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The aim of the study was to assess the changes of pelvic tilt between standing and supine position with the Smart Navigated Ultrasound (SNU) mobile system. In this prospective study, the pelvic tilt in the standing and supine pelvis was recorded in 16 orthopedically healthy female volunteers, mean age 37.5 years. All measurements were performed with SNU mobile system, consisting of a smartphone-based optical tracking device, medical-grade tablet, an ultrasound device with a transducer, and two rigid body optical markers. Anterior pelvic tilt was noted in all but two patients in the standing position and in all but one in the supine position. For 13 subjects, the pelvis rotated posteriorly during movement from the supine to standing position, in three cases, the change was in the opposite direction. Mean anterior pelvic tilt significantly reduced from lying down (-9.8) to (-4.9) standing (p = 0.04). The study showed that pelvic tilt is different in supine and standing position and is changing from anterior to more posterior, respectively in most cases. The SNU navigation system may be a useful to prevent complications related to cup position due to differences in pelvic tilt between those positions and could be used for large-scale screening purposes.

IntroductionPrimary arthroplasty of the hip joint is currently one of the most commonly performed procedures in orthopedics. In Poland we are observing significant changes in the age structure. With the prolonged life more and more elderly patients require musculoskeletal surgery to maintain comfortable and painless mobility. Reducing the duration of the procedure reduces the costs of anesthesiology, surgical and instrument teams, as well as the operating room technical team. The aim of the study was to compare the time required to perform hip joint arthroplasty by the direct anterior approach (DAA) with the postero-lateral approach (PLA) in our hospital.Material and methodsA retrospective analysis of 559 total and bipolar cemented and cementless hip replacement procedures based on two operative approaches – the minimally invasive DAA over the course of 2 years, and the standard PLA over the course of 3 years – was performed.ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed between the approaches used for cementless total arthroplasty with regard to the mean treatment times: 51.9 min for the 272 DAA cases, and 78.3 min for the 190 PLA cases (p < 0.0001). For the cementless hemi-arthroplasty procedure, the mean treatment times were 46.9 min in 36 patients for DAA, and 48.2 min for 61 patients for PLA (p = 0.57).ConclusionsMinimally invasive DAA significantly shortens the time of the procedure in elderly patients compared to PLA. Further study is needed to analyze other aspects of those two approaches.

Background. Peripheral nerve damage is a rare complication of hip replacement surgery that severely impairs the therapeutic outcome. The aim of the present study was to determine the time needed for nerve recovery and re­storation of activity following iatrogenic damage during a primary or revision hip arthroplasty from an anterolateral approach and its relationship with the severity of damage. Materials and methods. A prospectively collected database of 1107 patients treated with primary arthroplasty and 303 patients following revision arthroplasty (mean age 63 years, range 53 to 72 years) was analysed. This included 15 cases of palsy of the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve and 7 of the femoral nerve. The mean follow-up was 3.6 years (minimum two years). Results. The following risk factors were identified: dysplastic osteoarthritis, limb elongation, revision arthroplasty, female sex and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. All five patients demonstrating light palsy (Lovett score 3-5), and 9 out of the 17 with severe palsy (Lovett score 0-2) achieved full recovery. Of all patients, 63.6% regained nerve function after 4 weeks to 24 months (mean 17 months), with nine demonstrating complete recovery and five partial. Also, 66.6% patients regained femoral nerve function and 61.5%, sciatic nerve function. Conclusion. 1. The femoral nerve and the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve demonstrate a similar pattern of functional recovery following damage. 2. All patients recovered from light palsy, and almost 2/3 of cases of severe palsy demonstrated partial or complete recovery. 3. Female sex is a significant risk factor.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of constant dose intravenous administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing postoperative blood loss, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and the number of transfusions in revision hip arthroplasty (RHA).The study included 145 consecutive patients who had undergone RHA: a TXA group (75 patients) who received two doses of TXA (1.0 g 15 min before skin incision and 1.0 g during wound closure) and a no-TXA group (70 patients). Percentage blood loss and quantitative blood loss were calculated.The percentage blood loss (23.82 ± 10.6% vs. 39.17 ± 15.1%; P 0.001), Hb drop (2.9 ± 1.14 g/dL vs. 4.22 ± 1.4 g/dL; P 0.001), and total blood loss (1030 ± 477 mL vs. 1736 ± 761 mL; P 0.001) were significantly lower in the TXA group than in the no-TXA group on postoperative day 1. Percentage blood loss (37.5 ± 10.4% vs. 43.1 ± 12.5%; P 0.01), Hb drop (4.64 ± 1.5 g/dL vs. 5.22 ± 1.6 g/dL; P 0.01) and total blood loss (1639 ± 543 mL vs. 1908 ± 681 mL; P = 0.02) were significantly lower in the TXA group than in the no-TXA group on the 5th postoperative day. The blood transfusion requirements were lower in the TXA group than those in the no-TXA group (30.7% vs. 71.4% of patients; P 0.001), with a lower transfusion per patient ratio of 0.55 in the TXA group and 1.4 in the no-TXA group. No postoperative complications were associated with TXA administration, including deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.Administration of TXA is an effective method to reduce perioperative blood loss, Hb drop and the number of transfusions in RHA.HINTERGRUND: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit der intravenösen Gabe von Tranexamsäure (TXA) in konstanter Dosis bei der Reduzierung des postoperativen Blutverlusts, der Hämoglobinkonzentration (Hb) und der Anzahl der Transfusionen bei der Revisions-Hüftendoprothetik (RHA) zu untersuchen.Die Studie schloss 145 konsekutive Patienten ein, die sich einer RHA unterzogen hatten: eine TXA-Gruppe (75 Patienten), die 2 Dosen TXA erhielt (1,0 g 15 min vor der Hautinzision und 1,0 g während des Wundverschlusses) und eine Gruppe ohne TXA (70 Patienten). Der prozentuale Blutverlust und der quantitative Blutverlust wurden mathematisch berechnet.Der durchschnittliche Blutverlust (23,82 ± 10,6 % vs. 39,17 ± 15,1 %; p 0,001), der Hb-Abfall (2,9 ± 1,14 g/dl vs. 4,22 ± 1,4 g/dl; p 0,001) und der Gesamtblutverlust (1030 ± 477 ml vs. 1736 ± 761 ml; p 0,001) waren in der TXA-Gruppe am postoperativen Tag 1 signifikant niedriger als in der Gruppe ohne TXA. Am 5. postoperativen Tag waren der prozentuale Blutverlust (37,5 ± 10,4 % vs. 43,1 ± 12,5 %; p 0,01), der Hb-Abfall (4,64 ± 1,5 g/dl vs. 5,22 ± 1,6 g/dl; p 0,01) und der Gesamtblutverlust (1639 ± 543 ml vs. 1908 ± 681 ml; p = 0,02) in der TXA-Gruppe signifikant niedriger als in der Gruppe ohne TXA. Der Bluttransfusionsbedarf war in der TXA-Gruppe niedriger als in der Gruppe ohne TXA (30,7 % vs. 71,4 % der Patienten; p 0,001), mit einem niedrigeren Verhältnis von Transfusionen pro Patient von 0,55 in der TXA-Gruppe und 1,4 in der Gruppe ohne TXA. Bei der Verabreichung von TXA traten keine postoperativen Komplikationen auf, einschließlich tiefer Venenthrombose und Lungenembolie.Die Verabreichung von TXA ist eine wirksame Methode, um den perioperativen Blutverlust, den Hb-Abfall und die Anzahl der Transfusionen bei der RHA zu reduzieren.

