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THE METRICS OF THE ARMENIAN PARISH IN ZAMOŚĆ FROM THE YEARS 1694-1776 The metrical notes of the Armenian Catholic parish in Zamość from the years 1694-1776, kept in the Wasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library, constitute nowadays the only known register of the baptisms and marriages administered in this parish. This source also includes a few notes of chronicle character and a copy of the will of the Armenian wójt Stefan Ałtunowicz. The publication is an edition of metrical entries and other notes. Its issue aim at providing researches with material for linguistic, genealogic, statistic and demographic, social, and cultural studies.

A hexaradicaloid molecule with alternating Kekule and non-Kekule connectivities between adjacent spin centers was obtained by fusing two conjugation motifs in Chichibabin and Schlenk hydrocarbons into a coronoid structure. 1 H NMR, ESR, and SQUID experiments and computational analyses show that the system has a singlet ground state with a significant hexaradicaloid character (γ0 =0.826, γ1 =γ2 =0.773). It has multiple thermally accessible high-spin states (up to the septet), with uniform energy gaps of ca 1.0 kcal mol-1 between consecutive multiplicities. In line with its open-shell character, the coronoid has a small electronic band gap (ca. 0.8 eV) and undergoes two consecutive one-electron oxidations at low potentials, yielding cationic forms with extended near-infrared absorption. The hexaradicaloid, which combines open-shell and macrocyclic contributions to its π conjugation, is an example of a design strategy for multistate spin switches and redox-amphoteric NIR dyes.

A diindenophenanthrene biradicaloid, formally derived from Chichibabin's hydrocarbon, is obtained in a short, scalable synthesis. The present system is electron-rich and devoid of conjugated substituents, and still exhibits very good stability under ambient conditions. The introduction of the diindeno[1,2-a:2′,1′-i] phenanthrene ring framework results in a singlet biradicaloid system with an easily accessible triplet state (ΔES–T = −1.30 kcal mol−1) and a small electronic bandgap (1.39 V). The stability limits of the title hydrocarbon were explored systematically in the solid state, to reveal an unusual thermally initiated hydrogen-scrambling oligomerization process.

Armenians in Zamość in the first three decades of the city’s existence Armenian settlement in Zamość was legally based on the privilege issuedon April 30, 1585 in Belz by the Grand Chancellor of the Crown, Jan Zamoyski,acting as a private owner of the city. Most likely, however, the first Armeniansbegan to arrive in the city even before the official announcement of the privilege.The author presents the process of their settlement in Zamość in the years 1580-1610, discusses the activity of the first Armenian settlers in the city’s life, especiallyin trade, crafts and real estate, as well as the emergence of the representation of thisethnic group in the city authorities and their own community.

Octulene, the higher homologue of kekulene and septulene, was synthesized using the fold-in method. This new hydrocarbon macrocycle contains a large 24-membered inner circuit, which is peripherally fused to 24 benzene rings. Such an arrangement produces considerable hyperbolic distortion of the π-conjugated surface. The consequences of distortion in octulene were explored using photophysical methods, which revealed a reduced electronic band gap and greater flexibility of the π system. Octulene contains a functional cavity with a diameter larger than 5.5 A that is capable of efficiently binding the chloride anion in a nonpolar solvent (Ka= 2.2(4)×104 m−1, 1 % dichloromethane (DCM) in benzene). The octulene–chloride interaction is stabilized by eight weak C(sp2)H⋅⋅⋅Cl bonds, providing the first example of a hydrocarbon-based anion receptor.

[4]Chrysaorene, a fully conjugated carbocyclic coronoid, is shown to be a low-bandgap π-conjugated system with a distinct open-shell character. The system shows good chemical stability and can be oxidized to well-defined radical cation and dication states. The cavity of [4]chrysaorene acts as an anion receptor toward halide ions with a particular selectivity toward iodides (Ka = 207 ± 6 M–1). The interplay between anion binding and redox chemistry is demonstrated using a 1H NMR analysis in solution. In particular, a well-resolved, paramagnetically shifted spectrum of the [4]chrysaorene radical cation is observed, providing evidence for the inner binding of the iodide. The radical cation–iodide adduct can be generated in thin solid films of [4] chrysaorene by simple exposure to diiodine vapor.

