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SUMMARY We analyse the concepts of instantaneous frequency (IF) and quality factor (IQ). It is verified that the time-averaged IF is equal to the centroid of the signal energy of the spectrum and that the centroid of the signal spectrum is equal to the IF at the peak of the signal envelope. The latter property can be used to obtain the frequency shift required by tomographic methods. Then, we analyse the two-tone stationary Mandel signal in the lossless and lossy cases. The IQ is not infinite in the lossless case, although its reciprocal average vanishes, and the lossless and lossy IFs at the peak of the signal envelope are the same, whereas the IQ at this peak depends on the amplitudes and quality factors of the tones. The IQ of a propagating Ricker wavelet has a singularity at the peak of the envelope, which shows a shift in the lossy case, related to the velocity dispersion. We consider a lossy layer described by the Zener model. Varying its thickness implies a large variation in the IF, introducing unphysical spikes when the top and bottom reflections of the layer start to overlap. Finally, a practical application to real seismic data is presented.

We establish a generalization of the thermoelasticity wave equation to the porous case, including the Lord–Shulman (LS) and Green–Lindsay (GL) theories that involve a set of relaxation times ( $$\tau _i, \ i = 1, \ldots , 4$$ ). The dynamical equations predict four propagation modes, namely, a fast P wave, a Biot slow wave, a thermal wave, and a shear wave. The plane-wave analysis shows that the GL theory predicts a higher attenuation of the fast P wave, and consequently a higher velocity dispersion than the LS theory if $$\tau _1 = \tau _2 > \tau _3$$ , whereas both models predict the same anelasticity for $$\tau _1 = \tau _2 = \tau _3$$ . We also propose a generalization of the LS theory by applying two different Maxwell–Vernotte–Cattaneo relaxation times related to the temperature increment ( $$\tau _3$$ ) and solid/fluid strain components ( $$\tau _4$$ ), respectively. The generalization predicts positive quality factors when $$\tau _4 \ge \tau _3$$ , and increasing $$\tau _4$$ further enhances the attenuation. The wavefields are computed with a direct meshing algorithm using the Fourier pseudospectral method to calculate the spatial derivatives and a first-order explicit Crank–Nicolson time-stepping method. The propagation illustrated with snapshots and waveforms at low and high frequencies is in agreement with the dispersion analysis. The study can be useful for a comprehensive understanding of wave propagation in high-temperature high-pressure fields.

We first compare two apparently dissimilar expressions for the quality factor Q of inhomogeneous plane waves in isotropic viscoelastic media, where Q is defined as the result of an energy-balance relation. In this case, it is the ratio of twice the strain energy to the dissipated energy. Both expressions give the same Q for P-waves and Q for S-waves is independent of the inhomogeneity angle γ (isotropic media). Then, we consider the more general balance equation, which holds for anisotropic viscoelastic media, where anomalous behaviors are observed when γ exceeds some critical value (forbidden directions of propagation). This problem has already been solved analytically for SH-waves. Here, we consider the qP–qS case, which requires a numerical solution of the dispersion equation to obtain the wavenumber and attenuation factor, i.e., the real and imaginary parts of the wave vector, respectively. The forbidden directions appear when the phase velocity approaches a zero value. Generally, the phase velocity of homogeneous waves (γ = 0) exceeds that of inhomogeneous waves, while the latter show stronger attenuation (lower quality factor). In the vicinity of the forbidden directions, the opposite behavior may occur.

SUMMARY: Mesenchymal cells (MCs) exhibit great regenerative potential due to their intrinsic properties and ability to restore tissue function, either directly through transdifferentiation or indirectly through paracrine effects. This study aimed to evaluate morphometric and phenotypic changes in MCs grown with facial nerve-conditioned medium in the presence or absence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). For quantitative phenotypic analysis, the expression of GFAP, OX-42, MAP-2, β-tubulin III, NeuN, and NF-200 was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Cells cultured with facial nerve-conditioned medium in the presence of FGF-2 expressed GFAP, OX-42, MAP-2, β-tubulin III, NeuN, and NF-200. On average, the area and perimeter of GFAP-positive cells were higher in the group cultured with facial nerve-conditioned medium compared to the group cultured with conditioned medium and FGF-2 (p=0.0001). This study demonstrated the plasticity of MCs for neuronal and glial lineages and opens up new research perspectives in cell therapy and trans.differentiation.

This study evaluated the effects of bioidentical nanostructured progesterone alone or in association with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the in vitro survival and development of preantral follicles (experiment 1) and oocyte maturation (experiment 2). Bioidentical hormones have a molecular structure identical with that of endogenous hormones; nanostructured substances refer to those reduced to a nanoscale. In experiment 1, fragments of goat ovarian tissue were cultured for 7 days in α-MEM+ alone or supplemented with nanoprogesterone (MEM+ + P4) or P4 and hCG (MEM+ + P4 + hCG). In experiment 2, two mediums of oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) were compared. Medium 1 consisted of TCM 199+ + LH, and medium 2 consisted of TCM 199+ with nanoprogesterone and hCG. The MEM+ + P4 + hCG treatment showed the lowest percentage of follicular survival after 7 days of culture. MEM+ + P4 and MEM+ + P4 + hCG treatments showed higher percentage of follicular activation than MEM+. In experiment 2, there were no differences between mediums 1 and 2 for all endpoints evaluated. In conclusion, the addition of nanoprogesterone is advisable for in vitro culture of preantral follicles and oocyte maturation. However, the association of nanoprogesterone with hCG causes the cellular death of initial follicles but shows efficacy in IVM.

Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of a neurodegenerative pathology that has received a considerable amount of attention because of its clinical manifestations. The most common treatment consists of administering the drugs levodopa and biperiden, which reduce the effectiveness of the disease and the progress of its symptoms. However, phytotherapy treatment of PD has shown great potential in retarding the loss of dopaminergic neurons and minimizing the behavioral abnormalities. The aim of this study is to systematically review the use of supplemental herbal plants with cellular protective effect and behavioral activity in in vivo and in vitro experimental models. A total of 20 studies were summarized, where the effectiveness of herbal extracts and their isolated bioactive compounds was observed in animal models for PD. The main neurochemical mechanisms found in these studies are schematically represented. The herbal extracts and their biocompounds have antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and antiinflammatory properties, which contribute to avoiding neuronal loss. Reports show that besides acting on the biosynthesis of dopamine and its metabolites, these compounds prevent D2 receptors' hypersensitivity. It is suggested that further studies need be conducted to better understand the mechanisms of action of the bioactive compounds distributed in these plants. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The presence of wave loss (velocity dispersion and attenuation in lossy media) degrades the resolution of migrated images by distorting the phase and amplitude of the signal. These effects have to be mitigated to improve resolution. We have developed a technique to perform reverse time migration of ground-penetrating radar and SH-seismic data in lossy media, suitable for engineering and seismic applications. The method is based on the solution of the transverse magnetic (TM) Maxwell equation, which in view of the acoustic-electromagnetic analogy, is mathematically equivalent to the SH-wave equation, where attenuation is described by the Maxwell mechanical model. Attenuation compensation is performed by reversing the sign of the diffusion term (first-order time derivative). In this manner, the TM equation has the same wave-velocity dependence with frequency (same velocity-dispersion behavior) but opposite attenuation, i.e., compensating for attenuation effects when back propagating. We have solved the equations numerically with a direct grid method by using the Fourier pseudospectral operator for computing the spatial derivatives, and we used an explicit staggered second-order finite-difference approximation for computing the time derivative. Four applications illustrated the potential of the algorithm. The migrated image by correcting for attenuation loss is able to improve the illumination of the target reflectors. This migration is found to be particularly useful to balance the overall image amplitude by illuminating shadow zones. Under the assumption of low-loss media (e.g., [Formula: see text]) and thicknesses comparable with or smaller than the skin depth, the attenuation-compensated migration is stable.

Graphical abstract RNA silencing suppression with combination of three gene slinging suppressors as well as 450 mM NaCl increased the production of Griffithsin., Highlights • HIV inhibitor expressed via three gene silencing suppressors. • The salt treatment increased the amount of Griffithsin production. • Anti-Hiv activity was confirmed via in vitro., The exploration of emerging host organisms for the economic and efficient production of protein microbicides against HIV is urgently needed in resource-poor areas worldwide. In this study, the production of the novel HIV entry inhibitor candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), was investigated using Nicotiana benthamiana as the expression platform based on a non-viral vector. To increase the yield of recombinant GRFT, the RNA silencing defense mechanism of N. benthamiana was abolished by using three gene silencing suppressors. A transient expression system was used by transferring the GRFT gene, which encodes 122 amino acids, under the control of the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter. The presence of correctly assembled GRFT in transgenic leaves was confirmed using immunoglobulin-specific sandwich ELISA. The data demonstrated that the use of three gene silencing suppressors allowed the highest accumulation of GRFT, with a yield of 400 μg g−1 fresh weight, and this amount was reduced to 287 μg g−1 after purification, representing a recovery of 71.75%. The analysis also showed that the ability of GRFT expressed in N. benthamiana to bind to glycoprotein 120 is close to that of the GRFT protein purified from E. coli. Whole-cell assays using purified GRFT showed that our purified GRFT was potently active against HIV. This study provides the first high-level production of the HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin with a non-viral expression system and illustrates the robustness of the co-agroinfiltration expression system improved through the use of three gene silencing suppressors.

Lippia sidoides Cham (Verbenaceae) is largely distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil. It is popularly known as 'Alecrim-pimenta'. Recent studies have shown that some species of Lippia have interesting pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nanostructured thymol gel (TG) 1.2 mg/g on acute phase of ligature-induced periodontitis model [acute periodontal disease (APD)] in rats. APD was induced in 24 Wistar rats subjected to ligature placement on left molars in maxillae. Animals were treated with TG, immediately after APD induction. Saline-based gel was utilized as negative control and diethylammonium diclofenac gel 10 mg/g was used as positive control. Animals were randomly assigned into the groups. The periodontium and the surrounding gingiva were examined at histopathology, as well as the neutrophil influx into the gingiva was assayed using myeloperoxidase activity levels by ELISA method. TG treatment reduced tissue lesion at histopathology coupled to decreased myeloperoxidase activity production in gingival tissue when compared with the saline gel control group (p

Lonchocarpus araripensis Benth. is largely distributed in the northeast region of Brazil. It is popularly known as ‘sucupira’. Recent studies have shown that some species of Lonchocarpus have interesting pharmacological activities. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect of a flavone isolated from L. araripensis. The chemical examination resulted in the isolation of 3,6-dimethoxy-6″,6″-dimethyl-(7,8,2″,3″)-chromeneflavone (DDF). The structure of the compound was established by spectral analysis. Antinociceptive activity of DDF was evaluated by measuring nociception by acetic acid, formalin and hot plate tests. The rota rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. The results demonstrated that DDF was able to prevent acetic-acid-writhing-induced nociception (p

The specie Lippia gracilis Schauer is largely utilized for their antimicrobial properties, which are attributed to the presence of phenolic monoterpenes such as thymol and carvacrol. The aim of this study was to determine the yields and chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from fresh and dry leaves of collected at different times in the city of Crato-CE, in January 2009. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and its components were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry. The time of plant collection should coincide with the moment of greatest expression of the active principle.

Extreme catastrophic events such as earthquakes, terrorism and economic collapses are difficult to predict. We propose a tentative mathematical model for the precursors of these events based on a memory formalism and apply it to earthquakes suggesting a physical interpretation. In this case, a precursor can be the anomalous increasing rate of events (aftershocks) following a moderate earthquake, contrary to Omori’s law. This trend constitute foreshocks of the main event and can be modelled with fractional time derivatives. A fractional derivative of order 0 < ν < 2 replaces the first-order time derivative in the classical diffusion equation. We obtain the frequency-domain Green’s function and the corresponding time-domain solution by performing an inverse Fourier transform. Alternatively, we propose a numerical algorithm, where the time derivative

We present a detailed approach to implement a moment-tensor point source to compute displacements, particle velocities and accelerations using direct grid methods. Here, the wave modeling algorithm is based on pseudospectral methods to compute the partial derivatives. A comparison to the analytical solution in the 3D acoustic case verifies the discrete implementation of the source in the mesh. Then, the more general 3D elastic case is illustrated and simulations, with and without free surface, are performed that can be used as a reference solution for other grid methods.

