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Accurate asset-level data can dramatically enhance the ability of investors, regulators, governments, and civil society to measure and manage different forms of environmental risk, opportunity, and impact. Asset-level data is information about physical and non-physical assets tied to company ownership information. • Remote sensing (and related technological developments such as machine learning) can help secure better asset-level data and at higher refresh rates. In particular remote sensing can help identify the features and use of assets relevant to determining asset-level GHG emissions. • We expect that the development of a global catalogue of every physical asset in the world to be already within the reach of technical feasibility. The process of identifying and tagging assets (e.g. power generating stations, mines, farms, industrial sites) and asset-level features (e.g. cooling technologies, air pollution control technologies) can be automated through the use of machine learning. • It is possible to train learning algorithms to recognise an asset and its features in remote imagery and then scan global imagery corpuses to identify all assets of that type. Human error rates are sufficiently low on these classification tasks that it is reasonable to expect these problems to be entirely automatable. • With the exponential increase in space-based sensing, computing power, and algorithmic complexity, end-to-end learning systems are becoming increasingly available to academic researchers and the private sector alike. • There are also viable methods using remote sensing data that could be implemented to measure asset-level GHG emissions. These methods are: (1) a direct method, which involves the use of various sensors on spaceborne and airborne instruments to measure emissions directly; and (2) an indirect method, which utilises various identifiable asset characteristics to model GHG emissions. • The direct method of monitoring emissions requires the use of satellite or airborne instruments. Accurately monitor GHGs from space is challenging because of their relatively small signal in comparison to other atmospheric constituents, but advances in both sensor technology and retrieval models are leading to more precise detection. • Direct emission monitoring is currently feasible for a relatively limited scope of assets (such as assets that are situated in regions with very few other sources of emissions in the surrounding area). The launch of the CarbonSat satellite in 2020 as well as some already scheduled sunsynchronous sensors offer the potential for more precise observation of GHG concentrations and emissions at the asset-level. • A complementary approach to direct measurement is to model GHG emissions indirectly using identifiable asset characteristics. This requires the identification of key characteristics that are associated with GHG emissions. For example, asset utilisation rates are inherently linked to the level of GHG emissions. Using some of the spaceborne instruments in combination with real asset-level production data it is possible to model an asset’s utilisation rate. Employing this projection of the utilisation rate an estimate of the emissions can then be obtained using a standardised model. The indirect approach represents a more feasible method of measuring GHG emissions based on currently available technology. • Through future research projects undertaken over multiple phases we plan to make asset-level data (including various technical features) and GHG emissions monitoring for each asset (using both direct and indirect methods) available for every physical asset in every sector globally, beginning with the most GHG intensive assets. We hope to create platforms for various users to access and use this data. This endeavour has the potential to transform how different actors in different parts of society measure and manage environmental risks, impacts and opportunities. It is enabled by significant public (and private) investment in data capture and remote sensing, which can now be brought together and processed in novel ways for direct application.

SSCI-VIDE+CARE+DLG:SNS:PVE; National audience; La réduction sélective catalytique (RSC) des NOx par le CH4 se présente comme une technologie très intéressante par la dépollution des NOx émis par moteurs à combustion interne au gaz naturel. Des zéolithes contenant différents métaux (Pd, Co, In ou Ga) sont considérées comme des matériaux prometteurs grâce à des paramètres structuraux et chimiques ajustables sur mesure, comme la taille et forme des pores, l’acidité ou la possibilité de modifier le cation compensateur par échange ionique ou imprégnation [1]. Dans ce travail, nous proposons différentes structures zéolitiques (FER, MOR, ZSM-5, BEA) en systèmes monométalliques (Co ou Pd) ou bimétalliques (Co et Pd) pour la RSC des NOx par le CH4. Les performances catalytiques sont mesurées entre 300°C et 700°C et les catalyseurs ont été vieillis sous mélange réactionnel à 700 ºC (12 heures). Les catalyseurs synthétisés associent du Pd à l’état cationique (échange ionique ≈ 0,5 % wt.) au Co déposé sur la surface (imprégnation ≈ 2 % wt.) sur différentes supports zéolitiques. La Figure 1 montre les performances catalytiques des différentes formulations zéolitiques étudiées. L’oxydation de CH4 commence vers 350 °C et atteint 80 % à 500 °C. L’activité catalytique est similaire pour toutes les zéolithes. Par rapport à la production de N2, les catalyseurs à base de MOR (2-Co-0.5Pd-MOR) et FER (2-Co-0.5Pd-FER) présentent les meilleures performances (33 % et 28 % de réduction de NOx en N2, respectivement) avec une pauvre activité du catalyseur à base de ZSM-5 (2-Co-0.5Pd-ZSM5). Par contre, à l’état vieilli, le catalyseur devient moins sélectif et produit plus de NO2 (pas montré) et la conversion de NOx descend à 3 % et à 17 % pour MOR et FER, respectivement. La désactivation si différente entre les deux catalyseurs peut être expliqué par la différent taille des pores (les rapports Si/Al ainsi que les surfaces spécifiques sont similaires (Figure 1)). Les petits pores peuvent servir pour mieux stabiliser les métaux échangés et pour protéger du frittage. Ces hypothèses ont été confirmées par la microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) réalisée sur ces catalyseurs après réaction. D’abord, le Co reste sous forme de nanoparticules en surface des cristallites de zéolithe sur le catalyseur à base de FER. La majorité des nanoparticules présentent une petite taille (< 2 nm). De plus, aucune particule de Pd n’a pas été observée, ce qui suggère que le Pd reste à l’état cationique. Au contraire, sur le catalyseur à base de MOR après vieillissement, de grosses particules agglomérées de Pd (> 20 nm) sont clairement observées, démontrant que le Pd n’est plus dans le réseau de la zéolithe. Cette étude a permis d’évaluer les performances catalytiques des catalyseurs zéolitiques dans des conditions proches à ceux des moteurs au gaz naturel travaillant en excès d’oxygène. Ces catalyseurs permettent d’obtenir une conversion des NOx en N2 élevée. Après vieillissement, l’activité baisse fortement, ce qui a été liée à la différente structure poreuse des zéolithes. [1] F. Lonyi, H.E. Solt, Z. Paszti, J. Valyon, Appl. Catal. B. 150-151 (2014) 218-229.

