

The loss of biodiversity in temperate forests due to combined effect of climate change and forest management poses a major threat to the functioning of these ecosystems in the future. Climate change is expected to modify ecological processes and amplify disturbances, compromising the provisioning of multiple ecosystem services. Here we investigate the impacts of climate change and forest management on the abundance of tree microhabitats and forest birds as biodiversity proxies, using an integrated modelling approach. To perform our analysis, we calibrated tree microhabitat and bird abundance in a forest landscape in Southwestern Germany, and coupled them with a climate sensitive forest growth model. Our results show generally positive impacts of climate warming and higher harvesting intensity on bird abundance, with up to 30% increase. Conversely, climate change and wood removals above 5% of the standing volume led to a loss of tree microhabitats. A diversified set of management regimes with different harvesting intensities applied in a landscape scale was required to balance this trade-off. For example, to maximize the expected bird abundance (up to 11%) and to avoid tree microhabitat abundance loss of20% necessitates setting aside 10.2% of the forest area aside and application of harvesting intensities 10.4% of the standing volume. We conclude that promoting forest structural complexity by diversifying management regimes across the landscape will be key to maintain forest biodiversity in temperate forests under climate change.

Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) typically arises from total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture/erosion and subsequent thrombus formation. Granted this, important angiographic information for patients presenting with STEMI is not only about the status of infarct-related artery (IRA) but also about the atherosclerotic disease burden and disease severity of non-IRA vessels. Previous studies have reported that multivessel coronary artery disease is found in approximately 50% of patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Primary PCI is now considered the gold standard in the treatment for patients with STEMI; however, the optimal reperfusion strategy in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease (MVD) remains uncertain. In this review, we summarize the available evidence on treatment options for patients with STEMI and MVD and highlight current guideline recommendations on this topic.

Methanol, or methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol, appearing as a colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Nowadays, it is considered one of the most useful chemical compounds. In fact, it is one of the most promising building blocks for obtaining more complex chemical structures, such as acetic acid, methyl tertiary butyl ether, dimethyl ether, methylamine, etc. Furthermore, methanol is also considered a promising clean-burning fuel with a high octane number. Knowing that CO2 and H2 are among the precursors in methanol synthesis, it is noteworthy that the conversion of CO2 to methanol can be considered a promising method for significantly reducing CO2 emissions, and that methanol production can also be used as a convenient energy carrier for hydrogen storage and conservation. In fact, methanol synthesis is the second source, after ammonia production, of hydrogen consumption (which has the highest energy content per weight) via several reactions, such as partial oxidation, steam reforming, autothermal reforming, methanol decomposition, or methanol-water solution electrolysis. Finally, among the recent attractive applications of methanol, the most promising for the future are the production of DME, the production of hydrogen, and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). This chapter is an overview of not only common feedstocks used in the production processes for obtaining methanol (natural gases, CO2, or char/biomass), but also of the historical production processes (such as the BASF process, also known as the “high-pressure method,” and the ICI process, also known as the “low-pressure method”) and the most innovative trends for industrial applications.