Background: The original knee megaprostheses with fixed or rotating hinge articulation were custom made and only used for reconstruction of the knee following distal femoral or proximal tibial tumor resections. The aim of the study was to analyze the short- and mid-term results of revision total knee arthroplasty with Global Modular Replacement System (GMRS) used in difficult situations not amenable to reconstruction with standard total knee replacement implants. Materials and Methods: Nine patients (9 knees) were treated with this comprehensive modular implant system, with a mean age of 73.7 years (range 56–83 years) and a mean followup of 5 years (range 3–8 years). Two patients were treated for distal femoral nonunion, five for distal femur periprosthetic fracture and two for periprosthetic joint infection. Results: The mean Knee Society Score: Knee and functional scores were 77.9 and 40 points, respectively. All demonstrated full extension and flexion was at least 90°. Recurrence of infection was present in one patient. No signs of loosening, dislocation, or implant failure were observed. Conclusions: Based on our small series of patients that represent severe cases, GMRS provides relatively good mid-term functional results, pain relief, and good implant survivorship with a low complication rate. This salvage procedure allows elderly, infirm patients to regain early ambulatory ability.

Background: The opinion about best methods of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) treatment are not consistent. Operative treatment of this condition may be arthroscopic, but open procedures with osteotomy of the greater trochanter and hip dislocation has been used. The present study evaluates the benefits of the mini-open direct anterior approach (DAA) in treating patients with FAI, with is a procedure available for most orthopedic surgeons. Materials and Methods: 39 patients treated for FAI (25 men and 14 women) at an average age of 29.3 years (range 18–46 years) were reviewed in this retrospective study. The mean followup was 45 months, (range 24-55 months). The hip impingement test was positive in all patients. The diagnosis of FAI was confirmed on anteroposterior and lateral hip view radiographs. All patients were operated with mini-open DAA. The outcomes were assessed with the Harris Hip Score, Short-Form 36 Health Survey and VAS score. Preoperative osteoarthritis was assessed according to Tönnis score. Results: At the final followup, improvement was noted compared to preoperative status in Harris Hip Score (P < 0.00001), visual analog scale score (P < 0.001), and Short-Form-36 score (P < 0.001). Nineteen patients returned to their previous sports activities. No major complications occurred. One patient developed heterotopic ossification and three patients developed temporary postoperative meralgia paresthetica. Five patients from the treatment group required total hip arthroplasty for severe osteoarthritis. Conclusions: Mini-open DAA is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of FAI that gives good relief of symptoms and allows a successful return to preoperative activity levels. Further research with a longer followup period is needed to evaluate the influence of surgery on natural history of FAI.

The authors have retracted this article [1] because it constitutes redundant publication [2].

BACKGROUND The main goal of rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to return to functional and sports activity at a preinjury level. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of supervised (SU) versus non-supervised (NS) rehabilitation protocols after ACLR on the return to sports activity and quality of life of amateur athletes. METHODS The study included a total of 50 patients after ACLR, with 25 in the SU group and 25 in the NS group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to age, sex, or BMI. Two different ACLR techniques were used: hamstring graft and bone patellar tendon bone. The patients were examined preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Outcomes were evaluated utilizing the Kujala Scale, Tegner Scale, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), and range of motion. Patients from the SU group participated in rehabilitation sessions with a physiotherapist with an average of 48 meetings. Those in the NS attended six meetings with the physiotherapist. RESULTS At final follow-up, patients from both groups demonstrated a higher level of functional and sports activity and had a better quality of life 12 months after ACLR. Patients from the supervised group returned to a significantly higher level of sports activity (Tegner Scale: SU=6, NS=5, P=0.003) and reported significantly better quality of life 12 months after ACLR (KOOS QOL: SU=90, NS=74; P

This study evaluated the success and failure rates as well as the final results following 2-stage revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Particular emphasis was placed on comparing patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and non-RA patients. A total of 140 knees that required 2-stage revision for PJI after TKA were analyzed. Mean patient age at first revision TKA was 67.9 years (range, 43 to 89 years), and mean time from second-stage revision to final follow-up was 53.3 months (range, 26 to 127 months). Thirty-eight of the 140 knees (27.1%) demonstrated recurrence of infection after first 2-stage revision. Of these, 8 required another 2-stage revision, 25 required knee arthrodesis, and 2 required amputation; 3 patients refused further treatment or were lost to follow-up. There was no recurrence of infection. No statistically significant differences were observed between the RA and non-RA groups in terms of success or failure rate ( P =.6) according to Diaz-Ledezma and Knee Society Scores ( P =.3). These findings indicate reinfection rates and final results were similar in RA and non-RA patients following revision TKA for PJI. [ Orthopedics . 2019; 42(5):e472–e476.]