International audience; Since the early 1990s, the French “Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire” (IRSN) has developed the SCANAIR computer code with the view to analysing pressurised water reactor (PWR) safety. This software specifically focuses on studying fast transients such as reactivity-initiated accidents (RIA) caused by possible ejection of control rods. The code aims at improving the global understanding of the physical mechanisms governing the thermal-mechanical behaviour of a single rod. It is currently used to analyse integral tests performed in CABRI and NSRR experimental reactors. The resulting validated code is used to carry out studies required to evaluate margins in relation to criteria for different types of fuel rods used in nuclear power plants. Because phenomena occurring during fast power transients are complex, the simulation in SCANAIR is based on a close coupling between several modules aimed at modelling thermal, thermal-hydraulics, mechanical and gas behaviour. During the first stage of fast power transients, clad deformation is mainly governed by the pellet–clad mechanical interaction (PCMI). At the later stage, heat transfers from pellet to clad bring the cladding material to such high temperatures that the boiling crisis might occurs. The significant over-pressurisation of the rod and the fact of maintaining the cladding material at elevated temperatures during a fairly long period can lead to ballooning and possible clad failure. A brief introduction describes the context, the historical background and recalls the main phenomena involved under fast transient conditions. Then, the main features of the SCANAIR computer code (version 7) are presented. The present paper is particularly focused on the detailed description of the thermal dynamics, the structural mechanics until the prediction of the clad failure and the gas behaviour modellings. A further paper will be focused on the code validation. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Malnutrition is associated with a high morbi-mortality in elderly populations and their institutionalization at an early stage. The incidence is well known despite being often under-diagnosed in primary care. General practitioners (GPs) have a key role in home care. What are the factors affecting malnutrition-screening implementation by French GPs?We conducted a cross-sectional survey in two areas in the southeast of France (Savoie and Isère). In May 2008, an anonymized survey was sent by e-mail and/or post to all GPs with a large clinical practice. Two months later, reminder letters were sent. Potential barriers were measured by dichotomous scale. On GPs' characteristics (socio-demographic, medical training, geriatric practice and knowledge), multiple regression logistic was performed to identify others factors affecting malnutrition screening.In all, 493 GPs (26.85%) answered and 72.2% felt that malnutrition screening was useful although only 26.6% implemented it each year and 11.9% every 2-5 years. The main barriers to the implementation were patient selection (60.4%) and forgetting to screen (26.6%). Minor barriers were lack of knowledge (19.5%) or time (15%). New factors were identified: unsuitable working conditions (19.1%), insufficient motivation (6.8%) or technical support (7.2%). The quality of malnutrition information received was found to be the only promoter of annual screening (odds ratio=1.44 (1.087-1.919); P=0.011).This survey is the first in France to reveal GPs' factors affecting malnutrition implementation. New obstacles were identified in this survey. The hope of implementing regular malnutrition screening by GPs seems to lie with the quality of malnutrition information received.

The following items are described : Objectives of the FPT3 experiments, Model of the B4C oxidation, ICARE2 calculations to define a preliminary scenario. A steam flow rate of 0.3 g/s during the oxidation escalation leads to the required long steam starvation period.

International audience

International audience

International audience

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International audience

International audience

International audience

Filamentous viral particles were observed by electron microscopy in several banana plants without symptoms (Fig. 1). The same type of particles were also identified in mixed infections with the viruses responsible for diseases in banana: the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in banana plants developing unusual symptoms of necrosis, the banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) and the banana streak virus (BSV). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were developed against particles purified from apparently healthy cv MBouroukou (Fig. 2) and cv Ducasse. These antibodies reacted with one protein of an estimated size of 30kD (Fig. 3). This serological reaction was obtained with banana samples infected by filamentous viral particles collected from banana germplasm collections at INIBAP and CIRAD-FLHOR Guadeloupe, from banana samples showing CMV symptoms and unusual necrosis and from BBTD infected banana samples. These viral particles, alone or in coinfection, were serologically related and maybe identical. Twenty-five percent of the germplasm studied was infected by the filamentous particle alone which seemed to be restricted to the AAB Musa genome. The comprehensive survey of the Musa collection at CIRAD-FLHOR in Guadeloupe revealed only vegetative dissemination. The particles involved in coinfection with CMV appeared to be related to severe attacks of the chlorosis disease and strongly correlated with necrosis symptoms (Fig. 4). It seemed to be propagated in the same way as CMV because the planting material was virus free. If these viral particles alone and in coinfection are the same particles, the opportunity to be in mixed infection would facilitate their propagation. In order to understand their role and to study their impact, an ELISA test combining polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies was developed.

National audience