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UNIFORMITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID PEAT ON DIFFERENT SLOPES ALLAN REMOR LOPES1; MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS1; FELIX AUGUSTO PAZUCH1; LUCIANO DALLA CORTE1; BENEDITO MARTINS GOMES1; ROSEBEL TRINDADE CUNHA PRATES2 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola (PGEAGRI) – Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental (RHESA), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rua Universitária 2069, Jardim Universitário, CEP: 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, allanremorlopes@gmail.com; marcio.vilasboas@unioeste.br; felix_pazuch@hotmail.com; dallacorte@hotmail.com; bmgomes2002@yahoo.com.br 2Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rodovia PR 182 Km 02, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brasil, rosebel.prates@gmail.com 1 ABSTRACT The use of liquid peat is an alternative to use of mineral fertigation However, it is necessary to monitor the uniformity of this organomineral fertilizer in order to obtain its adequate use, so the organomineral fertilizer can produce better quality crops. This study aimed to evaluate the uniformity of a drip fertigation system with liquid peats on different slopes. The experiment was carried out on a test bench, where the flow rate of the drippers was determined and subsequently its uniformity was calculated using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) fot the treatments in level (0%), uphill (2%) and downhill (2%). The experimental statistics were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at 5% probability to compare uniformity, in addition to the analysis of the process by Shewhart and CUSUM control charts. Liquid peat showed excellence in its uniformity (>90%) while used for drip irrigation systems. The liquid peat applied at the level slope was the most uniform, followed by upslope and downslope treatments, respectively. Through Shewhart and CUSUM control charts, it was possible to affirm that fertigation with liquid peat in level obtained a better performance. Keywords: control chart, uniformity, organomineral fertilizer, microirrigation. LOPES, A. R.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; PAZUCH, F. A.; DALLA CORTE, L.; GOMES, B. M.; PRATES, R. T. C. UNIFORMIDADE DE SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO COM TURFA LÍQUIDA EM DIFERENTES INCLINAÇÕES 2 RESUMO O uso da turfa líquida é uma alternativa ao uso da fertirrigação mineral. No entanto, é necessário o monitoramento da uniformidade deste fertilizante organomineral para obter seu uso adequado, assim o fertilizante organomineral pode produzir culturas de melhor qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a uniformidade de um sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento com turfa líquida em diferentes inclinações. O experimento foi conduzido em uma bancada de testes, onde a vazão dos gotejadores foi determinada e consequentemente sua uniformidade pelo Coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) para os tratamentos em nível (0%), aclive (2%) e declive (2%). A estatística experimental foi determinada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade na comparação da uniformidade, complementando os gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM. A turfa líquida apresentou excelência na sua uniformidade (> 90%) em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento. A turfa aplicada em nível (0%) foi a mais uniforme, seguido pelos tratamentos em aclive e declive, respectivamente. Através dos gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM foi possível afirmar que a fertirrigação em nível obteve uma melhor performance. Palavras-chave: gráficos de controle, uniformidade, fertilizante organomineral, microirrigação.

The objective of the work was to analyze the uniformity of drip fertigation compared to the use of water alone, analyzing by the Tukey test at 5% significance for CUC and DUC, defining the process capability from the process capacity index (Pc) . The experiment was carried out on a test bench in the irrigation and fertigation laboratory (LIF) of the University of Western Paraná, where in the first treatment, water was used for the irrigation process and in the second treatment, commercial fertilizer was diluted in the reservoir to perform the fertigation. The experimental statistics is constituted in an analysis of variance with subsequent unfolding of the interaction and Tukey test at 5% probability to compare the averages of uniformities, flow and pressure of the system. Finally, the process capability (Pc) was defined for the distribution uniformity variable. The results showed statistical superiority for the fertigation process, however, it is noteworthy, that both treatments achieved excellence in their classifications with values ​​above 90% for both CUC and DUC, according to the reference.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Population growth has led to an intensified search for ways to increase the efficiency of agricultural production, including improvements of irrigation systems. This work aimed to evaluate the uniformity of different drip fertigation techniques, as well as their monitoring using electrical conductivity measurements and statistical quality control charts. For this, an experiment was performed according to a fully randomized design, with six treatments: T1) water (control); T2) Forth Frutas fertilizer; T3) Fortgreen fertilizer; T4) water (control); T5) Bio Bokashi liquid fertilizer; and T6) swine production wastewater. Each treatment consisted of 25 assays (replications). For the assays, 16 collection points were selected for measurements of volume, pH, and electrical conductivity. The data were analyzed using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient, the distribution uniformity coefficient, and the coefficient of variation of the total flow, employing Tukey’s test (5% level), with statistical quality control charts. The results revealed uniformity above 90% for irrigation and fertigation, while statistically better control was obtained for irrigation. It could be concluded that irrigation and fertigation were similar in terms of uniformity, demonstrating the feasibility of using different fertigation solutions, while the control charts enabled efficient monitoring of the uniformity of the systems. Departamento de Engenharia Rural Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso Departamento de Engenharias e Exatas Universidade Federal do Paraná – Setor Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, nº 2153, Jardim Dallas Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, nº 2069, Jardim Universitário Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Jaú “Hélio de Moraes” Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) Rodovia Deputado Leônidas Pacheco Ferreira (SP 304 Jaú-Bariri), Km 304, Pouso Alegre de Baixo, C.P. 66 Departamento de Engenharia Rural Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso

The increase in the price of fossil fuels and the pollution resulting from their burning have encouraged the use of renewable energy to produce electricity, and their applications have increased in recent years mainly for use in irrigation. Photovoltaic projects have been implemented to analyze the feasibility of pumping water. Within this concept, the article aims to present a literature review, linking practical information with existing scientific knowledge, seeking to expand research on the topic and contribute with information on the use of renewable energy for pumping water for irrigation, emphasizing the rationalization water consumption. With the aim of reducing dependence on fossil fuels, seeking solutions to improve the quality of life in the countryside, generating income for agricultural producers with increased productivity. Thus, the efficiency in the use of photovoltaic pumping systems for irrigation was defined, according to the reference bank.

The use of monopotassium phosphate is an option for phosphate fertigation. Determining the application uniformity of a fertigation system is necessary for an adequate evaluation. The present work was conducted to monitor the quality of a drip irrigation system with monopotassium phosphate on different slopes. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions, on a test bench, and 25 tests were performed for each inclination (level, upslope, and downslope). The uniformity was determined using the Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CUC) and monitored by the Shewhart and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts. The uniformity of the system was excellent for all slopes, and the uniformities in the level and downslope topographies were superior to that in upslope. The EWMA control chart was more sensitive, being out of statistical control for upslope and downslope, topographies, and displayed trends which are not shown in the Shewhart control chart.

O efluente de abatedouro avícola apresenta grande potencial poluidor, necessitando de tratamento para atender aos padrões de lançamento vigentes. A digestão anaeróbia é uma opção viável para este resíduo, pois requer pouco espaço para a sua implementação, produz energia e apresenta baixa produção de lodo. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou monitorar uma lagoa anaeróbia e estimar o potencial de produção de biogás no tratamento do efluente gerado em um abatedouro avícola da região Oeste do Paraná. Os pontos de coleta foram a entrada e saída da lagoa, perfazendo um total de 20 amostras, coletadas em dias alternados, no período de setembro a outubro de 2016. As análises realizadas foram: temperatura do líquido, pH, DQO, ST e SV, sendo estes dados submetidos a estatística descritiva e aplicação do controle estatístico de qualidade tendo como ferramenta o gráfico de Shewhart para medidas individuais. Para estimar o potencial de produção de metano e biogás, utilizou-se o valor da vazão média diária e da carga orgânica removida estimada, em função da DQO total na lagoa anaeróbia. Grande parte das variáveis analisadas obteve alta variabilidade, causada possivelmente pela inconstância do processo de abate de aves e problemas operacionais no sistema de tratamento físico-químico que antecede a lagoa anaeróbia. Os gráficos de controle de Shewhart apresentam-se como uma boa alternativa no monitoramento do tratamento de efluentes, pois permitem a visualização de mudanças e erros no processo, auxiliando na detecção de falhas. Considerando-se a produção volumétrica média de metano de 3225,61 m3 dia-1, o volume teórico médio de biogás gerado seria de 4608,02 m3 dia-1, podendo este ser uma fonte alternativa de energia para o abatedouro avícola além de reduzir a emissão de gases na atmosfera.