Purpose The plantaris muscle (PM) is typically characterized by a short, slim and spindle-shaped muscle belly and long, thin tendon. It is situated posterior to the popliteal muscle, and anterior to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle (GM). Little information exists regarding the high variability of origin of the PM. The main aim of the study was hence to characterize the morphology of the PM and its place of origin, classify it and evaluate its prevalence. Methods Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 142 lower limbs (77 left, and 65 right) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the origin of the PM and its prevalence was evaluated. Results The PM was present in 128 lower limbs (90.1%). Six types of origin were observed, the most common being Type I (48.4%). This type was divided into two subtypes (A–B): subtype A attaching to the lateral head of the GM, lateral femoral condyle and to the capsule of the knee joint, and subtype B, attaching to the lateral head of the GM, the lateral femoral condyle, knee joint capsule and the popliteal surface of the femur. The second most common type was Type II (25%), attaching to the capsule of the knee joint and, indirectly, to the lateral head of the GM through the lateral femoral condyle. The third most common type was Type III (10.15%), attaching to the lateral femoral condyle and the knee joint capsule. Type IV (6.25%), the rarest type, attached to the lateral femoral condyle, knee joint capsule and to the iliotibial band. Type V (8.6%) originated only from the lateral condyle of the femur. Type VI (1.6%) contains only "rare cases". Conclusion The PM presents high morphological variability, and its status as a residual muscle should be reconsidered. Our presented classification of its types of origin is a valuable addition for both clinicians and anatomists. Level of Evidence – II Basic Science Research

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of implant component alignment on objective and subjective outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The rotation of the femoral component and its influence on the final results were also examined. After exclusion, the study examined 102 patients (mean age, 66.28 years; range, 51–79 years) who had undergone unilateral TKA. All of the operative procedures were performed by one surgeon with one type of implant. One year after the operation, improvements in Knee Society's Knee Scoring System, functional score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and Visual Analog Scale were observed; however, none showed a significant correlation with any of the parameters analyzed by X-ray or computed tomography (CT) (α, β, γ, δ angles and posterior condylar angle [PCA]). Significant improvements were found for the vast majority of the parameters used for gate analysis at the final follow-up. Significant correlations were found between PCA angle and differences in stance phase, swing phase of the operated limb, and step width (all p = 0.03). No other significant relationships were found between gait parameters and indicators measured by X-ray and CT. None of the analyzed radiographic parameters, including rotation of the femoral component, correlated with final clinical results. Neither femoral internal rotation of 3° to 6°, nor rotation of 0° ± 3° or 0° ± 6° influenced the outcome. One year after TKA, a significant improvement was observed in both functional and gait parameters.

The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a potential stabilizer of the knee and cooperates with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It originates on the lateral epicondyle of the femur, to which it is mainly posterior and proximal; insertion is posterior to Gerdy's tubercle. Its anatomical characteristics vary. Recent publications have focused on morphological variations concerning mainly the femoral and tibial attachments, and on morphometric measurements. Histological and cystochemical examinations have also been performed. Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 111 lower limbs (25 isolated and 86 paired) fixed in 10% formalin. The knee region was dissected using traditional techniques and the morphological features of the ALL were assessed: morphometric measurements and the types of ALL. The ALL was present in 70 individuals (37 woman and 33 men). In 30 cases, it was absent symmetrically, and in 11, it was present on just one side (P = 0.0011). The ALL was morphologically very variable. In type I (the most common form - 64.3%), a single band traveled parallel to the fibular collateral ligament (FCL); in type II the band crossed it. In type III, the origin was located on the lateral epicondyle of the femur and also on the lateral-posterior surface of the joint capsule, and the insertion was in the deep fascia of the leg: this type could be called a capsule. Type IV was characterized by a double ALL, type IIb by ligaments that bifurcated, and type V by the ALL starting directly from the FCL rather than the femoral epicondyle. The ALL is characterized by high morphological variability, both in its femoral and in its tibial attachments and in its course. Clin. Anat. 31:966-973, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background: Trabecular metal implants with a porous architecture that allows for the incorporation of bone into the implant during healing are gaining popularity in alloplastic revision procedures. The bi-products of drilling titanium alloy (Ti) and tantalum (Ta) implants have not been previously assessed. Methods: Four holes were drilled in each of 2 spatially porous trabecular implants, one Ta and the other Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb), for this pilot in vitro study. The particles were flushed out with a continuous flow of saline. The particles’ weight and the volume were then measured using a Radwag XA 110/2X (USA) laboratory balance. The total volume of the obtained metal fines was measured by titration using a 10 mm3 measurement system. Results: A cobalt carbide bit was used since the holes could not be made with a standard bone drill. Each Ti and Ta implant lost 1.26 g and 2.48 g of mass, respectively. The volume of free particles recovered after each stage was 280 mm3 and 149 mm3, respectively. Approximately 0.6% of the total implant mass was not recovered after drilling (roughly 2% of the mass of the particles created by drilling), despite the use of 5 µm filters. Conclusions: It is technically difficult to drill holes in Ti and Ta implants using standard surgical tools. The drilling process creates a considerable amount of metal particles, which cannot be recovered despite intensive flushing. This may have an adverse influence on the bio-functionality (survival) of the endoprosthesis and present deleterious systemic consequences.

ObjectiveThis prospective randomized study was performed to compare the outcomes of two operative methods of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction based on either bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTB) grafts or hamstring tendon (HT) grafts.MethodsAmong 100 patients, 96 completed the full follow-up period and were included in the final analysis (48 in the BTB group and 48 in the HT group). The patients were evaluated preoperatively and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after ACL reconstruction. The Kujala score, Tegner score, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were among the parameters used to evaluate the patients.ResultsBoth groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, and body mass index. None of the analyzed scores were significantly different between the BTB and HT groups at either the initial or last visit. Both groups demonstrated improvement at the 12-year follow-up according to the Kujala score and most categories of the KOOS. The Tegner activity level score showed significant improvement in the HT but not BTB group.ConclusionPatients undergoing ACL reconstruction with BTB and HT grafts show comparable improvement in functional results after 1 year of rehabilitation.