Kielmeyera rugosa is a medicinal plant known in Northeastern Brazil as ‘pau-santo’, and it is used in the treatment of several tropical diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and leishmaniasis. We evaluated antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol stem extract of K.rugosa (MEKR) in mice. The mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2, and dopamine were assessed. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of MEKR on carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw edema. Ninety minutes after the treatment, the animals were submitted to an imunofluorescence for Fos protein. MEKR (100, 200, and 400mg/kg; p.o.) inhibited the development of mechanical hypernociception and edema. MEKR significantly decreased TNF-α and interleukin 1β levels in pleural lavage and suppressed the recruitment of leukocytes. MEKR (1, 10, and 100mg/mL) did not produce cytotoxicity, determined using the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay in vitro. The locomotor activity was not affected. MEKR activated significantly the bulb olfactory, piriform cortex, and periaqueductal gray of the central nervous system. Our results provide first time evidence to propose that MEKR attenuates mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammation, in part, through an activation of central nervous system areas, mainly the periaqueductal gray and piriform cortex areas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The classical Earth model used to process seismic data assumes plane layers and a velocity analysis based on a hyperbolic approximation of the reflection events, where basically one parameter (the stacking velocity) is used to perform the normal move-out (NMO) correction to obtain the stacked section. We explore the possibility of using alternative approaches, other than the standard Dix equation based on the root-mean-square (RMS) velocities, to obtain the interval velocities and perform the depth conversion in order to locate the interfaces. Specifically, we consider traveltime equations as a function of offset using different NMO approximations, based on the average, RMS and root-mean-quartic (RMQ) velocities. A generalised form of Dix's equation is used for this purpose. Moreover, we analyse the model-dependency of the different NMO equations. We consider a simple 4-layer model and a model based on data from the Cooper basin, South Australia, to test the NMO equations. We build an elastic-velocity model and compute a common midpoint (CMP) synthetic seismogram. The reflection events are identified and traveltimes are picked to perform a non-linear inversion with the conventional (one parameter) hyperbolic approximation, the 3-term Taner and Koehler equation and approximations based on the average, RMQ and RMS velocities, also using two parameters. The model has a velocity inversion which poses a challenge to the approximations. The performance of the approximations is model dependent, so a-priori information of the velocity profile can be useful to perform a suitable inversion, or an optimal stack of the reflection events is required to test the NMO correction. Moreover, the results show that the inversion based on the RMS velocities yields better results than those based on the RMQ velocities, but this is not always the case. On the other hand, the inversion using the average velocity performs a worse velocity–depth estimation, even compared to the RMS results from the hyperbolic approximation.

Lippia gracilis Schauer (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic plant widely used in folk medicine in the Brazilian semi-arid region. This work aims at evaluating the anti-microbial activity of essential oils from the leaves of L. gracilis (EOLG) when associated with commercial antibiotics against bacterial resistance. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation has 38 chemical constituents with thymol (44.4%), carvacrol (22.2%), p-cymene (6.2%) and α-pinene (5.6%) as major constituents. Microbiological assays were conducted by direct and gaseous contacts. We demonstrated that EOLG has significant synergism with all antibiotics tested. EOLG decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration of the aminoglycosides and improved their zone of inhibition more than 300% against Staphylococcus aureus and 270% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results demonstrate that natural substances present in EOLG have the capacity to modulate bacterial resistance and can be used as an adjuvant therapy against multi-resistant microorganisms such as S. aureus, Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa.

The speciesLippia sidoidesCham. (Verbenaceae) is utilized in popular medicine as a local antiseptic on the skin and mucosal tissues.Enterococcus faecalisis the bacterium isolated from root canals of teeth with persistent periapical lesions and has the ability to form biofilm, where it is responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments. Essential oil ofL. sidoides(EOLS) and its major component, thymol, were evaluated for reducing the CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and examined with respect to the chemical composition, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis has led to the identification of thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). EOLS and thymol reduced CFU in biofilms ofE. faecalis in vitro(time of maturation, 72 h), with an exposure time of 30 and 60 min at concentrations of 2.5 and 10%. There was no statistical difference in effect between EOLS and thymol, demonstrating that this phenolic monoterpene was the possible compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity of EOLS. This study provides a basis for the possible utilization of EOLS as an adjuvant in the treatment of root canals that show colonization byE. faecalis.

RESUMO Justificativa e objetivos: A diabetes é associada ao aumento de prevalência de dor crônica, porém faltam estudos que associem dor crônica como um sintoma precoce de intolerância a glicose ou diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar na população adulta a prevalência de diabetes e intolerância a glicose em pacientes com dor crônica comparado com pacientes sem dor crônica em um ambulatório privado especializado em nutrologia. Método: Foram incluídos 60 pacientes, 30 pacientes com dor crônica com duração de pelo menos 3 meses e 30 pacientes sem queixa de dor crônica. Todos os pacientes foram estudados prospectivamente para o diagnóstico de diabetes ou intolerância a glicose por meio do teste de tolerância oral com medição glico-insulinica basal a após 2 horas, após estímulo de 75 gramas de glicose. Resultados: Dos 30 indivíduos com dor crônica, 6 pacientes (20%) tinham diabetes, 3 pacientes (10%) tinham intolerância a glicose, totalizando 9 pacientes (30%) com alteração dos níveis glicêmicos (pré-diabético ou diabético). Dos 30 indivíduos sem dor crônica, 1 paciente (3,3%) foi diagnosticado como diabético, 3 pacientes (10%) com intolerância a glicose, totalizando 4 pacientes (13,3%) com alteração dos níveis glicêmicos (pré-diabético ou diabético). Conclusão: Houve significância estatística na prevalência de alteração do nível glicêmico em pacientes com dor crônica em comparação com pacientes sem queixa de dor crônica.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of dental bonding agents at different temperatures and the bond durability of restorations bonded with preheated dental bonding agents. Materials and methods: Three multistep adhesive systems, including one 3-step etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus) and two 2-step self-etching systems (Clearfil SE Bond; Filtek Low-Shrinkage Adhesive System), were evaluated. Dental bonding agents were preheated at 25, 37, and 60 °C. Bar-shaped specimens (n = 5) were prepared for DC analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared/Attenuated Total Fluorescence spectra were obtained, and the DC was calculated by comparing the aliphatic bonds/reference peaks of nonpolymerized and polymerized materials. For bond durability analysis, tridimensional dentin cavities were prepared in 180 bovine incisors, which were then restored. Samples were stored in water for 24 h, and half of them were subjected to additional degradation with 10% NaOCl for 5 h....