This study monitored a drip irrigation system with different hydraulic heads, using control charts. The study included 25 tests, and was conducted at the Experimental Nucleus of Agricultural Engineering of the State University of Western Paraná, located in the municipality of Cascavel, Paraná. The drip irrigation system was operated by gravity, and had four hydraulic heads (10, 11, 12 and 15 kPa). The uniformity of the system was determined based on uniformity distribution. Uniformity monitoring was performed using Shewhart and exponentially weighted moving-average (EWMA) control charts. An increase in the hydraulic head increased uniformity. The use of 12 and 15 kPa hydraulic heads yielded good performance, whereas 10 and 11 kPa yielded regular performance. The use of control charts proved to be efficient; the Shewhart control chart was more robust, whereas the EWMA control chart, which indicated trends and deviations not shown by Shewhart control charts, was more sensitive. Resumo Nesse estudo, um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento com diferentes cargas hidráulicas foi monitorado por gráficos de controle. Este experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, localizado no município de Cascavel, Paraná. Neste estudo, o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento foi conduzido por gravidade, com 4 cargas hidráulicas (10, 11, 12 e 15 kPa); 25 ensaios foram realizados para cada carga hidráulica. Além disso, sua uniformidade foi determinada pelo coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição. O monitoramento da sua uniformidade foi realizado pelos gráficos de controle de Shewhart e da Média Móvel Exponencialmente Ponderada (MMEP). O aumento da carga hidráulica aumentou a uniformidade de distribuição. O uso das cargas hidráulicas de 12 e 15 kPa obtiveram uma boa uniformidade, enquanto que as cargas hidráulicas de 10 e 11 kPa produziram uma uniformidade regular. A utilização dos gráficos de controle mostrou ser eficiente, o gráfico de controle de Shewhart demonstrou ser mais robusto, enquanto que o gráfico de controle MMEP, indicou tendências e desvios não apresentados pelo gráfico de controle de Shewhart, sendo mais sensível.

The use of alternative water sources for irrigation such as wastewaters, promotes innumerous benefits, but investigations must be conducted to minimize the negative effects of this technique. Clogging drippers are of the limitations. This study aimed to monitor the clogging of three models of labyrinth-type drippers subjected to irrigation with wastewater from treated domestic sewage, through statistical quality control using Shewhart charts. The drippers tested were as following: Dripper Streamline 16080 model (Netafim®); Taldrip model (Naadanjain®); and Dripper Tiran 16010 model (Netafim®). The system was installed with five lateral lines per model of dripper on a bench at the field in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The system was evaluated every 36 h of operation at eight collection points in each lateral line, totaling thirty-three evaluations at the end of the experiment, which corresponded to a total of 1188 h of operation. Dripper clogging was identified by the statistical control charts with 432, 540 and 360 h for the drippers Streamline 16080 model, Taldrip model and Tiran 16010 model, respectively, indicating the moment to apply a cleaning process. The monitoring through statistical quality control allowed simultaneously identifying the variability of the process and the reduction in flow rates, identifying the moment of clogging of the system and to carry out actions of unclog.

This work aimed to evaluate a microsprinkler irrigation system using photovoltaic energy without energy storage. The influence of photovoltaic pumping on irrigation was evaluated from the Emission Uniformity, Shewhart control charts and Process Capacity. The experiment consisted of two amorphous photovoltaic panels connected in parallel, directly connected to a water pump, where the flow of the pumping system was carried out through a ½” tube (main line), to the irrigation system composed of four microsprinklers. The voltage and current parameters were collected, and the power of the photovoltaic system was calculated, while for the irrigation system the pressures of the four microsprinklers were measured to later calculate the flow rate of the irrigation system. The experiment was conducted at the State University of Western Paraná, UNIOESTE, where 25 days of collection were carried out, in the open, at four different times, from 10:00 am to 11:00 am, from 11:05 am to 12:05 pm, from 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm and from 3:05 pm to 4:05 pm . Power generation presented a low coefficient of variation throughout the day, which resulted in flow and pressure stability, culminating in an Emission Uniformity (UE) value qualified as excellent (93.66%) according to the ASAE. The values of energy generation, flow, pressure, and emission uniformity presented a Process Capacity (CP) value above 1.33, defining the process as capable and adequate throughout the analyzed period. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar un sistema de riego por microaspersión que utiliza energía fotovoltaica sin almacenamiento de energía. La influencia del bombeo fotovoltaico en el riego se evaluó a partir de la Uniformidad de Emisiones, los gráficos de control de Shewhart y la Capacidad del Proceso. El experimento consistió en dos paneles fotovoltaicos amorfos conectados en paralelo, directamente conectados a una bomba de agua, donde el flujo del sistema de bombeo se realizó a través de un tubo de ½ ”(línea principal), al sistema de riego compuesto por cuatro microaspersores. Se recogieron los parámetros de voltaje y corriente y se calculó la potencia del sistema fotovoltaico mientras que para el sistema de riego se midieron las presiones de los cuatro microaspersores para luego calcular el caudal del sistema de riego. El experimento se realizó en la Universidad Estatal del Oeste de Paraná, UNIOESTE, donde se realizaron 25 días de recolección, al aire libre, en cuatro horarios diferentes, de 10:00 a.m. a 11:00 a.m., de 11:05 a.m. a 12 p.m. : 05 pm, de 2:00 pm a 3:00 pm y de 3:05 pm a 4:05 pm. La generación de energía presentó un bajo coeficiente de variación a lo largo del día, lo que resultó en estabilidad de flujo y presión, culminando en un valor de Uniformidad de Emisión (UE) calificado como excelente (93,66%) según la ASAE. Los valores de uniformidad de generación, flujo, presión y emisión de energía presentaron un valor de Capacidad de Proceso (CP) superior a 1,33, definiendo el proceso como capaz y adecuado durante todo el período analizado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão utilizando energia fotovoltaica sem armazenamento de energia. A influência do bombeamento fotovoltaico na irrigação foi avaliada a partir da Uniformidade de Emissão, gráficos de controle de Shewhart e Capacidade de Processo (Pc). O experimento consistiu em dois painéis fotovoltaicos amorfos conectados em paralelo, diretamente conectados a uma bomba d'água, onde a vazão do sistema de bombeamento foi realizada através de um tubo de ½” (linha principal), até o sistema de irrigação composto por quatro microaspersores. Os parâmetros de tensão e corrente foram coletados e a potência do sistema fotovoltaico foi calculada, já para o sistema de irrigação as pressões dos quatro microaspersores foram medidas para posteriormente calcular a vazão do sistema de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, onde foram realizados 25 dias de coleta, a céu aberto, em quatro horários distintos, das 10h às 11h, das 11h05 às 12h05, das 14h00 às 15h00 e das 15h05 às 16h05. A geração de energia apresentou baixo coeficiente de variação ao longo do dia, o que resultou em estabilidade de vazão e pressão, culminando em um valor de Uniformidade de Emissão (UE) qualificado como excelente (93,66%) de acordo com a ASAE. Os valores geração de energia, vazão, pressão e uniformidade de emissão apresentaram valor de Capacidade do Processo (CP) acima de 1,33 definindo o processo como capaz e adequado ao longo do período analisado.