Objective: To evaluate the distribution of SP (substance P) and S-100 peptide immunoreactivity, as well as the vascular supply of tissues commonly used as grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. A second aim was to compare the above mentioned distribution in the semitendinosus muscle tendons of cerebral palsy (CP) patients with the semitendinosus muscle tendons and patellar tendons of patients without CP. Methods: The first group consisted of 14 children with cerebral palsy with a mean age of 11.7 years old. At the time of hamstring lengthening operation, a sample of semitendinosus muscle was taken for analysis. The second group comprised 20 patients treated for isolated ACL rupture of the knee (mean age 32 years old). Group three comprised ten patients in the mean age of 14.3 years old treated for recurrent lateral patellar dislocation, and from whom a sample of patellar tendon was obtained. Results: No statistically significant differences were demonstrated with regard to the amount of immunopositive nerve fibers expressing SP or S-100 in all 3 groups of patients. A significant difference was noted in the number of blood vessels between the adult and child semitendinosus muscles, but not between the semitendinosus muscles and patellar tendon of children. Conclusion: The number of nociceptors as well as proprioceptive fibers is similar in patients with CP and patients from a neurologically healthy population. Level of Evidence IV, Cases Series.

Background: Hip arthroplasty is one of the most frequently performed orthopedic procedures with high scores of success while its most common complication is aseptic loosening of the acetabular component, which may result from host bone loss or even from pelvis discontinuity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate results in patients after revision acetabular arthroplasty with reconstruction rings and allografts. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from 69 revisions of acetabular components, performed in a group of 69 treated patients (the mean age 65.1 years). Before surgery, the patients had bone defects of type IIb (n = 5), IIc (n = 20), IIIa (n = 27) or IIIb (n = 17), according to Paprosky et al. Results: The mean followup period of the patients was 7.2 years (range 3-19 years). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a 3- and 10 year survival rate was 92.8% and 84.8% respectively, using further revision for any reason of the acetabular device as an end point. Eight patients revealed implant related complications. Four patients presented with ring loosening, one with a loose acetabular polyethylene cup, two hips demonstrated recurrent dislocations and one patient was with deep infection. Regarding the remaining 61 patients without re-revision surgery, the mean Harris hip score improved from 30.5 to 73.8 points. Conclusion: A modified, antiprotrusion cage provides an acceptable survival rate and radiological results, but complications could still be expected. It seems that the observed massive bone loss with pelvic discontinuity and an insufficient fixation of the cage to the ischium may result in implant loosening. Stable fixation of the ischial ring flange with screws is an essential condition to expect a good outcome.

The aim of the study was to assess the factors influencing the final results of treatment of the femoral head osteonecrosis (ONFH) with core decompression and bone substitute grafting. The special interest was focused on comparison between alcohol- and steroid-induced ONFHs. In this prospective study, a total of 53 patients (58 hips) in the mean age of 35.5 years were included: 29 had a history of alcohol use (32 hips) and 24 of steroid use (26 hips). The mean follow-up was 4.2 years (minimum 3 years). At last follow-up, significant improvements were noted in the Harris Hip Score (HHS) (mean 44.0 vs 55.9 points, p

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential consequences of drilling titanium alloy (Ti) and tantalum (Ta) implants. During an in vitro study, four holes were made in each of two spatially porous trabecular implants: one Ta and the other Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb). The weight and the volume of particles produced during the drilling were then measured using a Radwag XA 110/2X (USA) laboratory balance. The loss of mass of the Ti and Ta implants was respectively 1.26 g and 2.48 g, and the volume of free particles was respectively 280 mm3 and 149 mm3. The particles were recovered after each stage. Despite the use of 5 μm filters, around 0.6% of the total implant mass from both implants was not recovered after drilling (roughly 2% of the mass of the particles created). It is technically difficult to make holes in Ti and Ta implants using standard surgical tools, and the process creates a significant amount of metal particles which cannot be removed, despite intensive flushing. This may have a potentially adverse influence on the survival of the implant and result in negative systemic consequences.

Summary Background. Total hip arthroplasty is currently commonly used in surgical treatment of advanced hip osteoarthritis of various aetiologies. Studies show that the number of these procedures has been growing every year, which is associated with global population ageing. The aim of the study was to assess return to work in patients after surgical treatment by arthroplasty due to hip osteoarthritis. Material and methods. The study assessed 114 patients of productive age who underwent surgery due to advanced hip osteoarthritis. The mean age was 49.9 years in women and 52.2 years in men. All patients included in this retrospective study underwent clinical and radiographic assessment prior to arthroplasty and at the last out-patient follow-up visit. The patients’ occupational status and the time of return to work after surgery were also assessed. The results of this clinical study were analysed according to the Merle d’Aubigne-Postel classification (modified by Charnley). Preoperative radiographs were assessed according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification. The radiographs served to assess the position of the endoprosthesis, including both the acetabular component and the stem. The results were statistically analysed. Results. Pre-operative assessment classified all cases as poor both clinically and radiographically. The post-operative outcomes were excellent in 71 cases (61.7%), good in 37 cases (32.2%) and fair in 7 cases. No case was classified as poor. The mean improvement was 6.6 points and reached the level of statistical significance. Radiographic evaluation did not reveal evidence of aseptic implant loosening and confirmed a normal seat of endoprosthetic components within the Lewinnek safe zone in each case. Only 75 (65.8%) of the study participants worked before the procedure. After the treatment was completed, 67 (58.8%) study patients took up employment. The mean duration of sick leave was 138.6 days and 21 patients were receiving rehabilitation benefits. Conclusions. 1. Total hip arthroplasty is a valuable method of surgical treatment of advanced coxarthrosis of various aetiologies in patients of productive age. 2. Most patients who worked before the surgery return to work in the same position and work time. 3. Only dysplastic coxarthro­ses have an unfavourable prognosis with respect to starting or resuming work after surgery.

Background. Autologous Conditioned Plasma (ACP) has a wide range of potential uses in modern orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of proprietary ACP and compare them with those of ACP produced using a commercially available kit. Material and methods. In the hospital laboratory, 20 samples of ACP taken from patients and prepared according to the commercially available kit protocol with a double syringe system were compared with 40 ACP preparations made using disposable sterile equipment available in the hospital. Results. The mean platelet concentration in the ACP samples prepared according to the Arthrex protocol was 2.02 (range 1.16 to 2.64) times greater than in peripheral blood, while the concentration in the proprietary preparation was 1.61 (range 0.82 to 2.52) times higher. However, the mean platelet density in the proprietary preparation (n = 24) was 1.98 (range 1.48 to 2.52) times that of peripheral blood within 20 minutes of collection, and 1.41 (range 0.84 - 1.87) times after 20 minutes (n = 16). Therefore, the proprietary method of producing ACP is comparable to that of the commercial kit with regard to platelet density (p>0.05). Conclusion. Using disposable hospital equipment and with a relatively short time between ACP preparation and testing, it is possible to obtain a suitable proprietary platelet-rich preparation comparable to one produced using a commercial system.