The Transdermal Delivery System (BIOLIPID B2®) is a nanoemulsion that can be a pplied directly to the skin by a metered pump to deliver hormones into the systemic circulation. The ai ms of this study were to assess the efficacy of BIOLIPID B2 ® to deliver testosterone systemically and evaluate the short - term effects on Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH), C - reactive protein (CRP) serum levels and blood pressure in middle aged men with tes tosterone deficiency . An open label randomized prospective study enrolled 14 Brazilian middle aged men with testosterone deficiency . The volunteers received in the forearm 50mg of transdermal BIOLIPID B2® - testosterone nanostructured formulation daily for 3 months. Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) was used to determine depth and concentration of testosterone on skin layers. Clinical parameters and serum concentrations were compared between the base line and 3 months after treatment. Serum concentrations of t estosterone, CPR and TSH changed significantly (p 0.05) and no changes were observed in the blood pressure . N o adverse events were attribu ted to this transdermal hormone replacement therapy protocol. The BIOLIPID B2 ® nanoemulsion formulation is safe and effective in reestabli shing testosterone and Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (T SH) serum levels. This transdermal protocol may serve as a strate gy for hormone replacement therapy in middle aged men.

Hyptis pectinata L. Poit, known as ‘sambacaita’, is used in Brazil to treat inflammatory and painful disorders. In this study, the antioxidant and orofacial antinociceptive properties of the aqueous extract of H. pectinata leaves (AEPH) were assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, AEPH reduced the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical up to 72.10% with an EC50 of 14.56 µg/ml. It also inhibited 40.80% of the lipoperoxidation induced by 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride in the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay. The orofacial antinociceptive activity was evaluated in mice pre-treated with AEPH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), which received afterwards formalin- (20 µl, 2% solution, s.c.), glutamate- (40 µl, 25 mM, s.c.) and capsaicin- (20 µl, 2.5 µg, s.c.) to induce orofacial nociception. AEPH at all doses reduced (p

This work reports the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides (EOLS) and evaluation of the topical effect of EOLS and thymol against different irritant agents in vivo. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis identified the main constituents: thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the mouse models of acute ear inflammation induced by croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol or histamine, and chronic inflammation induced by croton oil. The topical application of EOLS or thymol at a dose of 2 mg/ear significantly reduced (p

In this study, we describe the antinociceptive activity of the ethanol extract (EE), chloroform (CF) and methanol (MF) fractions obtained from Sida cordifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “malva branca” or “malva branca sedosa”. Leaves of S. cordifolia were used to produce the crude ethanol extract and after CF and MF. Experiments were conducted on Swiss mice using the glutamate and formalin-induced orofacial nociception. In the formalin test, all doses of EE, CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociception in the first (p < 0.001) and second phase (p < 0.001), which was also naloxone-sensitive. In the glutamate-induced nociception test, only CF and MF significantly reduced the orofacial nociceptive behavior with inhibition percentage values of 48.1% (100 mg/kg, CF), 56.1% (200 mg/kg, CF), 66.4% (400 mg/kg, CF), 48.2 (200 mg/kg, MF) and 60.1 (400 mg/kg, MF). Furthermore, treatment of the animals with EE, CF and MF was not able to promote motor activity changes. These data demonstrate that S. cordifolia has a pronounced antinociceptive activity on orofacial nociception. However, pharmacological and chemical studies are necessary in order to characterize the responsible mechanisms for this antinociceptive action and also to identify other bioactive compounds present in S. cordifolia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Citral (CIT), which contains the chiral enantiomers, neral (cis) and geranial (trans), is the majority monoterpene from Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus. The present study aimed to evaluate CIT for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rodents. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were studied by measuring nociception through acetic acid and formalin tests, while inflammation was verified by inducing peritonitis and paw edema with carrageenan. All tested doses of CIT had significant protection (p

The composition of three samples of essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves and flowers of Hyptis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) were investigated by GC/MS and GC-FID. The variability of the constituents and biological activity were evaluated in the oil samples. Acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions and formalin-induced pain tests in mice were used for screening the antinociceptive activity. The possible antagonism of the essential oils or morphine (MOR) antinociceptive effects by pretreatment with naloxone, showed no influence on the antinociceptive action of the oils in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. All examined oil samples presented antinociceptive activity. The oil sample obtained from the leaves collected during the vegetative growth stage, near Sao Cristovao at Sitio Tujubeba exhibited the highest effect. The same oil sample had a main percentage of 1,8-cineole (18.70%). Nevertheless, the oil obtained from flowers collected at the same location, showed a significant difference (p

Pequi fruits have a high nutritional value, and they are rich in protein and vitamins. This work reports the results of the chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of “pequi” fruit pulp oil of Caryocar coriaceum (Wittm). Chemical composition was assessed by GLC and the antibacterial activity was assayed by the disk diffusion method. GLC indicated the following fatty acid content: oleic (55.79 g/100 g oil), palmitic (34.18 g/100 g oil), heptadecenoic (5.86 g/100 g oil), linoleic (1.80 g/100 g oil), stearic (1.73 g/100 g oil), eicosenoic (0.37 g/100 g oil), and palmitoleic (0.27 g/100 g oil). The oil showed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of Salmonella cholerasuis (MIC < 1.25%), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1.25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 1.25%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC 5%). There is great interest in extending the use of this natural product so that derivatives with combined social, economic and therapeutic value can be produced.