The aim of this study is to identify homogeneous rainfall zones in the winter and summer 1st and 2nd crops, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The zones were defined by clustering using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to transform seasonal rainfall series. Monthly average rainfall data collected from 157 weather stations for 20 years (1996 to 2015) were employed. The results show that the number of homogeneous zones varied among growing seasons. The summer crop presented two clusters, with rainfall averages of 1489 and 1925 mm; the second crop presented four clusters, with averages of 1849, 1004, 1454, and 1182 mm; and the winter crop had three clusters, with averages of 969, 1498, and 1171 mm. Clustering was a useful instrument to identify geographical regions with similar rainfall regimes during different growing seasons in the state of Paraná. Rainfall distribution was more homogeneous in the summer crop. In all crops analyzed, the clusters with the lowest rainfall rate were present in the northwestern, northern center, and northern pioneer of the state of Paraná, whereas the clusters with the highest rainfall rate were found in the coastal regions.

O objetivo do trabalho foi a utilização de um sistema de bombeamento de água para irrigação por gotejamento. O sistema foi instalado no projeto CASA (Centro de Análises de Sistemas Alternativos). A energia usada para o bombeamento foi obtida por meio de um painel fotovoltaico de pequeno porte de eixo horizontal da Greatwatt instalado sobre uma torre autoportante e uma bomba d’água Shurflo modelo 8000. Os ensaios foram realizados em dias de céu aberto, nublado e com poucas nuvens, em diferentes horários e duplicados a cada horário. A energia produzida foi coletada diretamente no local e a capacidade de irrigação foi obtida pela coleta da água e sua uniformidade estimada por meio do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD). O rendimento do sistema apresentou variações de acordo com as características dos ensaios. Os dias de céu aberto apresentaram os maiores valores em relação à energia produzida, com média de até 15,1 Wh. Já os valores de CUC e CUD enquadraram-se dentro da faixa considerada aceitável, sendo a maioria deles considerado excelente ou maiores que 90%. Desta maneira, pode-se verificar a viabilidade da utilização de um sistema solar fotovoltaico para obtenção de energia destinada a irrigação em pequenas propriedades em Cascavel-PR.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of Paulo Gorski Lake, as well as the metals’ bioavailability and potential ecological risk, and to define the anthropogenic and natural heavy metal contributions to the lake. The chemical elements calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with two extraction methods to quantify the bioavailable and non-bioavailable fractions. The data were evaluated using multivariate statistics and sediment quality indices. All sediment collection points (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) are different in terms of the concentration of heavy metals, except for S4 and S5, which were statistically equal. The bioavailable fraction of the elements in the sediment follows the sequence Pb>Cu>Mn>Zn>Ni>Cr>phosphorus (P) for all points. The elements Co, Cr, Pb, and Zn showed moderate to considerable contamination at all points. Only points S3 and S5 had moderate ecological risk. Urbanization has been affecting Paulo Gorski Lake via the input of chemical elements, especially Co and Pb. The points most affected by heavy metal contamination are S3 and S5 when the sedimentological sensitivity factor is considered. The lake has high hydrodynamics, causing some of the contaminants that enter the system to leave it, leading to potential negative impacts downstream.

This study demonstrates using remote sensing, geographic information systems and multivariate statistics to study water quality in an agricultural watershed. The monitoring of water quality in the watershed of Lontras's river in the southwestern region of the State of Paraná had been done in 2012 and 2013 with a multi-parameter probe in ten sites that were defined upstream and downstream watershed, during four different seasons. Mosaicked images were used from Google Earth, Digital Elevation Model and soil types of maps, defined as the explanatory variables. The definition of the areas of influence and multivariate statistical techniques, particularly the Redundancy Analysis (RDA), were used for the correlation between variables. In a spring area, located upstream watershed, the contribution on water quality variation has gotten smaller, when compared with the other monitoring sites. There was interference in water quality in downstream sites that has become greater due to the effects of diffuse pollution. The RDA enabled synthesizes the data variability structure and the relationship of multidimensional variables. These statistical techniques added to products resulting from the GIS contributed to a better understanding of the variation of water quality in the watershed.

Aquatic sediments are widely used for the evaluation of anthropogenic contamination due to their ability to adsorb particles and contaminants, making them historical environmental archives. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the contamination of the Pelotas River sediments, at the border between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, by organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, determining the ecological risk. The evaluation was carried out with quarterly sediment collections in 8 points, totalizing four campaigns within one year, with the aid of the Peterson dredger. Among organochlorines, p'p'DDT stands out regarding environmental persistence, representing 53.23% of the contaminated samples, with values varying up to 0.158 ppb. As for the organophosphates, Methyl Parathion obtained larger representation with 48.4% of the contaminated samples, with concentrations ranging up to 2.42 ppb. The ecological risk of selected organochlorines demonstrated no problems associated with the biota. Regarding the organophosphates studied, Disulfoton presented a risk factor with significant potential for adverse effects on organisms. Therefore, the need for monitoring and sustainability in the use and application of pesticides is well known, aiming at environmental quality and the preservation of natural resources.

The objective of this work was to evaluate a microsprinkler irrigation system with water pumping by photovoltaic system, through uniformity coefficients and the total energy produced (W h) by the system using the statistical quality control, comparing the Shewhart control charts, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and classifying the processes using the process capability index. The work was developed in the laboratory, with two distinct systems, with and without energy storage. For each of these systems, 25 tests were performed, with constant pressure and voltage and current measurements during the tests. Different spacing between microsprinklers were simulated for the test data, determining the six treatments used: T1: 1.0 m × 1.0 m spacing with energy storage; T2 spacing of 1.0 m × 1.5 m with energy storage; T3: spacing of 1.5 m × 1.0 m with energy storage; T4: 1.0 m × 1.0 m spacing without energy storage; T5: 1.0 m × 1.5 m spacing without energy storage; T6: spacing of 1,5 m × 1,0 m without energy storage. The energy produced (W h) in the system without energy storage was superior, however, it is recommended to use the system with energy storage due to the smaller variability and reliability, besides keeping the electrical system stable, in relation to the voltage, not damaging the hydraulic pump as in the treatments without energy storage. As far as the spacing's are concerned, the smaller the uniformity of the irrigation system. The control charts were adequate to diagnose the treatments under control, and the EWMA were relevant to detect the small variabilities resulting from the tests. The process capability index was relevant for classifying the processes used. The statistical quality control was adequate to determine the variability of the processes, recommending using the system proposed in T1 treatment, due to its lower variability in relation to the control graphs, greater uniformity of water distribution and higher classification in relation to the capacity index the process.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de dióxido de carbono (CO2), aplicadas via irrigação por gotejamento na determinação da concentração de capsaicinóides nos frutos da pimenta cv. Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens) visando proporcionar frutos mais ardentes e maior produção dessas substâncias para o mercado de molhos picantes. Os tratamentos aplicados foram 0; 82,6; 92,6; 123,8; g CO2/L. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de bloco casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições. Foram coletados 20 frutos de pimenta na maturação máxima, porém antes do início do murchamento, apresentando cor vermelha nas colheitas, totalizando 12 amostras. Para cada amostra, foram analisadas duas repetições de capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina. As análises foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida com detecção por ultravioleta no CROMA, na USP em São Carlos. A concentração de capsaicina nos frutos foi reduzida conforme a concentração de CO2 aplicado aumentava, até um valor mínimo de 297 mg/kg de fruto para 123,8 g CO2/L. O mesmo comportamento foi observado em relação à dihidrocapsaicina, com o mínimo de 108,46 mg/kg de fruto para 123,8 g CO2/L. Conclui-se que quanto maior a concentração de CO2 aplicado via água de irrigação por gotejamento, menor a concentração nos frutos das substâncias capsaicinóides analisadas. Entretanto, uma vez que a produtividade aumenta com o aumento das doses de CO2, o rendimento total dessas substâncias por planta foi maior, mesmo que não tenha proporcionado aumento da concentração desses capsaicinoides nos frutos. ABSTRACT The study was performed to evaluate the effects of different doses of carbon dioxide (CO2), applied through drip irrigation in determining the concentration of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in the fruits of hot pepper cv. Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens). We aimed to obtain hotter fruits and greater production of these substances for the market of spicy sauces. The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 treatments and 8 replications. Twenty pepper fruits were collected at full maturity, red colored, before the start of wilting, totaling 12 samples. For each sample, two replications of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were analyzed. Analyses were performed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection in CROMA in USP-São Carlos. The concentration of capsaicin in fruits reduced as the applied concentration of CO2 increased, up to a minimum value of 297 mg/kg of fruits for 123.8 g CO2/L. The same behavior was observed in relation to dihydrocapsaicin, with a minimum of 108.46 mg/kg of fruits for 123.8 g CO2/L. This means that the higher the CO2 concentration applied via drip irrigation water, the lower the analyzed capsaicinoids concentration on fruit. However, since productivity increases with increasing CO2 doses, the total yield of these substances per plant was higher, even though it did not provide an increase in the concentration of these capsaicinoids in fruits.

Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy production option and can be applied to pumping water. Pumping water with photovoltaic solar energy is one of the technologies that has stood out in the country. In this context, the work aimed to evaluate the different methods of a drip irrigation system as a function of the use of an indoor amorphous photovoltaic pumping system, without electrical energy storage. The study was installed at the State University of Western Paraná. Voltage and current data were generated by the photovoltaic panels; solar irradiation was measured by the pyranometer device; the water pump flow rate was determined using the flow meter and in-line drip tube types. Irrigation performance was determined by the water distribution uniformity coefficients (CUD) and Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CUC). Tests were performed on open and partially cloudy days. The experiment totaled 40 sampled data, half being collected on sunny days and the other half on partially cloudy days, at 9:45 am; 11:00 am; 1:30 pm and 3:00 pm. The methodology had the greatest influence on the CUD value. For the CUC parameter, the values were approximately 89% for the studied methods. Values remained under control for the Shewhart graph, but with the process capacity index affected. La energía solar es una opción de producción de energía limpia y renovable y se puede aplicar al bombeo de agua. El bombeo de agua con energía solar fotovoltaica es una de las tecnologías que se ha destacado en el país. En este contexto, el trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los diferentes métodos de un sistema de riego por goteo en función del uso de un sistema de bombeo interior amorfo fotovoltaico, sin almacenamiento de energía eléctrica. El estudio se instaló en la Universidad Estatal del Oeste de Paraná. Los datos de voltaje y corriente fueron generados por los paneles fotovoltaicos; la irradiación solar se midió mediante el dispositivo de piranómetro; el caudal de la bomba de agua se determinó utilizando el medidor de flujo y los tipos de tubo de goteo en línea. El rendimiento del riego se determinó mediante los coeficientes de uniformidad de distribución del agua (CUD) y el coeficiente de uniformidad de Christiansen (CUC). Las pruebas se realizaron en días abiertos y parcialmente nublados. El experimento totalizó 40 datos muestreados, la mitad recolectados en días soleados y la otra mitad en días parcialmente nublados, a las 9:45 am; 11 a.m; 1:30 pm y 3:00 pm. La metodología tuvo la mayor influencia en el valor CUD. Para el parámetro CUC, los valores fueron aproximadamente del 89% para los métodos estudiados. Los valores permanecieron bajo control para la parcela de Shewhart, pero con el índice de capacidad del proceso afectado. A energia solar é uma opção limpa e renovável de produção de energia e pode ser aplicada no bombeamento de água. O bombeamento de água com energia solar fotovoltaica é uma das tecnologias que tem se destacado no país. Neste contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os diferentes métodos de um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento em função da utilização de um sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico amorfo indoor, sem armazenamento de energia elétrica. O estudo foi instalado na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Os dados da tensão e corrente elétrica foram gerados pelos painéis fotovoltaicos; a irradiação solar foi medida pelo aparelho piranômetro; a vazão da bomba d'água foi determinada usando o medidor de vazão e os tipos de tubos de gotejamento em linha. O desempenho da irrigação foi determinado pelos coeficientes de uniformidade de distribuição de água (CUD) e pelo coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC). Os testes foram realizados em dias de céu abertos e parcialmente nublados. O experimento totalizou 40 dados amostrados, sendo metade coletados em dias ensolarados e a outra metade em dias parcialmente nublados, às 9h45; 11h00; 13h30 e 15h00. A metodologia apresentou maior influência no valor do CUD. Para o parâmetro CUC, os valores foram de aproximadamente 89% para os métodos estudados. Os valores permaneceram sob controle para o gráfico de Shewhart, mas com o índice de capacidade do processo afetado.

UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUICAO DE AGUA DE IRRIGACAO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NAO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS JORGE TOMOYOSHI TAMAGI 1 ; MIGUEL ANGEL URIBE-OPAZO 2 ; JERRY ADRIANI JOHANN 2 E MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS 2 1 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana - UNIOESTE, Doutorando em Engenharia Agricola no Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Engenharia Agricola – PGEAGRI. Rua Universitaria, 2069 – Jd. Universitario – Caixa Postal 711 – CEP 85819-110 – Cascavel – PR, e-mail: jtamagi@gmail.com . 2 UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel – PR, professores e pesquisadores do PGEAGRI, e-mails: miguel.opazo@unioeste.br ; jerry.johann@hotmail.com ; marcio.vilasboas@unioeste.br . 1 RESUMO Este trabalho tem como finalidade contribuir para o desenvolvimento de tecnicas adequadas para avaliacao de sistemas de irrigacao por aspersao, considerando que a uniformidade de distribuicao da agua afeta diretamente a lâmina bruta de irrigacao. O experimento foi conduzido na regiao Norte de Cascavel, Parana, (24o 55’ 04” latitude Sul, 53o 28’ 31” longitude Oeste e altitude de 785 m). Foram utilizadas duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, denominadas S1 e S2, modificando-se somente a altura dos aspersores de 1,5 m para 1,0 m, respectivamente. Em cada parcela foram instalados 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensante e, apos 32 ensaios, foram substituidos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, nao compensante. Foram determinados os seguintes coeficientes: Uniformidade de Christiansen, Uniformidade de Distribuicao e Uniformidade Estatistico. Foram realizados estudos de inferencia estatistica e criadas cartas de controle para a analise do controle estatistico do processo, alem dos indices de capacidade de processo (Cp) e desempenho do processo (Cpk). Os resultados mostraram que o aspersor compensante apresentou melhor desempenho a altura de 1,5 m (C-1,5 m) e que, entre as alturas de 1,0 m e 1,5 m, as melhores uniformidades de distribuicao de agua ocorreram na altura de 1,5 m. Palavras-chave: inferencia estatistica; cartas de controle; capacidade de processo. TAMAGI, J. T.; URIBE-OPAZO, M. A.; JOHANN J. A.; VILAS BOAS, M. A. IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY BY COMPENSATING AND NON-COMPENSATING SPRINKLERS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS 2 ABSTRACT The uniformity of water application is an important factor to be considered in the assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems, since it directly affects gross irrigation depth, This work is a contribution for the development of appropriate techniques for assessment of results to improve the system. This trial was conducted in the Northern region of Cascavel-PR (24o 55' 04" S, 53o 28' 31" W). Two 10 x 10 m plots were used and described as S1 and S2, according to the heights’ change of sprinklers, from 1.5 to 1.0 m, respectively. There were 100 collectors in each plot, plus 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers, and, after 32 essays, they were replaced by 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers. The following coefficients were determined: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (SUC). Statistical inference studies were carried out and control charts were generated to analyze the statistical control of the process, as well as Cp and Cpk indices. The results showed the best performance with the pressure compensating sprinklers irrigation at 1.5 m high (C-1.5 m) and that among the 1.0 m and 1.5 m heights the best water distribution uniformity was with the 1.5 m height. Keywords: Statistical analysis; Control Charts; Process Capacity.