Background The aim of this study was to compare the results of TKA performed with the use of a navigation system vs. conventional knee arthroplasty and to evaluate the effectiveness of navigation system support in TKA. Material and methods We evaluated patients undergoing TKA for osteoarthritis in the years 2011-2013. Columbus prostheses were implanted in 84 knees. Group 1 included patients in whom TKA was performed with the use of the OrthoPilot Navigation System, and Group 2 was a control group of patientsundergoing conventional TKA. Group 1 ultimately comprised 30 patientsat a mean age of 71.8 years, while Group 2 consisted of 30 patients at a mean age of 73.5 years. Radiographic parameters were evaluated according to the mechanical axis of the leg. Clinical evaluation relied on the VAS and KSSscores. Results Mean operation time was 94 minutes in Group 1.It was shorter in Group 2, with a mean of 75 minutes. Postoperative VAS scores did not differ betweenthe groups. Significant improvement was noted between pre- and postoperative in KSS scores in both groups. The control group showed more valgus mechanical axis deviation than varus deviation. Conclusions In experienced hands, navigated surgery time may be similar to that of conventional TKA and give superior results, both clinical and radiographic.

BACKGROUND The aim of this paper is to present the results of hip joint arthroplasty with the use of the Taperloc stem. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 117 patients (75 women and 42 men) who underwent 121 hip joint arthroplasties with Taperloc stems. Mean age of the patients at surgery was 53.8 years (range: 2475 years). Mean follow-up period was 159.5 months. RESULTS Pre-operative Merle d'Aubigne-Postel scores (modified by Charnley) of the study group were poor in all patients. Mean post-operative improvement was 6.6 points. Excellent results were obtained in 86 cases, good in 19, fair in 9 and poor in 7 cases. Poor results were always associated with implant component loosening: 5 cases of acetabular cup loosening, 1 case of a loosened stem and 1 septic loosening of the entire endoprosthesis. In six cases (4.9%), patients developed heterotopic ossification. According to the Kaplan-Meier estimator, 10 years' survival probability was 94.21% for the whole endoprosthesis and 98.34% for the stem alone. CONCLUSIONS 1. Our follow-up data covering a mean period of over 13 years showed that the use of the Ta-perloc stem substantially reduces hip pain and results in a good lasting clinical outcome. 2. With good surgical technique and in the absence of complications, the risk of aseptic loosening is minimal.

BACKGROUND The aim of our study was an evaluation of long-term clinical and radiological results of arthroplasty with BiCONTACT stem. MATERIAL AND METHODS We qualified 115 patients (125 hips) to the retrospective analysis with a minimum 10-year follow-up period. The mean age of patients on the day of surgery varied was 50.7 years. The follow-up period lasted from 126 to 199 months (mean 14 years). RESULTS Harris hip score increased from 47.1 before operations to 85.3 at the last follow-up. Excellent results were recorded in 81 (64.8%) cases, good results in 23 (18.4%) and satisfactory results in 10 (8%) cases, while failure was noted in 11 cases. In 2 cases, aseptic stem loosening was identified, in 8 cup and in 2 cases both: cup and stem loosening. The BiCONTACT stem survival, assessed with the Kaplan-Meier estimator was 97.6%, while that of the both: cup and stem amounted to 91.2%, having taken into account acetabulum or stem loosening as end-point, regardless of cause. CONCLUSIONS 1. In an average 14-year observations, application of a BiCONTACT stem gives good clinical results. 2. With no incidental complications and proper operative technique, the risk of aseptic loosening is really scarce.

Introduction Cartilage lesion with patellar malalignment may be correlated with pain. Situations in which patients with recurrent patellar dislocation are painless between episodes of luxation can be approached with considerable curiosity. We evaluated the distribution of substance-P and S-100 protein expression in soft tissue of the knee in children with recurrent patellar dislocation, in order to evaluate the distribution of nociceptors and determine tissue origins of this situation. Material and methods Samples were collected from the medial and lateral synovial membrane, medial and lateral patellar retinaculum, Hoffa's body, patellar ligament, and quadriceps’ aponeurosis in 10 children during the Blauth procedure and 10 adults with idiopathic osteoarthritis during total joint alloplasty. The density of nociceptive fibres was compared in the children and adults using S-100 and substance-P monoclonal antibodies. Results Statistical differences between groups were demonstrated for S-100 expression in synovial membrane of the medial knee compartment (p < 0.05) and for substance-P expression in the medial patellar retinaculum (p < 0.05) and synovial membrane of the lateral (p < 0.05) and medial (p < 0.05) knee compartment in favour of children. Conclusions Lack of pain sensations in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation may be associated with non-increased expression of nerve endings in Hoffa's body. Increased expression of either S-100 protein or substance-P in synovial membrane and the medial retinaculum did not induce pain development in the knee joints of that group of patients.

The suprascapular notch is covered superiorly by the superior transverse scapular ligament. This region is the most common place of suprascapular nerve entrapment formation. The study was performed on 812 specimens: 86 dry scapulae, 104 formalin-fixed cadaveric shoulders, and 622 computer topography scans of scapulae. In the cases with completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament, the following measurements were performed: proximal and distal width of the bony bridge, middle transverse and vertical diameter of the suprascapular foramen, and area of the suprascapular foramen. An ossified superior transverse scapular ligament was observed more often in men and in the right scapula. The mean age of the subjects with a completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament was found to be similar than in those without ossification. The ossified band-shaped type of superior transverse scapular ligament was more common than the fan-shaped type and reduced the space below the ligament to a significantly greater degree. The ossified band-shaped type should be taken into consideration as a potential risk factor in the formation of suprascapular nerve entrapment. It could explain the comparable frequency of neuropathy in various populations throughout the world despite the significant differences between them in occurrence of ossified superior transverse scapular ligament.