Lippia sp. essential oils have been popularly used to treat infectious diseases and some studies have shown their effect on microorganisms control. Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, known as “cidreira”, is a shrub easily found in Brazilian Northeast. The traditional use of their leaves, used as tea to treat some affections, justify the investment in further investigations. This work reports the L. alba essential oil chemical composition and its aminoglycosides modifying effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. aureus ATCC 12692. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation (yield of 0.52 %) and the GC-MS analysis identified the main constituents: Geranial (31.4 %), Neral (29.5 %), β-elemene (16.5 %) and geranyl acetate (13.3 %). It was verified that the essential oil interfered with all tested aminoglycosides. The antibiotic activity of gentamicin against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was enhanced (275 %) in the presence of 12 % essential oil. The 3 % essential oil ...

An open, randomized, controlled study with two parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Lippia sidoides essential oil (EO) 1% mouthrinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse, applied two times daily for 1 week, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Fifty-five patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were the colony count of Streptococcus mutans from the stimulated saliva and periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 30 after commencement of therapy. Twenty eight patients received chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Periogard((R))) and 27 Lippia sidoides essential oil mouthrinse (Cepakill((R))). The clinical and microbiological parameters were significantly reduced by both mouthrinses. No significant difference was seen between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the colony count of S. mutans in both groups (p < 0.05). Chlorhexidine treatment reduced more efficiently than L. sidoides, however, no statistical difference was seen, the efficacy of both groups was similar (p = 0.3). The results indicate that Chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduced plaque index, gingival bleeding and the number of CFU (colonies forming units) more efficiently than L. sidoides but did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that Lippia sidoides EO mouthrinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque and gingival inflammation.

Several different plant extracts have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and for reduction of gingivitis. Given that a large number of these substances have been associated with significant side effects that contraindicate their long-term use, new compounds need to be tested. The aim of this study was to assess the short-term safety and efficacy of a Lippia sidoides ("alecrim pimenta")-based essential oil mouthrinse on gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque. Fifty-five patients were enrolled into a pilot, double-blinded, randomized, parallel-armed study. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo a 7-day treatment regimen with either the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse or 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The results demonstrated decreased plaque index, gingival index and gingival bleeding index scores at 7 days, as compared to baseline. There was no statistically significance difference (p>0.05) between test and control groups for any of the clinical parameters assessed throughout the study. Adverse events were mild and transient. The findings of this study demonstrated that the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse was safe and efficacious in reducing bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of a transdermal nanoemulsion testosterone associated with transdermal estrogen therapy as a novel protocol treatment for emergent loss of libido. METHODS: Twenty-four women, aged 31-75 years (mean age, 51.7), with emergent loss of libido were allocated to treatment with a novel transdermal formulation of 500 µg/day of testosterone (Biolipid/B2®-testosterone) for 12 weeks, as part of an open label prospective study on peri- and post-menopausal women. Subjects applied the formulation on the right forearm. Clinical and laboratorial parameters including the sexual complaints; serum concentrations of testosterone, insulin, C-reactive protein, weight, blood pressure; body mass index and waist circumference were compared between baseline and 12 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: The mean total serum testosterone increased significantly (p = 0.009) after 12 weeks of treatment. No adverse or androgenic events were observed. There were positive and significant differences (p < 0.05) on sexual complaints, blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference after transdermal nanoemulsion testosterone treatment. CONCLUSION: This protocol is effective in increasing testosterone levels in peri- and postmenopausal women with low libido. OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia de uma nanoemulsão transdérmica de testosterona associada à terapia com estrogênio transdérmico como tratamento para a perda emergente da libido. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro mulheres, com idade entre 31-75 anos (idade média de 51,7), com perda emergente de libido foram incluídas num protocolo para tratamento de libido reduzida com uma formulação transdérmica de 500 µg/dia de testosterona (biolípido/B2®-testosterona) com 12 semanas de duração, como parte de um estudo prospectivo aberto em mulheres peri- e pós-menopausa. As participantes aplicaram a formulação no antebraço direito. Os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais, incluindo as queixas sexuais foram comparados entre os valores iniciais e 12 semanas após o tratamento. Mediram-se as concentrações séricas de testosterona, insulina, proteína C-reactiva, o peso, a pressão arterial; o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência da cintura. RESULTADOS: A média de testosterona total no soro aumentou significativamente (p = 0,009) após 12 semanas de tratamento. Não foram observados efeitos adversos ou androgênicos. Registraram-se reduções significativas (p < 0,05) sobre as queixas sexuais, da pressão arterial, do índice de massa corporal e da circunferência da cintura após o tratamento transdérmico com nanoemulsão de testosterona. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo mostrou eficacia em aumentar os níveis de testosterona em e melhorar a libido em mulheres peri e pós-menopausa com baixa libido.

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit., Lamiaceae, is an aromatic, abundant and broadly used plant species in Sergipe to treat oral and gastrointestinal pain and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relation between periodontitis and changes in the corporal mass and alveolar bone structure after induction of experimental periodontal disease in rat treated or not treated with H. pectinata gel at 5% (GS5%) and 10% (GS10%), comparing their effects with doxycycline gel at 10% (D10%, positive control), vehicle gel (negative control) and a group with experimental periodontal disease, but non-treated. The gels were locally applied in the gingival region immediately after the experimental periodontal disease induction by ligature (3×/day, 11 days). Bone destruction was determined through clinical exam, histopathological analysis and cone beam computed tomography of the experimental animals (n = 36). After 11 days of periodontitis induction, all groups that received ligature presented a decrease in the corporal mass, except to the naïve group (without experimental periodontal disease) (p