The operation of drip lateral lines is affected by the topography of the irrigated area and represent, depending on the type of water applied, changes in the discharge characteristics of the emitters. The research had as objective to evaluate the hydraulic performance of built-in labyrinth drippers, non-pressure compensating, with different waters and slopes of the lateral lines. The experiment was carried out on a test bench and consisted of a randomized block design with split-plots: first factor with four types of water, representing the plots: clean water, water with fertilizers, cassava starch wastewater and poultry slaughterhouse wastewater; second factor with slopes of the lateral line, constituting the sub-plots: upslope, level and downslope. The experimental statistics consisted of analysis of variance with subsequent simple-effect analysis and Tukey test at 0.05 probability level to compare the means of dripper flow rates. Quality control statistics was performed using Shewhart’s control charts with interpretations based on upper and lower control limits, as well as non-random pattern recognition. Waters of inferior quality modified the flow rates of the tested drippers regardless of the variation of internal pressure caused by the slope of the lateral line. Water with fertilizer (300 mg L-1) obtained the best conditions of temporal irrigation quality verified by the control charts. Irrigation with poultry slaughterhouse wastewater obtained the same flow rates in all slopes. Cassava starch wastewater caused the lowest flow rates among all the waters. RESUMO O funcionamento das linhas laterais gotejadoras é afetado pela topografia da área irrigada e representam, dependendo do tipo de água aplicada, mudanças nas características de descarga dos emissores. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho hidráulico de gotejadores integrados do tipo labirinto não autocompensantes com diferentes águas e declividades das linhas laterais. O experimento foi realizado em bancada de testes e consistiu em delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, sendo o primeiro fator com quatro tipos de água, representado pelas parcelas: água limpa, água com fertilizante, efluente de fecularia e efluente de abatedouro de aves; e o segundo fator pelas declividades da linha lateral, constituído pelas subparcelas: em aclive, em nível e declive. A estatística experimental se constitui em uma análise de variância com posterior desdobramento da interação e teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparação das médias das vazões. Foi realizada a estatística de controle de qualidade por meio dos gráficos de controle de Shewhart x com interpretações baseadas nos limites de controle superior e inferior, e reconhecimento de padrões não aleatórios. Os resultados mostram que as águas com qualidade inferior modificam as vazões dos gotejadores independentemente da variação de pressão interna causada pela declividade. A água com fertilizante (300 mg L-1) obteve as melhores condições de qualidade de irrigação temporal verificadas pelos gráficos de controle. A irrigação com efluente de abatedouro de aves obteve as mesmas vazões em qualquer declividade da linha lateral. O efluente de fecularia obteve as menores vazões entre todas as águas.

Analyzing the physical-chemical and biological characteristics allows the evaluation of the water quality of a water body. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the water quality index of the Passauna and Piraquara rivers, as well as to apply statistical quality control methodologies to evaluate the data resulting from the monitoring of water quality. Therefore, a database with physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the Passauna and Piraquara rivers, a watershed of the Iguacu River, belonging to the cities of Araucaria and Piraquara, respectively Parana, Brazil, was used to carry out the research. The water quality index was determined with the time series and, subsequently, these data were submitted to the statistical control of the process, with the control charts of individual Shewhart, EWMA and CUSUM, in addition to the development of the process capacity index. The WQI detected that the rivers remained in average quality until the year 2000, however, from that year it was possible to see a decreasing trend in the water quality of the evaluated rivers. The control charts of Shewhart, EWMA, CUSUM and the process capability index were able to identify the decreasing trend in water quality, demonstrating that they are fast and efficient techniques for the evaluation of water quality control.

The uniformity of water application is an important factor in the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. This uniformity depends on the type of sprinkler and its operating conditions, such as the arrangement and spacing between the sprinklers in the area; velocity and wind direction during the period of water application and the pressure variation of the irrigation system. The objective of this study was to model, analyze and compare the structure of spatial dependence, as well as the spatial variability of the water depths applied by a sprinkler irrigation system with compensating and non-compensating sprinklers, using geostatistical methods and measurements of accuracy or similarity between the applied water depth maps. The experiment was carried out in an agricultural area, in the city of Cascavel-Paraná-Brazil. A total area of 10 × 10 m was used, with 04 compensating and 04 non-compensating sprinklers installed at a height of 1.5 m. For each type of sprinkler, water levels were measured in 100 collectors spaced 1 × 1 m in the study area in 32 trials. On each test sprinkling was carried out for one hour. The conditions of wind, temperature and air humidity were evaluated at the beginning of each test and at 10-minute intervals with a climatological station. As the geostatistical analysis showed the existence of directional trends, the coordinates were incorporated as covariates to the linear spatial model in the study of the spatial dependence of the average depth of the irrigation water for the two types of sprinklers. The spatial dependence structure that best fits the data when using the compensating sprinklers was the Gaussian model and when the non-compensating sprinklers were used, it was the exponential model. The spatial variability maps of average irrigation water depth (mm) of the trials, obtained by universal kriging, revealed that for both sprinklers there was an increase in the mean level average values in the northwest-southeast direction (135° in the azimuth system) in the area under study, influenced by wind direction and velocity during the execution of the experiment.

REGIONALIZATION OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION VALUES IN THE STATE OF PARANA (BRAZIL) BY USING MULTIVARIATE CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS WAGNER ALESSANDRO PANSERA 1 ; BENEDITO MARTINS GOMES 2 ; MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS 2 ; SILVIO CESAR SAMPAIO 2 ; ELOY LEMOS DE MELLO 2 E MANOEL MOISES FERREIRA DE QUEIROZ 3 1 Departamento de Construcao Civil, Universidade Tecnologica federal do Parana (UTFPR), Pato Branco-PR, e-mail:pansera@utfpr.edu.br 2 Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologicas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana (UNIOESTE), Cascavel-PR. e-mail:benedito.gomes@unioeste.br, marcio.vilasboas@unioeste.br, silvio.sampaio@unioeste.br, eloy.mello@unioeste.br 3 Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologica Alimentar, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal-PB. e-mail: moises@ccta.ufcg.edu.br. 1 ABSTRACT Rainfall is one of the most important factors in agricultural water management, especially to land farming of Parana. Regionalization of rainfall data is useful for optimum design of projects and management of water related activities. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of multivariate clustering methodologies to identify homogenous regions using time series of monthly precipitation as the classification variable; the quality of the formed regions and estimate precipitation quantiles. k-means, hierarchical and hybrid clustering techniques were used. The rainfall stations in each group were subjected to metrics of homogeneity. The Parana state could be subdivided into six homogeneous regions of monthly precipitation using the hybrid methodology between k-means and Ward. Keywords: regional frequency analysis, L-moments, cluster analysis PANSERA, W. A.; GOMES, B. M.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; SAMPAIO, S. C; MELLO, E. L. DE; QUEIROZ, M. M. F. DE. REGIONALIZACAO DE VALORES DE PRECIPITACAO MENSAL NO ESTADO DO PARANA (BRASIL) USANDO ALGORITMOS DE AGRUPAMENTOS MULTIVARIADOS 2 RESUMO A chuva e um dos fatores mais importantes na gestao da agua na agricultura, especialmente para o estado do Parana-BR. A regionalizacao de dados de chuva e util para otimizacao de projetos e gestao das atividades relacionadas com a agua. Portanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as metodologias multivariadas de agrupamentos para identificar regioes homogeneas usando as series historicas de precipitacao mensal como variavel classificatoria, avaliar a qualidade das regioes formadas e estimar quantis de precipitacao. As tecnicas de agrupamento utilizadas foram: k-medias, hierarquico e hibrido. As estacoes pluviometricas presentes em cada grupo foram submetidas as metricas de homogeneidade e discordância. Foi possivel subdividir o estado Parana em seis regioes homogeneas de precipitacao mensal utilizando a metodologia hibrida entre k-medias e Ward. Palavras-chave : Analise de frequencia regional, momentos-L, analise de agrupamentos.