Background The aim of the study was to analyze results of hip arthroplasty with the use of the hydroxy-apatite-coated Corail stem. Material and methods The study group consisted of 134 patients (85 females and 49 males) who underwent 138 hip joint arthroplasties with the use of the Corail stem. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 56.8 years (range from 22 to 75 years). The mean follow-up period was 110.45 months. Results Before surgery all patients were calssified as poor according to the Merle d'Aubigne i Postela classification modified by Charnley. The mean post-operative improvement was 6.8 points. The outcomes were classified as excellent in 98 patients, good in 26, satisfactory in 8 and poor in 6. Poor results were always related to loosening of implant components: aseptic loosening of the acetabular cup in 4 cases, of the stem in 1 case and septic loosening of the whole endoprothesis in 1 case. Periosteal calcification was noted in 13 cases (9.4%). According to the Kaplan-Meier estimator, 8 years' survival rate was 93.33% for the whole implant and 97.77% for the stem. Conclusions 1. Our follow-up data from a mean of nearly 10 years indicate that the use of the Corail stem substantially reduces hip pain and produces a lasting good clinical outcome. 2. With good surgical technique and in the absence of complications, the risk of aseptic loosening is minimal.

Purpose The aim of the study was to assess bone graft incorporation after revision hip arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We report an acetabular reconstruction using impacted, morselized, frozen, radiation sterilized bone allografts in 71 patients suffering from RA. There were sixty-six women and five men at a mean age of 57.5 years. Reconstruction was performed in 78 revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs) for aseptic loosening of acetabular component. The mean follow-up was five years and four months. In 38 cases, a revision was done with use of reinforcement devices. Results In four revised hips (10 %) without reinforcement implants, resorption of the allografts was noticed. All Mueller rings and 50 % of unscrews cages (Link, Howmedica) were revised because of aseptic loosening and bone graft resorption. In all of 17 hips with the Burch-Schneider cage, no measurable migration or bone allografts resorption occurred. There were no major general complications. Conclusions Acetabular reconstruction with use of morselized, frozen, radiation sterilized bone allografts and the Burch-Schneider cage can be highly successful in managing massive deficiency of acetabular bone stock in revision hip arthroplasty in RA patients.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of the medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a medial strip of patellar tendon autograft after a minimum 2-year followup. Ten patients (10 knees) were operated on by one surgeon, according to the modified technique, described by Camanho, without any bone plug at free graft end. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 years (ranging from 18 to 42 years). The mean follow-up period was 3 years and 7 months. All patients were reviewed prospectively. At the last follow-up visit, all the patients demonstrated a significant improvement in terms of patellofemoral joint stability, all aspects of the KOOS questionnaire, and Kujala et al.’s score (59.7 points preoperatively and 84.4 points at the last followup). No patient revealed recurrent dislocation. The SF-36 score revealed a significant improvement in bodily pain, general health, physical role functioning, social role functioning, and physical functioning domains. The described MPFL reconstruction with the use of the medial 1/3rd of patella tendon is an effective procedure that gives satisfactorily patellofemoral joint functions, improves the quality of life, and provides much pain relief. It is relatively simple, surgically not extensive, and economically cost-effective procedure.

Ultrasound examinations are recognised as being safe. The greatest epidemiological threat during the performance of examination is the transfer of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms between patients and from personnel to patients. Colonization of the skin with opportunistic bacteria of immunocompromised and high risk patients may lead to infection following an ultrasound scan. Aim: To identify and evaluate the strains of bacteria occurring on ultrasound equipment subjected to unexpected control performed by a local infectious diseases control team. We assumed that transducers, gel holders and gel bottles can be contaminated with normal human skin microflora. The remaining tested parts of the ultrasound equipment could possibly be contaminated with normal human skin microflora and other pathogens. Material and methods: The swabs were taken from ultrasound scanners located in various hospital settings, from out-patient based radiology scanning rooms to operating theatre, and cultured. Results: Among all isolated 23% strains were classified as environmental microflora; 8% as strains related to patient’s skin contamination; and 13 % strains constituted pathogenic Gram-negative rods.. The remaining strains were classified as opportunistic flora 38%. High prevalence of opportunistic bacteria cultured in our study lead to the modification of the ultrasound cleaning procedures in both institutions and recommendation of the use of antibacterial wipes to clean all parts of ultrasound equipment in contact with patients’ skin and examiners. Conclusions: Contamination not only affects parts of diagnostic equipment placed in direct contact with the patient, but also, those surfaces that only medical personnel have had contact with.

The aim of the study was to determine the degree of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) degeneration and the reduction in the number of its mechanoreceptors, in patients with advanced degenerative joint disease. PCLs taken from study group of 50 patients in the mean age of 70.7 (53-84) years with a diagnosis of advanced idiopathic osteoarthritis undergoing condylar total knee arthroplasty were compared to those taken form the control group of 10 knee joints of cadavers. Groups were matched with regard to sex and age. Histological examination of PCLs of the study group showed changes of an inflammatory process and no significant signs of osteoarthritis in the control group. A close correlation was found between the severity of degenerative changes on the X-ray images according to the Ahlback scale, and the increased mucoid degeneration (p < 0.0001), the severity of the degeneration of the collagen structure (p < 0.0001) and the presence of proprioceptors of PCLs (p < 0.0001). Conserving the PCL by the use of type cruciate retaining knee arthroplasty does not guarantee the preservation of correct proprioceptive sensation.

Introduction The goal of the reported study was an evaluation of results, obtained in the treatment of knee joints with intraarticular pathologies, concomitant with cysts in the popliteal fossa. We hypothesized that removal of popliteal cyst and associated pathology will provide improvement in function, pain of operated knee and patient satisfaction. Material and methods There were 10 patients involved in the study (6 male and 4 female) at the age ranging from 6 to 53 years, with a symptomatic popliteal cyst. The follow-up period varied from 6 to 20 months. Results In all patients intraarticular pathologies were concomitant with popliteal cyst and included: ACL lesion, medial meniscal tear, synovitis, chondral lesion, chondromatosis and synovial plica syndrome. In 50% of the patients, a valvular mechanism was visualised and eliminated during operation. On the average, the Lysholm score was 45.9 before operation and 86.1 at last follow-up. Based on the Visual Analogue Scale patients evaluated their knee joints, on the average 8.2 at before and 3.3 after the operation. According our own scales all but one patient had functional improvement of operated knee, felt better about the knee than before operation and would recommend the treatment to friends and family. Also according to Rauschning and Lindgren classification all but one patient had improvement. No long-term complications were found in any of the operated patients. Conclusions Elimination of intraarticular pathologies coexisting with popliteal cyst provides significant improvement of knee function, pain and patient satisfaction.