This study evaluated the spatial and functional roughness parameters on air-abraded zirconia as a function of particle type and deposition pressure.Polished zirconia blocks (Cercon, Degussa/Dentsply) (N=30) with dimensions of 5 × 4 × 4 mm3 were air abraded according to 2 factors: a) particle type - 30-μm silica-coated alumina (CoJet) or alumina particles (45 μm); b) deposition pressure (1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 bar). Roughness parameters (Sdr, Vi, Sci and Svi) were measured in an optical profilometer (Wyko NT 1100) at the center of the air-abraded area (301.3 × 229.2 μm). Two measurements were made for each parameter from each surface. The means of each group were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's adjustment test and Student's t-test (alpha = 0.05).Both the particle type (p0.05) and deposition pressure (p0.05) significantly affected the roughness parameters. Interaction terms were significant except for Sci and Svi. With the increase in pressure from 1.5 to 4.5 bar, Sdr (CoJet 1.5: 15.7 ± 0.2; CoJet 4.5: 26.6 ± 0.2; alumina 1.5: 14.7 ± 0.2; alumina 4.5: 24.4 ± 0.2) and Vi (CoJet 1.5: 0.66 ± 0.01; CoJet 4.5: 1.37 ± 0.07; alumina 1.5: 0.62 ± 0.02; alumina 4.5: 1.19 ± 0.02) parameters showed a significant increase with both alumina and CoJet particles. Mean Sci values (CoJet 1.5: 1.62 ± 0.01, CoJet 4.5: 1.49 ± 0.02; alumina 1.5: 1.6 ± 0.03; alumina 4.5: 1.42 ± 0.04) and SVi (CoJet 1.5: 0.98 ± 0.01, CoJet 4.5: 0.112 ± 0.01; alumina 1.5: 0.98 ± 0.01, alumina 4.5: 0.12 ± 0.01) decreased significantly (p0.05) with the increase in pressure from 1.5 to 4.5 bar. The pressure increase from 2.5 to 4.5 bar did not cause any significant difference (p0.05) in these parameters for either particle type.Considering roughness parameters for micromechanical retention and parameters for adsorption mechanisms of adhesion, zirconia surfaces presented better morphological features when air abraded with silica-coated alumina than alumina particles at pressures higher than 1.5 bar. Particle deposition at 2.5 bar may be preferable to 4.5 bar pressure for avoiding possible deposition-related damage on zirconia, as there were no significant differences for the functional parameters.

We obtain the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) Fresnel reflection coefficients for different interfaces in the subsoil: air/fresh-water, air/seawater, fresh-water/seawater, air/NAPL (non-aqueous phase liquid), NAPL/water and water/NAPL. We consider a range of NAPL saturations, where the complementary fluid is water with 0.65 ppt (parts per thousand) of NaCl. The common feature is that the TM mode (parallel polarization) has a negative anomaly and the TE mode (perpendicular polarization) has a positive anomaly. For the cases studied in this work, pseudo-Brewster angles appear beyond 40° for the air/NAPL and NAPL/water interfaces and at near offsets (below 40°) for the water/NAPL interface. Pseudo-critical angles are present for the water/NAPL interface. Besides the reflection strength, the phase angle can be used to discriminate between low- and high-conductivity NAPL, when the properties of the upper medium are known. A wavenumber–frequency domain method is used to compute the reflection coefficient and phase angle from synthetic radargrams. This method and the curves can be used to interpret the amplitude variations with angle (AVA) of reflection events in radargrams obtained with ground-penetrating radar (GPR).

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the fresh and dried leaves of Lippia gracillis Schauer, Verbenaceae, was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC⁄MS). The yield of essential oil extracted from the dried leaves was significantly higher (p

Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) is used in the folk medicine as topical antiseptic in skin and mucous membranes and its therapeutic effect is attributed to the thymol presence. The objective of this work was to verify the chemical composition and antibiotic modifying activity of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of L. sidoides and its major component thymol. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The synergistic activity was evaluated using gaseous contact method. The essential oil was obtained (yield of 1.06%) and the GC/MS analysis identified the main constituents: thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). The antibiotic modifying activity was verified using the minimal inhibitory dose method and gaseous contact. It verified the interference of essential oil and thymol against all tested aminoglycosides. There were no statistical differences between the activity of the essential oil and thymol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating this to be the responsible composition for such activity. However, the oil was shown more effective when compared to the thymol against Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil of L. sidoides and its major component thymol influence the activity of aminoglycosides and may be used as adjuvant in antibiotic therapy against respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.

Citral (CIT), which contains the chiral enantiomers, neral (cis) and geranial (trans), is the majority monoterpene from Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus. The present study aimed to evaluate CIT for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rodents. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were studied by measuring nociception through acetic acid and formalin tests, while inflammation was verified by inducing peritonitis and paw edema with carrageenan. All tested doses of CIT had significant protection (p

The composition of three samples of essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves and flowers of Hyptis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) were investigated by GC/MS and GC-FID. The variability of the constituents and biological activity were evaluated in the oil samples. Acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions and formalin-induced pain tests in mice were used for screening the antinociceptive activity. The possible antagonism of the essential oils or morphine (MOR) antinociceptive effects by pretreatment with naloxone, showed no influence on the antinociceptive action of the oils in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. All examined oil samples presented antinociceptive activity. The oil sample obtained from the leaves collected during the vegetative growth stage, near São Cristóvão at Sítio Tujubeba exhibited the highest effect. The same oil sample had a main percentage of 1,8-cineole (18.70%). Nevertheless, the oil obtained from flowers collected at the same location, showed a significant difference (p 0.05) in the response intensity in the first phase of paw licking (100 mg/kg) possibly due to the higher contents of α-pinene (20.51%) and β-pinene (13.64%). The results provide evidence for the use of H. fruticosa by traditional medicine practitioners in the management of pain.

Onchocercosis is a newly recognized disease in dogs that has been reported with higher frequency in Europe and in the United States. We report a case of a 3-year-old male mongrel stray dog from the Algarve region (South Portugal) who had a retrobulbar granuloma containing a filaroid nematode of the genus Onchocerca. A gravid adult female parasite was embedded in a granulomatous inflammation adjacent to the sclera beyond the retina. The parasite was 191 to 267 mum in diameter (mean = 225 mum), surrounded by a cuticule and owing a uterus that was filled with small unsheated microfilariae. The cuticule consisted of two separated layers in longitudinal sections. The external layer had cuticular ridges and the internal layer contained striations. Sequencing of the COI and ND5 mitochondrial genes confirmed the identity of this parasite as Onchocerca lupi. Furthermore, the first sequence of the 12S mitochondrial gene is reported in this study.