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems with clean water application and cassava wastewater processing, by determining the distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD) and the process capability index (Cpl). The research was carried out in an agroindustrial area from western Parana State, Brazil, where two irrigation systems were set and operated in different periods. After the essays implementation, the two irrigation systems were identified and stored in order to be retested after one year (2nd year of collection). So, the same conditions that were established in the first year had still been considered. Treatments with effluent showed flow averages near to those ones obtained with the use of clean water. Only in the T4 treatment, CUD was classified as good, while the others were excellent. The process was rated as efficient only in T1 with 80% LCL, with a 2.04 Cpl. Thus, based on this technique, it was possible to check that the system is able to keep suitable levels of uniformity. Key words: Distribution uniformity, process capability, water quality.

Brazil’s energy matrix is based on hydroelectric plants. In the current scenario, studies must be conducted to verify the possible environmental impacts and production viability in order to determine sites most suitable for installing hydroelectric units. A process was developed to identify potential sites to install hydroelectric units using geotechnology, considering morphometric analysis of watershed obtained using python scripts, PLpgSQL, and R. This process enabled the generation of multiple regression models for flow estimates, flooded areas, and estimates of the hydropower potential of the region. From the 3899 points analyzed, 3477 points showed potential for run of river hydroelectricity-generating plants (production up to 3 MW) and 48 points showed potential for small hydroelectric plants (SHPs; production between 3 MW and 30 MW). The limiting factors were assessed by using the intersect geoprocessing tool, where points that intersected with excluding factors, such as environmental or infrastructure elements, were excluded from the analysis. In addition, an efficiency coefficient was established for the SHPs by correlating potential and flooded areas, demonstrating the best points for the implementation of SHP, and considering the potential impacts of the reservoir.

In hydrosedimentology studies the determination of the trace element concentrations at the study site is imperative, since this background can be used to assess the enrichment of sediments with these elements. This enrichment can be the result of the natural process of geological formation or of anthropogenic activities. In the latter case, guidelines are used to indicate the concentrations at which trace elements cause ecotoxicity effects on the environment. Thus, this study used legal reserve areas in the municipality of Toledo, PR, where natural forests are maintained, with no or minimal human interference to establish background levels. The results of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma showed that the legal reserves have lower levels of trace elements than other theoretical references, but equivalent concentrations to the safety levels recommended by international guidelines. It was concluded that determining values is fundamental to recommend this background as scientific database for research in the area of hydrosedimentology of this site and also as a way of environmental management of the watershed of this municipality. Em estudos de hidrossedimentologia é imprescindível que se tenha o levantamento dos teores de elementos-traço do local de pesquisa, uma vez que esse background pode ser utilizado para interpretações do enriquecimento desses elementos no local da pesquisa. Esse enriquecimento pode estar relacionado ao processo natural de sua formação geológica ou às ações antropogênicas, sendo nesse último caso utilizado os guidelines , que apresentam as concentrações em que os elementos-traço causam efeitos de ecotoxicidade no ambiente. Assim, este estudo utilizou áreas com florestas naturais denominadas de reserva legal para formação do background do município de Toledo, PR, as quais asseguram condições de nenhuma ou mínima interferência antrópica. Os resultados da espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma de argônio acoplado indutivamente demonstraram que as reservas legais possuem teores de elementos-traço inferiores aos demais referenciais teóricos pesquisados, porém em concentrações equivalentes aos níveis de segurança dos recomendados pelos guidelines internacionais consultados. Concluiu-se que os valores determinados são fundamentais para recomendar esse background como base de dados científicos para pesquisas da área de hidrossedimentologia desse local e também como forma de gerenciamento ambiental da bacia hidrográfica desse município.

The topography directly influences the functioning of an irrigation system, being necessary the determination of the uniformity to verify its performance. Statistical quality control is a powerful tool for verifying the quality of a process. Thus, it was aimed to use the statistical control of quality in the evaluation of the uniformity of a drip irrigation system in different slopes. The Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (UC) and Uniformity of Distribution (UD) were determined and analyzed by the control graphs of Shewhart, Zones and CUSUM and by the indices of process capacity (Cp, Cpl and Cpk), in different slopes (0%, 2% and -2%). The slope irrigation was more uniform (UC = 99.03% and UD = 98.45%), however, for all the graphs studied it was out of statistical control. Zone charts were more sensitive than the CUSUM and Shewhart charts.

The irrigation technology for smallholder agriculture is an important instrument to increasing both productivity and income. However for the incorporation of this technology to succeed into small properties, there is a need for interlocution among the different spheres of coordination of these economic agents. In this way, the main objective of this work was to analyze the participation of the institutional and organizational environments of the district of Salto do Lontra, located in the southwestern region of Parana state, in both the dissemination and strengthening of irrigation. This region has the highest concentration of smallholders in the state, hence its relevance. A detailed analysis of the organizational environment was made, in which interviews to the representatives of the organizations werw inserted in the management process of this sector. In order to identify the efficiency of organizations and the accessibility of public credit policies, questionnaires were applied to 35 irrigating smallholders, considering local customs, values and skills. The results demonstrated that the credit policy obtained by the public authority corroborates for the permanence of this economic and social agent in the field. However, organizations work individually, without synchronizing the needs of the category. On the other hand highlighting the universities, which proved to be strong disseminators of irrigation technology locally.

The effects of cycle time (CT) (8, 12 and 16h) and C/N ratio (3, 6 and 9) on nitrogen removal efficiencies in a bench top sequencing batch reactor treating slaughterhouse wastewater were investigated under different operating conditions: in condition 1, the reaction comprises an aerobic/anoxic phase and in condition II, the reaction comprises anoxic I/aerobic/anoxic II phases (with pre-denitrification). The greatest percentages of nitrogen removal were obtained in the CT range from 12 to 16 h and C/N ratios from 3 to 6, with mean efficiency values of 80.76% and 85.57% in condition I and 90.99% and 91.09% in condition II. Although condition II gave a higher removal of total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ - N + NO2- - N + NO3- - N) than condition I, only condition I showed statistically significant and predictive regression for all the steps of nitrogen removal.