Introduction Children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) frequently have problems related to their shoulder. The aim of the investigation was to determine our results in treating shoulder deformity with tendon transfers and soft tissue releases with and without internal rotational osteotomy. We also evaluated the relationships between neurological status, age and selected clinical parameters. Materials and methods We reviewed data of 25 patients (12 girls) after latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfers to the rotator cuff. Internal rotation osteotomy was performed in ten children. The mean age of patients at the time of operation was 3.2 years (range from 10 months to 7.7 years). Result Patients were followed up for a mean of 3.8 years (minimum 2 years). Mallet score improved 4.7 points at last follow-up (p = 0.00002). No patient had shoulder function deterioration. Active and passive external rotation increased significantly after operation: p \ 0.00001, p \ 0.00001, respectively. Statistically significant reduction in active internal rotation was noted (p = 0.04). The other movements have not statistically changed after operation. Active internal rotation difference after internal rotation osteotomy was significantly better than without osteotomy (p = 0.03). Neurological involvement and age had neither positive nor negative influence on final range of motion and outcome. Conclusions Soft tissue rebalancing procedures significantly improve shoulder function in children with persistent OBPP. Addition of internal rotational osteotomy to muscle transfers for severe cases allows maintaining of stabile joint, prevents loosening of internal rotation and does not influence other movements of the shoulder.

Background: When closed by the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL), the suprascapular notch (SSN) creates an osseo-fibrous tunnel which acts as a pathway for the suprascapular nerve (SN). Anatomical variations are common in this region, and these can increase the risk of neuropathy by restricting the space for nerve passage. The aim of this study is to identify any correlation between the area reduction coefficient parameters and the SN and vessel arrangements in the SSN region. Material and methods: The SSN region was dissected in 88 formalin-fixed cadaveric shoulders (40 left and 48 right). During dissection, the topography of the SN, artery and vein was evaluated. Quantitative visual data analysis software was used to measure the areas of the STSL and the anterior coracoscapular ligament (ACSL), as well as the diameters of the SN and associated vessels, and to assign those structures to existing classifications. The area reduction coefficient (ARC) was calculated for each shoulder. Results: The area of the STSL (aSTSL) and ACSL (aACSL) were significantly larger in Type IV than Type I of the triad. Similarly, the aSTSL and area of the SSN (aSSN) were found to be significantly larger in Type IV than Type III. However, no significant differences were found in the ARC of the STSL (ARC STSL ), the ARC of the ACSL (ARC ACSL ) or the total ARC (ARC total ). Conclusions: Although the aSTSL, aACSL and aSSN varied according to the type of SN and vessel arrangement, coefficient analysis (ARC STSL , ARC ACSL and ARC total ) indicated that combined effect of these variations did not significantly affect SSN morphology.

Summary Background The suprascapular notch (SSN) is the most common site of suprascapular nerve neuropathy, which may be brought on by the presence of a deep, narrow SSN and structures restricting the space for the nerve. The anterior coracoscapular ligament (ACSL) is a fibrous band extending on the anterior side of the suprascapular notch. As it may tighten the osteo-fibrous tunnel for the nerve, it has been proposed as a new anatomical risk factor in its entrapment. However, this structure occurs in up to 60% of patients, many of whom do not demonstrate any nerve injury. The aim of this work is to evaluate the association between the occurrence of the ACSL and SSN morphology. Materials and methods The suprascapular notch region was dissected in 100 formalin-fixed, cadaveric shoulders. The ACSL (if present) and the SSN were assigned to a classification based on their morphology and diameters. Statistical analysis was performed. Results The ACSL was present in 52 scapulae (52%) and in all cases, the suprascapular nerve travelled superior to the ACSL. Mechanically relevant types of ACSL were found to occur significantly more often when deeper notches were present ( p = 0.0018). Conclusions The mechanically efficient ACSL is more common in deep and narrow SSNs, which are associated with suprascapular nerve neuropathy. Thus, by supporting the nerve, the ACSL can protect against its injury.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) has become standard treatment for advanced degenerative changes of the hip. A few studies have reported promising clinical outcomes with the Metha stem fixated by metaphyseal anchoring. This study evaluated early bone remodeling around the Metha stem during 12 months of follow-up. The study population included 36 patients (18 women and 18 men) with a mean age of 50.4 years who underwent THA between 2009 and 2011 for advanced degenerative changes of the hip with the Metha stem. Patients were evaluated on the day of surgery, 10 days postoperatively, and then at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Evaluation included Harris Hip Score and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning in 7 Gruen zones. At 12 months postoperatively, Harris Hip Score increased significantly by 38 points. A significant change in bone mineral density (BMD) was found immediately after surgery; this change was most pronounced in Gruen zone 3 (+36%), followed by Gruen zones 2 and 5. The smallest postoperative BMD increase was observed in Gruen zone 7 (+3.66%). In contrast, at 3 months postoperatively, a trend toward decreased BMD was observed in all Gruen zones. At 6 months postoperatively, mean BMD decreased in all Gruen zones except for Gruen zone 6. At 12 months postoperatively, mean BMD increased in Gruen zones 2 through 6, with the highest value (30%) observed in Gruen zone 3; in Gruen zones 1 and 2, mean BMD decreased. Short-term assessment of periprosthetic bone remodeling after uncemented Metha stem implantation revealed different host-bone responses. Apparently, the Metha stem can reduce BMD loss in the proximal femur. DEXA is a precise method for assessing BMD changes around implanted Metha stem.