In deep water the source-receiver offsets that are required for accurate velocity determinations cannot be achieved with single-ship multichannel seismic methods. Two ships, one equipped with a multichannel receiving array and the other with a seismic source, have previously been employed to acquire common midpoint, expanding spread profiles, principally to determine deep crustal velocity structures. We extend this method to higher resolution in space and time to determine the velocities of sedimentary layers in deep water offshore Japan in the Nankai Trough. This high-resolution two-ship data acquisition method used a 13.1-L water gun source array; a 1.6-km, 96-channel receiving array with 0.0166-km active group; and shore-based navigation. Analysis of the data was performed in the τ-p domain by successive downward continuation of the plane wave data. Interactive velocity analysis methods for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional Earth models are described for both common source/receiver and common midpoint profiles. Results in one of two areas surveyed show a low-velocity zone below the subduction decollement which is consistent with models of low wedge taper, high pore fluid pressure, and reflection polarity reversal described previously by other researchers. The velocity profiles show the expected landward increase in velocity assumed to be due to lateral strain and porosity decrease, but the effect is small, only slightly greater than would be expected in an area of no lateral strain.

An open, randomized, controlled study with two parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Lippia sidoides essential oil (EO) 1% mouthrinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse, applied two times daily for 1 week, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Fifty-five patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were the colony count of Streptococcus mutans from the stimulated saliva and periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 30 after commencement of therapy. Twenty eight patients received chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Periogard((R))) and 27 Lippia sidoides essential oil mouthrinse (Cepakill((R))). The clinical and microbiological parameters were significantly reduced by both mouthrinses. No significant difference was seen between the two groups (p0.05). There was a significant reduction in the colony count of S. mutans in both groups (p0.05). Chlorhexidine treatment reduced more efficiently than L. sidoides, however, no statistical difference was seen, the efficacy of both groups was similar (p = 0.3). The results indicate that Chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduced plaque index, gingival bleeding and the number of CFU (colonies forming units) more efficiently than L. sidoides but did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that Lippia sidoides EO mouthrinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque and gingival inflammation.

The aims of this study were to test a locally applied carvacrol gel and determine its efficacy preventing alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats by regular methodology to validate applicability the atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a novel morphology method on this model. Wistar rats were subjected to ligature around second, upper-left molars. Animals were treated carvacrol gel topically (CAG), immediately after Experimental Periodontitis Disease induction for 1' three-times/day for 11 days. A vehicle gel was utilized as control. The periodontium and the surrounding gingivae were examined at regular histopathology and by AFM method; the neutrophil influx into the gingivae was also assayed using myeloperoxidase activity. The bacterial flora was assessed through culture of the gingival tissue. Alveolar bone loss was significantly inhibited by CAG group compared to the Vehicle (V) group, the carvacrol gel treatment reduced tissue lesion at histopathology, with preservation of the periodontium, coupled to decreased myeloperoxidase activity in gingival tissue and also prevented the proliferation of periodontal microorganisms and the weight loss. The GAC treatment preserved alveolar bone resorption and showed anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in experimental periodontitis. Topographical changes in histological sections were seen bringing into high relief the periodontal structures, being a simple and cost-effective method for periodontal evaluation with ultrastructural resolution.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which alveolar bone resorption and cementum associated with collagen fibers destruction are important events. It configures as a serious problem of public health in the world, being an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and to teeth loss in adults. Bacteria and host factors are necessary to the development of this pathology. The natural products can constitute a new alternative of treatment, being described to be effective as a natural mouthrinse by our research group. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms involved on the effect of gels based on natural products and its derivatives in the experimental periodontal disease (EPD): gel elaborated from the essential oil of Alecrim pimenta 0.5% (GAl) (Lippia sidoides), associated (GAA) or not to the gel of the extract of the Aroeira 5% (GAr) (Myracrodruon urundeuva); gel elaborated from carvacrol 300µg/g (GCa), associate (GCC) or not to the gel of Dimeric Chalcones 600µg/g (GCh); comparing its effects with the doxycycline, used as positive control (GDX). Periodontitis was induced by a nylon thread ligature surgically placed around the cervix of the second left maxillary molars of male Wistar rats. Animals were treated with locally applied gels in the gingival region immediately after the EPD induction three times a day during 11 days. The parameters analysed were alveolar bone loss, histopathologic and microbiological analysis, myeloperoxidase (MPO); levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (by ELISA) and body mass variation. GAA and GCC reduced the alveolar bone loss similar to GDX. Histopatologically, the periodontium of animals treated with GAA and GCC showed preservation of alveolar bone, cementum and collagen fibers of periodontal ligament and reduced neutrophilic and mononuclear cell infiltrate. The effect on neutrophilic infiltrate was confirmed by MPO. There was a significant reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the group treated with GAA compared to the vehicle group. All natural gels inhibited the growth of bacteria involved in periodontitis and were able to increased body mass compared to vehicle group. These results support clinical trials of these phytochemicals in the treatment of periodontal disease A periodontite se configura como um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo, sendo um importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares contribuindo de sobremaneira na perda de dentes em adultos. Bactérias periodontopatogênicas e fatores do hospedeiro são necessários para o desenvolvimento e progressão desta patologia. Os produtos naturais podem constituir uma nova alternativa de tratamento, sendo descrito a eficácia de colutórios a base de óleo essencial pelo nosso grupo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os mecanismos envolvidos no efeito de géis a base de produtos naturais e seus derivados na doença periodontal experimental (DPE): gel elaborado a partir do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides 0,5%) (GAl ), associado (GAA) ou não ao gel do extrato da Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva 5%); (GAr), gel elaborado a partir de carvacrol 300µg/g (GCa), associado (GCC) ou não ao gel de Chalconas Diméricas 600µg/g (GCh); comparando seus efeitos com a doxiciclina, controle positivo (GDX). A DPE foi induzida passando-se fio de náilon 3.0 em torno do segundo molar superior esquerdo de ratos Wistar machos, permanecendo durante 11dias. Os géis foram aplicados topicamente na região gengival imediatamente após a indução da doença e três vezes ao dia durante 11 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: índice de perda óssea (IPO), análise microbiológica, histopatológica, dosagem de citocinas (TNF-α; IL-1β), mieloperoxidase (MPO) por ELISA e variação da massa corpórea. Tanto o GAA e o GCC reduziram o IPO comparavelmente à doxiciclina. Na análise histopatológica, o periodonto dos animais tratados com GAA e GCC mostrou a preservação do osso alveolar, cemento e das fibras colágeno, além de mostrar a redução do infiltrado inflamatório gengival. A inibição da infiltração neutrofílica foi confirmada através da MPO. A dosagem de citocinas mostrou que o GAA reduziu os níveis de TNF-α e IL-1β no tecido gengival no 11º dia. Todos os géis inibiram o crescimento de bactérias características da periodontite e promoveram um aumento na massa corpórea em relação ao grupo veículo. Esses resultados mostram que os géis testados possuem importante atividade na DPE, sugerindo a relevância de testes clínicos destes fitofármacos no tratamento da doença periodontal