This review summarizes recent advances in the chemistry of curved aromatic molecules. By focusing on the key accomplishments of the last decade, we provide a general overview of synthetic methods capable of efficient induction of internal strain in π-conjugated frameworks. The review is structured according to the topology change involved in the strain-inducing reaction step (cyclizations, eliminations, ring expansions and contractions), and highlights the striking diversity of structures achievable with modern synthetic methodology.

Traces of the Presence of Armenian Merchants in Łowicz and Armenian Episodes in the Religious History of This City in the 17th and 18th CenturiesIn the 17th and the 18th century in Łowicz Armenians were mostly tradesmen, particularly associated with the St Mathhew fair (on 10th October). Two Armenian families decided to settle in Łowicz: the Augustynowicz family (originally from Lwów) and the Faruchowicz family (from Jazłowiec). Also, in the 18th century four Roman Catholic priests of Armenian origin worked as canons at Łowicz collegiate chapter: Jan Nepomucen Awedyk, Mikołaj Jaśkiewicz, Franciszek Nikorowicz and Grzegorz Zachariasiewicz.

Two coronoid hydrocarbons, [3]- and [4]chrysaorene were synthesized from fluorenophane precursors using the fold-in strategy. [3]Chrysaorene is a bowl-shaped fragment of the C240-Ih fullerene, whereas [4]chrysaorene is planar and contains a unique large 24-membered internal ring. The chrysaorenes show geometry-dependent magnetic properties and are strongly fluorescent.

An octaphyrin(1.2.1.1.1.2.1.1) containing two conjugated ethynylene bridges has been synthesized and characterized. The macrocycle reveals complex conformational dynamics dependent on its protonation and oxidation state. The [40]annulenoid macrocycle and its [38]annulenoid oxidized form display residual macrocyclic ring currents. In spite of its low apparent aromaticity the new octaphyrin is a potent chromophore with a vis-NIR absorption profile strongly influenced by the redox and acid–base chemistry.

A simple and efficient iron-catalyzed method for arylation of aromatic carbonyl compounds is reported. The use of 4 % FeCl3 or Fe(acac)3 as the catalyst, in combination with a slight excess of chlorotrimethylsilane and triethylsilane, chlorination of benzylic ketones and aldehydes with subsequent Friedel–Crafts alkylation of arenes is achieved. Although the method is limited by the general constraints associated with Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions, robust applications for the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and so on can be envisioned.

Two hitherto unknown core modified hexaphyrin analogues have been synthesized and characterized where the conformational dynamics of these macrocycles in the free base form is achieved by the rotation of thienothiophene units. Further unique property of these macrocycles is the Huckel-Mobius topological switching. The thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetics of the interconversion leading to Huckel-Mobius switches have been triggered by external stimuli, such as protonation and/or temperature. We have provided a thorough solution-state spectroscopic characterization, solid-state structural evidence combined with in-depth theoretical calculations to investigate the crucial factors involved in such interconversion between Huckel and Mobius topologies for these hexaphyrins which will be useful in designing future new members to expanded porphyrin chemistry.

A simple and efficient iron-catalyzed method for arylation of aromatic carbonyl compounds is reported. The use of 4 % FeCl3 or Fe(acac)3 as the catalyst, in combination with a slight excess of chlorotrimethylsilane and triethylsilane, chlorination of benzylic ketones and aldehydes with subsequent Friedel–Crafts alkylation of arenes is achieved. Although the method is limited by the general constraints associated with Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions, robust applications for the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and so on can be envisioned.

A forgotten minority: Armenians in Piotrków Trybunalski in the 17th and 18th century Until now the problem of the presence of the Armenian minority in Piotrków Trybunalski in the 17th and 18th century was not engaged in historiography. The article discusses the history of Armenians who settled in Piotrków in the 17th and 18th century. The convenient location of the city at the intersection of important trade routes and the presence of the rich gentry, who arrived to participate in the debates of the Royal Tribunal, created the opportunity of running profitable business ventures. This was the main reason that made the Armenian merchants settle in Piotrków. Within a short period of time, owing to the business that they ran competently, they accessed the economic and political elite, and held important offices at the Merchant Guild and the city council.