The use of anaerobic reactors with media support in the treatment of wastewater from the cassava starch industry has emerged as a viable option because it allows the application of high organic loads and a significant reduction of the HDT needed for the treatment. This research aimed at studying the process of biodigestion in two anaerobic reactors with bamboo support, in the treatment of effluent of cassava starch, by evaluating their performance. The two reactors used present the following diameter: length ratio, 1:6 and 1:3. The organic loads applied to the systems were 0.519, 1.156, 1.471, 3.049, 4.347, 4.708 and 5.601g.L-1.d-1. Regarding the efficiency of removal of COD, TS and TVS, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the reactors. The two systems evaluated showed a stable behavior with respect to the VA/TA (volatile acidity/total alkalinity) for all submitted loads. The reactors tended to the maintenance of biogas production as a function of consumed COD for the last three organic loads applied, indicating an ability to withstand higher organic loads. A utilização de reatores anaeróbios com meio suporte no tratamento de efluentes líquidos, provenientes das fecularias de mandioca, tem-se apresentado como uma opção viável, uma vez que possibilita a aplicação de cargas orgânicas elevadas e uma redução considerável do TDH necessário para o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu no estudo do processo de biodigestão, em dois reatores anaeróbios, com meio suporte de bambu, no tratamento de efluente de fecularia de mandioca, por meio da avaliação do desempenho dos mesmos. Foram utilizados dois reatores com relações diâmetro:comprimento 1:6 e 1:3. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas aos sistemas foram 0,519; 1,156; 1,471; 3,049; 4,347; 4,708 e 5,601 g.L-1d-1. Com relação à eficiência de remoção de DQO, ST e STV, não foram obtidas diferenças estatísticas entre os reatores. Os dois sistemas avaliados apresentaram comportamento estável em relação à AV/AT (acidez volátil/alcalinidade total) para todas as cargas submetidas. Os reatores apresentaram tendência à manutenção da produção de biogás em função da DQO consumida, para as três últimas cargas orgânicas aplicadas, indicando uma capacidade de suportar cargas orgânicas mais elevadas.

A sequential batch reactor with suspended biomass and useful volume of 5 L was used in the removal of nutrients and organic matter in workbench scale under optimal conditions obtained by central composite rotational design (CCRD), with cycle time (CT) of 16 h (10.15 h, aerobic phase, and 4.35 h, anoxic phase) and carbon: nitrogen ratio (COD/NO2--N+NO3--N) equal to 6. Complete cycles (20), nitrification followed by denitrification, were evaluated to investigate the kinetic behavior of degradation of organic (COD) and nitrogenated (NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N) matter present in the effluent from a bird slaughterhouse and industrial processing facility, as well as to evaluate the stability of the reactor using Shewhart control charts of individual measures. The results indicate means total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO2- -N+NO3--N) removal of 84.32±1.59% and organic matter (COD) of 53.65±8.48% in the complete process (nitrification-denitrification) with the process under statistical control. The nitrifying activity during the aerobic phase estimated from the determination of the kinetic parameters had mean K1 and K2 values of 0.00381±0.00043 min-1 and 0.00381±0.00043 min-1, respectively. The evaluation of the kinetic behavior of the conversion of nitrogen indicated a possible reduction of CT in the anoxic phase, since removals of NO2--N and NO3--N higher than 90% were obtained with only 1 h of denitrification. Um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biomassa em suspensão e volume útil de 5L, aplicado para remoção de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, foi operado em escala de bancada, nas condições ótimas obtidas a partir de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), tempo de ciclo (TC) de 16 h (10h15 fase aeróbia e 4h35 fase anóxica) e relação carbono:nitrogênio (DQO/N-NO2-+N-NO3-) de 6. Avaliaram-se 20 ciclos completos, nitrificação seguida de desnitrificação, com o objetivo de efetuar o estudo do comportamento cinético de degradação da matéria orgânica (DQO) e nitrogenada (N-NH4+, N-NO2- e N-NO3-) presentes no efluente proveniente do abate e industrialização de aves, bem como avaliar a estabilidade do reator através de gráficos de controle Shewhart para medidas individuais. Os resultados apontaram valores médios de remoção de nitrogênio inorgânico total (N-NH4++N-NO2-+N-NO 3-) de 84,32±1,59% (C.V.=1,89%) e de matéria orgânica (DQO) de 53,65±8,48% (CV= 15,81%), no processo completo (nitrificação-desnitrificação), estando o processo sob controle estatístico. A atividade nitrificante estimada, durante a fase aeróbia, pela determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos, apresentou valores médios para K1 e K2, de 0,00381±0,00043 min-1 e 0,00249±0,00056 min-1, respectivamente. A avaliação do comportamento cinético de conversão do nitrogênio indicou possível redução no TC da fase anóxica, uma vez que foram alcançadas remoções de N-NO2- e N-NO3-, superiores a 90%, em apenas uma hora de desnitrificação.

A distribuição generalizada de valores extremos (GEV) tem tido grandeaceitação para discrição dos eventos máximos naturais. Estudos sobre o assunto mostram que a distribuição GEV ajusta valores mais próximos à realidade quando há necessidade de extrapolação dos dados amostrais para grandes períodos de retornos e com o intuito de contribuir para o planejamento de atividades que são influenciadas pela intensidade de água precipitada foi ajustado um modelo de distribuição de probabilidade de chuva intensa por meio da GEV, utilizando momentos LH para estimar seus parâmetros e o teste estatístico proposto por Wang (1998) para verificação da qualidade dos ajustes desenvolvidos noambiente Matlab. Analisaram-se séries históricas de precipitação máximas para diferentes durações obtidas de pluviográfos no município de Cascavel, Estado do Paraná. Além disso, as referidas séries foram ajustadas pela distribuição Gumbel para efeito de comparação coma GEV. Este trabalho mostra que a distribuição Gumbel subestima a distribuição GEV para grandes períodos de retorno.The generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) has had great acceptance for discretion of the maximum natural events. Previous studies show that GEV distribution fits values closer to realitywhen there is need for extrapolation of sampling data for longer periods of returns. In order to contribute to the planning of activities that are influenced by the intensity of precipitated water, we adjusted a model of probability distribution of heavy rain through GEV, using LH moments for estimating its parameters and statistical test proposed by Wang (1998) for checking the quality of the adjustments developed in the Matlab. We analyzed historicaltime series of maximum rainfall for different durations obtained from rain gauges in the city of Cascavel, Paraná State. Moreover, these series were fitted by Gumbel distribution for purposes of comparison with the GEV. This study shows that the Gumbel distributionunderestimates the GEV distribution for large return periods.

Estudos na área da irrigação têm sido realizados com o objetivo de se racionalizar a utilização da água na agricultura. Um dos problemas mais comum nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejadores é o entupimento de emissores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o ácido fosfórico como agente de limpeza de tubos gotejadores sob fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho. Assim este estudo utilizou um sistema de quimigação de tubos gotejadores conduzidos por gravidade, porém mantendo-se a pressão de entrada com baixa variação, em quatro tratamentos experimentais: irrigação antes da quimigação (T1); fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho (T2); quimigação com ácido fosfórico (T3); e irrigação depois da quimigação (T4), com seis repetições e tempo médio de uma hora por repetição. Os tratamentos que fertirrigaram soluções em uma concentração de KCl com 60% de potássio foram desobstruídos com ácido fosfórico em uma concentração de 7,086 g L-1, sendo esta operação analisada por coeficientes de uniformidade, gráficos de controle estatístico e mapas de contorno. Observou-se que no manejo de não abrir os finais de linha, os resíduos provenientes da desobstrução causaram um grau de entupimento de 15,13% em média nas linhas dos tubos gotejadores. Os resultados mostraram que o ácido fosfórico pode ser utilizado como agente de limpeza em tubos gotejadores, porém requer manejo adequado do sistema.

This trial goes along with irrigation systems based on the development and use of free software and hardware for direct measurements of soil moisture and temperature throughout the plant cycle. Thus, irrigation systems can optimize water use during the process at lower cost regarding TDR application. Four humidity sensors were used: one was resistive, and three capacitors were interconnected in a mesh network system. Thus, this research was carried out in laboratory and the studied soil was characterized as a typical dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) with very clayey texture (66%). Soil clods were undone and dried in a greenhouse, then divided in 20 containers with addition of known volumes of water in each one. A network of mesh-type node sensors has been developed based on Arduino technology to read and transmit data to a single gateway. The sensor node was designed and built with Arduino Nano, radio NRF24L01, capacitive sensors of type SHT20 and DHT22, in addition to FC-28 that is resistive. The system also featured a Real Time Clock DS1302, three photovoltaic cells and circuit battery charger. Domoticz software was used to store data and make them available on a server connected to the internet. Cubic modeling was one of the results of the relation among each sensor, TDR and the greenhouse method. The resistive sensor showed very close values to the TDR in its model as well as the set of the monitoring system showed low cost in relation to TDR.