Dental caries and periodontal disease are associated with oral pathogens. Several plant derivatives have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against such pathogenic microorganisms. Lippia sidoides Cham (Verbenaceae), popularly known as "Alecrim-pimenta" is a typical shrub commonly found in the Northeast of Brazil. Many plant species belonging to the genus Lippia yield very fragrant essential oils of potential economic value which are used by the industry for the commercial production of perfumes, creams, lotions, and deodorants. Since the leaves of L. sidoides are also extensively used in popular medicine for the treatment of skin wounds and cuts, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition and antimicrobial activity of L. sidoides essential oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Twelve compounds were characterized, having as major constituents thymol (56.7%) and carvacrol (16.7%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil and the major components was tested against cariogenic bacterial species of the genus Streptococcus as well as Candida albicans using the broth dilution and disk diffusion assays. The essential oil and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against the organisms tested with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10.0 mg/mL. The most sensitive microorganisms were C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The essential oil of L. sidoides and its major components exert promising antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and suggest its likely usefulness to combat oral microbial growth.

Buccal illnesses as the caries and the gingivitis if configure as one of the main problems of the public health in the whole world. Oral Microorganism, in particular the streptococcus mutans group, are related to the formation of bacterial biofilm and the recurrent illnesses of it. A reduction of the number of these microorganisms implies, therefore, in prevention and control of these illnesses. In this work three solutions had been tested: clorexidina hidro-etanólica 0.12% (positive control) and solutions of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) and watery from the essential oil of the Rosemary pepper (lippia sidoiddes) 1,0 %. Eighty and one voluntary healthy had been randomizados in three experimental groups in accordance with the solution in test. Clinical examinations for research and quantification of periodontais indices had been carried through in the three groups. Samples of saliva had been harvested, diluted and inoculated (50?l) in plates I contend Agar MSB. All the plates had been incubated in conditions of microaerofilic under atmosphere of 5% Co2 for 48 hours. After these procedures, had been gotten the basal values and compared with the values carried through after one week of mouths washing with the solutions it has tested being carried through a quantitative evaluation in these indices as well as in the numbers of units formers colonies of microorganisms of the group mutans, considering the initial values (without the use of the solutions), with the use of the solutions has controlled positive (Clorexidina 0,12%), with the use of the solutions in test in during one week of use and later following clinical examinations thirty days later. The results had shown that the three you substantiate tested had been efficient in reducing in statistically significant way all the four indices evaluated (p < 0.05). The degree of discomfort and possible collateral effect of the solutions had been evaluated through a questionnaire. The results had shown that it did not have statistically significant difference, in 5% level, in the reduction effect enter the three solutions tested for streptococcus of the group mutans. The reduction of the number was also observed of props up physicians in the three subsequent weeks to the use of the solutions with use of the solutions above cited. The biggest degree of discomfort was proportionate for the hidroetanólica solution of Neem 20%. The told discomforts had been (in % of the total of answers): bad taste (clorexidina 15%, alecrim 20%, garlic 100%), heat (clorexidina 6%, rosemary 18%, Neem 82%), bad breath (clorexidina 2%, alecrim 8%, Neem 88%) and nausea (clorexidina 0%, alecrim 0%, Neem 70%). Of this form, it was possible to conclude that, even so the solution of Neem has presented effect undesirable, this solution as well as the one of essential oil of rosemary pepper can be used as alternative the clorexidina. Doenças bucais como a cárie e a gengivite se configuram como um dos principais problemas da saúde pública em todo o mundo. A microbiota oral, em particular os estreptococos do grupo mutans, estão intimamente relacionados à formação do biofilme bacteriano e das doenças dele decorrentes. Uma redução do número destes microrganismos implica, portanto, em prevenção e controle destas doenças. Neste trabalho foram testadas três soluções: clorexidina a 0,12% (controle positivo) e soluções hidro-etanólica de Neem (Azadirachta Indica) e aquosas a partir do óleo essencial do Alecrim pimenta (lippia sidoiddes) a 1,0 %. Oitenta e um voluntários sadios foram randomizados em três grupos experimentais de acordo com a solução em teste. Exames clínicos para pesquisa e quantificação de índices periodontais foram realizados nos três grupos. Amostras de saliva foram colhidas, diluídas e inoculadas (50 μl) em placas contendo Agar MSB. Todas as placas foram incubadas em condições de microaerofilia sob atmosfera de 5% CO2 por 48 horas. Após estes procedimentos, foram obtidos os valores basais e comparados com os valores realizados após uma semana de bochechos com as soluções teste sendo realizado uma avaliação quantitativa nestes índices assim como nos números de unidades formadoras de colônias de microrganismos do grupo mutans, considerando os valores iniciais (sem a utilização das soluções), com o uso das soluções controle positivo (Clorexidina 0.12%), com o uso das soluções em teste em durante uma semana de uso e posteriormente seguindo exames clínicos trinta dias depois. Os resultados mostraram que as três substancias testadas foram eficazes em reduzir de maneira estatisticamente significante todos os quatro índices avaliados.( p

We report an example of application of ground-penetrating radar data (GPR) and their practical significance in the exploitation of limestone quarries in Brazil. It involved the acquisition of GPR data as a series of constant-offset sections, migration of these data followed by the interpretation of results. We used the method of reversetime migration which yields the migrated output in depth. Consequently, we were able to determine the spatial limits and lateral continuity of the horizons of a calcrete profile from which are produced dimension stone blocks industrially known as travertine marble. The constantoffset GPR sections enabled us to easily define the reflector between the hard material used in the industry and the economically unimportant chalky material. We were also able to image caves and holes inside the carbonate material as well as determine the approximate position of the cave holes and fractures. This information is very valuable in planning the task of exploitation and estimating the volume of economically significant material.