Chronic tendinopathy of lateral epicondyle of the humerus, commonly known as "tennis elbow" is one of the most frequent tendinopathies caused by recurrent overload of the muscle origins. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of treating lateral epicondylitis (LE) with autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and betamethasone injections, and to compare these methods over the course of a one year follow-up.Patients were randomly placed into one of into two groups: 53 were treated with ACP, and 46 with 1 ml betamethasone injections and 2 ml of 1 % lignocaine. Both those groups were comparable in terms of initial DASH score.After six weeks and six months, the mean DASH score was significantly better in the betamethasone group, but was better in ACP group after one year. Full recovery (patients with no symptoms) at all time points was more common in the betamethasone group. A comparison of grouped DASH scores revealed more very good and good results in the ACP group after one year. More patients had pain symptoms related to injection in the ACP group than the betamethasone group.ACP therapy of LE allows better results to be obtained at 12 months. Betamethasone injections give more rapid improvement, but the therapeutic effect is longer lasting in the ACP group.

Background The aim of the study was to analyze effectiveness and safety of packing the medullary canal of the tibia and femur with Herafill (Heraeus Medical GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany), a void filler and antibiotic carrier, during second stage revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Methods Two groups were formed of 28 consecutive patients during second stage revision TKA, comparable for gender and age. The study group received Herafill, while the control group did not. The average follow-up was 52 months (minimum 36 months). Results No reinfections were observed in the study group, while five were seen in the control group. No other differences were observed between the study and control groups, including mean clinical KSS (Knee Society score) (67.4 and 68.4 points, respectively) and functional score (72.5 and 70.5 points respectively). No side effects related to the use of Herafill beads were noted. Conclusions Herafill packed into the tibial and femoral intramedullary canal during second stage of septic revision TKA is a reliable bone substitute, may reduce recurrence of infection and incorporates well with host bone. However, results after PJI treatment are less than optimal measured by KSSs as compared to patients who do not require revision.

Background. Reconstruction surgery is the most frequent treatment for patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions. The goal of the study was to present patients' subjective evaluation of their return to motor activity after ACL reconstruction and investigate whether and what demographic or clinical factors determine the recovery of physical function of ACL reconstruction patients. Material and methods. The study involved a group of fifty (50) patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. The mean age of patients was 32 years. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the patients. The first part of the questionnaire was concerned with personal and clinical data, while the second part was the KOOS form. Results. The incidence of unfavourable, post-operative symptoms was lower in elderly patients, as well as in those with longer periods between injury and reconstruction. The patients in whom the patellar ligament was used for the reconstruction demonstrated better outcomes as regards returning to sports and recreational activity than those in whom flexor tendons were used. The patients who returned to practising a sport reported more pain episodes and problems with daily and sports activities. Their quality of life was inferior to those who did not return to unrestricted sports activity. Conclusions. 1. Neither sex nor BMI has any statistically significant effect on the recovery of mobility after ACL reconstruction. 2. ACL reconstruction with a graft harvested from the central band of the patellar ligament appears to be more appropriate for patients willing to return to full sports and recreational activity. 3. It is better to carry our ACL reconstruction when normal knee joint function has been regained and injury-related symptoms have subsided.

Background. This study aimed to assess contact between Recon Shell reinforcement cages used in revision hip arthroplasty and the bony base. Radiographic examinations were performed with the use of multi-energy computed tomography. Material and methods. We tentatively assess the fixation of Burch-Schneider reinforcement cages (Recon Shell made by Aesculap company) implanted in 10 patients, using two methods of evaluation. An analysis of dual energy CT scans enabled us to assess contact between the reinforcement cages and the bony base. Results. The two methods of evaluation produced different results. The evaluation method based on the division of the acetabular component into a weight-bearing zone and a non-weight-bearing zone (accounting for screw fixation) showed lack of support in the weight-bearing zone in 6 out of 10 cases and direct contact with the implant bed in only one case. The assessment of contact at anchorage holes of reinforcement cages fixed at primary procedures revealed no such support in only one case and the presence of direct contact in 5 cases. There was no correlation between the radiological outcomes and clinical results based on the Harris Hip Score. Conclusions. 1. Multi-energy computed tomography (MARS) is useful in evaluating results of revision hip allo-plasty. 2. The introduction of new imaging techniques for the evaluation of revision procedures demonstrates a need for new, unified methods of outcome assessment adjusted to the characteristics of a particular procedure.

Background There are still many questions related to aseptic femoral stem loosening. Systemic and local immune responses to the implanted “foreign body” is one of the reasons for loosening. The purpose of the study was to measure metal ion concentration (Ti, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Al) around loosened femoral stems and compare their levels around uncemented and cemented implants. Methods This paper reports 50 hips operated for isolated stem loosening, in 50 patients at the mean age of 57 years (from 21 to 87). There were 25 cemented (Co,Cr29,Mo,Ni) and 25 uncemented (Ti, Al) stems. The mean follow-up from primary hip replacement to revision was 10.1 years (from 0.5 to 17). During the procedure, scar tissue around the stem was taken for analysis of metal ions. Results The concentrations of titanium and aluminium in soft tissues around uncemented loosened stems were higher than cemented ones (p

We performed metallographic evaluations of implants, removed during revision hip arthroplasty. The implants were evaluated for electrochemical potentials and the presence of wear products on the implants surface. A total of 50 patients (50 hips) underwent revision hip arthroplasty during the years 2007-2009 for aseptic loosening. The mean follow-up from primary hip replacement to revision was 10.1 years (from six months to 17 years). All hip joint implants removed during the revision arthroplasty were submitted to metallographic analysis and all heads were submitted to analysis under a scanning microscope. All polyethylene (PE) cups and inserts showed numerous features of wear (friction wear, plastic deformation and creeping, fatigue wear and degradation), six PE cups were broken. In six ceramic cups, only friction wear features were found; one of them was mechanically broken. In all heads articulating on PE not one had any mechanical damage. Heads of ceramic implants in ceramic-ceramic articulation undergo abrasive wear. None of the studied stems (cemented or uncemented) revealed any features of wear. Areas of titanium crystals (formed by electrolytic sedimentation of metals) were macroscopically identified on the sliding surface of six heads that was confirmed by chemical composition and scanning microscope. In the course of prosthesis use, wear products are produced and transferred onto the sliding surfaces of implant heads and cups via ways other than purely mechanical contact. It has been confirmed that metals used for implant construction, make galvanic cells with different electrochemical potentials.