A set of eight sprinklers was evaluated in a soccer field located in the city of Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil, using quality control techniques. The graph X (Shewhart’s individual control card), the EWMA graph (exponentially weighted moving average) and the CUSUM tabular graph (cumulative sum) were used. The system was composed of two parallel lateral lines distanced of 18 meters, containing five sprinklers in each line every 18 meters. The first four sprinklers (area A) and the last four (area B) were evaluated with 25 trials of 10 minutes of irrigation for each area, with the monitoring of climatic effects. For the evaluation of the system, the distribution uniformity coefficient (DU) was used, obtaining in the area A and B the values of 68.72 and 70.0%. This low value can be justified by the high wind velocity during the tests, that varied from 0.57 to 8.5 m s-1. By Shewhart’s control chart, the irrigations of both areas were under control. From the CUSUM chart, only area B was under control. From the EWMA chart, both areas were out of control, being considered the most suitable for evaluation of the system because it detected the small variations in the process.

This work aimed to evaluate the performance of a drip irrigation system with photovoltaic energy directly connected to the water pumping system through the irrigation uniformity coefficients using the statistical quality control, with the control chart of Shewhart. The experiment was conducted at the State University of West Parana (UNIOESTE), campus of Cascavel, in the Project CASA (Center of Alternative Energy System Analysis), during six days of open sky. The irrigation system contained four lines with 18 drippers each, collecting the flow of each dripper for five minutes, along with the parameters of temperature and solar radiation. In the energy part, the current and the voltage generated by the panel were analyzed. The main results allowed to evaluate that the flows of the drippers showed changes directly proportional to the decrease or increase of the radiation. Even with the changes in radiation levels during the collection period, the system obtained excellent process capability according to the analyzes of the distribution uniformities. It was also concluded that there was a significant relationship between the coefficients (CUC, DUC and CV) with the process capacity of the flow data. The control plot was adequate to diagnose the treatments. Statistical control proved to be effective for the determination of process variability, thus recommending the use of a drip irrigation system with a solar photovoltaic system directly connected to the pump on open sky days with few clouds due to the lower variability in relation to the graph of control and greater uniformity of water distribution.

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu na avaliação de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento com aplicação de água limpa e água residuária de processamento de mandioca com diferentes concentrações de sólidos suspensos. O experimento foi instalado em uma agroindústria no município de Terra Roxa-PR, sendo montados 12 sistemas. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 4 x 3 x 2 considerando-se como fatores: tipo de água aplicada (água limpa e água residuária de processamento de mandioca com 03 concentrações distintas de sólidos suspensos), carga hidráulica (1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 m) e metodologia de coleta (Keller e Karmeli e Denículi), totalizando 24 tratamentos com 30 repetições cada. Previamente foi realizada uma caracterização físico-química da água residuária nas diferentes concentrações de sólidos suspensos para verificar o risco de entupimento das mesmas. A partir dos dados de vazão coletados determinou-se o coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD). A concentração de sólidos suspensos presente na água residuária afetou os valores, sendo que com o aumento destes houve pequeno decréscimo na vazão. Os valores de CUD variaram entre duas classificações, sendo dois tratamentos classificados como uma irrigação boa e 22 tratamentos apresentaram valores excelentes.

COMPARACAO ENTRE GRAFICOS DE CONTROLE DE SHEWHART, CUSUM E MMEP NO PROCESSO DE IRRIGACAO POR ASPERSAO CONVENCIONAL JIAM PIRES FRIGO 1 ; MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS 2 ; JIANICE PIRES FRIGO 2 E ELISANDRO PIRES FRIGO 3 1 Instituto Latino-Americano de Tecnologia, Infraestrutura e Territorio - ILATIT (UNILA), Av. Tancredo Neves, 3838 - Porto Belo, CEP 85867-970, Foz do Iguacu, PR, Fone (45)99993 4783, e‑mail: jianfrigo@gmail.com 2 Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologicas, Programa de Pos Graduacao em Engenharia Agricola (Unioeste), R. Universitaria, 2069 - Jardim Universitario CEP 85819-110, Cascavel-PR 3 Universidade Federal do Parana, Campus Palotina R. Pioneiro, 2153 - Dallas, CEP 85950-000, Palotina-PR 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da utilizacao dos graficos de controle de Shewhart para medidas individuais, com os graficos de controle media movel exponencialmente ponderada (MMEP) e soma cumulativa (CUSUM), aplicados no controle de qualidade da irrigacao. Foram realizados 60 ensaios de irrigacao em um sistema por aspersao convencional. As analises do processo de controle de qualidade do sistema de irrigacao foram realizadas por meio dos graficos de Shewhart (Xbarra), graficos MMEP e CUSUM. Todos os procedimentos para os ensaios de uniformidade da irrigacao foram realizados conforme recomendacao NBR ISO 7749-2 (ABNT, 2000). Para a avaliacao do sistema foi utilizado o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC). O grafico de controle MMEP apresentou-se bastante suscetivel quando utilizado em dados auto correlacionados, com ocorrencias de alarmes falsos. Para dados independentes (pelo modelo ARIMA), o grafico CUSUM foi mais sensivel ao detectar as variacoes ocorridas na irrigacao devido a velocidade do vento, quando comparado aos graficos MMEP e Shewhart para os mesmos dados. Na irrigacao por aspersao, relacionando CUC com velocidade do vento, o grafico de Shewhart foi mais indicado pela simplicidade, robustez e facilidade de interpretacao, mesmo na presenca de dados que violam a suposicao de independencia. Os graficos de controle de Shewhart, MMEP e CUSUM provaram serem otimas ferramentas estatisticas no estudo da irrigacao por aspersao convencional, demonstrando muito bem a variabilidade no processo. Palavras-Chave: agua, vento, Coeficiente de Christiansen, Controle de qualidade. FRIGO, J.P.; VILAS BOAS, M.A.; FRIGO, J.P.; FRIGO, E.P. COMPARISON BETWEEN SHEWHART CONTROL CHARTS, CUSUM AND MMEP IN PROCESS OF CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATION SPRINKLER 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the results of Shewhart control charts use for individual measures with exponentially weighted moving average (MMEP) and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts applied in quality control of conventional sprinkler irrigation. Sixty irrigation trials were set up in a conventional sprinkler system. The analyses of the quality control process of the irrigation system were performed by means of Shewhart charts (Xbarra) charts, MMEP and CUSUM. All procedures for testing uniformity of irrigation were performed as recommended by ISO 7749-2 (ABNT, 2000). For the evaluation of the system, it was used Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC). The control chart MMEP showed to be quite susceptible when used in auto correlated data with instances of false alarms. For independent data (the ARIMA model), the CUSUM tabular chart was more sensitive to detect variations in irrigation due to wind speed, when compared to MMEP and Shewhart charts for the same data. In sprinkler irrigation, relating CUC with wind speed, the Shewhart chart was better due to such features as simplicity, robustness and easiness of interpretation, even in the presence of data that violate the assumption of independence. The Shewhart control charts, CUSUM and MMEP statistics proved to be great tools in the study of irrigation sprinkler, demonstrating very well the variability in the process. Keywords: water, wind, Christiansen coefficient, control charts, Quality control.