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ABSTRACT Stachytarpheta is one of the largest genera of Verbenaceae, found mainly in the campos rupestres of Brazil. We describe a new species, Stachytarpheta lajedicola, and report for the first time the occurrence of the genus in limestone outcrops. The new species is endemic to the Caatinga domain, northern Minas Gerais state, growing in an open karst formation of the municipality of Matias Cardoso, locally known as Lajedão. Its main diagnostic characteristics are the branches with well-developed longitudinal edges, leaves with attenuate to caudate apex, and inflorescences with linear bracts, exceeding the calyx in length. We provide a detailed description, illustrations, photographs, a geographic occurrence map, and comparisons with the morphologically similar species. Stachytarpheta lajedicola may be considered Critically Endangered (CR), and the biological importance of Lajedão and the conservation of the new species are discussed.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world. Despite that, this biome still includes many areas that are poorly known floristically, including several protected areas, such as the "Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto" ("Flona do Rio Preto"), located in the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo. This study used a published vascular plant species list for this protected area from the "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil" as the basis to synthesise the species richness, endemism, conservation and new species occurrences found in the "Flona do Rio Preto".The published list of vascular plants was based on field expeditions conducted between 2018 and 2020 and data obtained from herbarium collections available in online databases. Overall, 722 species were documented for the "Flona do Rio Preto", 711 of which are native to Brazil and 349 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In addition, 60 species are geographically disjunct between the Atlantic and the Amazon Forests. Most of the documented species are woody and more than 50% of these are trees. Twenty-three species are threatened (CR, EN and VU), while five are Data Deficient (DD). Thirty-two species are new records for the State of Espírito Santo. Our results expand the knowledge of the flora of the Atlantic Forest and provide support for the development of new conservation policies for this protected area.

ABSTRACT Stachytarpheta is the second largest genus of Verbenaceae, mainly distributed in xeric habitats of South America. The morphological revision of South American specimens clarified the taxonomic identity of three previously accepted species from informal group Gesnerioides: S. sprucei (from the Amazon Forest domain), S. alata, and S. tomentosa (from the Atlantic Forest domain). A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed here, with the synonymization of S. alata and S. tomentosa under S. sprucei. Consequently, the newly circumscribed S. sprucei evidences a remarkable geographic disjunction, with populations separated by the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco domains (the South American dry diagonal). It inhabits inselbergs, tepuis, and savannas in the Amazon Forest domain, and top of inselbergs surrounded by forest in the Atlantic Forest domain. A detailed species description, taxonomic comments, a geographic distribution map, photos of living specimens, and an identification key to the species from the Gesnerioides group are included.

We present new records of Passifloraceae sensu stricto from Itatiaia National Park, Brazil, contributing new data on the geographic distribution of four Passiflora L. species to the flora of Brazil: P. deidamioides Harms, P. miersii Mast., P. rhamnifolia Mast., and P. setulosa Killip. The last three species are reported from Itatiaia National Park and the last species from the state of Rio de Janeiro for the first time.

The Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is a conservation unit established to preserve the highest savannahs of Central Brazil and their unique biodiversity. Eriocaulaceae are a relevant and conspicuous family in such high savannahs, but its diversity is poorly known, documented solely in general lists or in isolated efforts aimed at small groups. After a structured series of field expeditions and analysis of specimens from the relevant herbaria, we provide nomenclatural novelties, a first identification key, and an illustrated checklist for the species of Paepalanthoideae (Eriocaulaceae) in the area. We recorded 42 species of Paepalanthoideae from the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park: Actinocephalus (Körn.) Sano (2 spp.), Comanthera L.B.Sm. (1 sp.), Paepalanthus Mart. (24 spp.), and Syngonanthus Ruhland (15 spp.). Actinocephalus brevifolius Trovó & Echtern. sp. nov. and P. irwinii Trovó & Echtern. sp. nov. are newly described species and P. politus Trovó stat. et nom. nov. is a variety of P. elongatus (Bong.) Körn. raised to the species status with a new name. The generic and specific composition shows predominance of Paepalanthus and Syngonanthus, and with a low representation of Actinocephalus and Comanthera, as expected, outside of the Espinhaço Range. More than 50% of the species (22 spp.) are endemic to the area and 25 species are endemic to Central Brazil, the area being the main center of diversity for dimerous-flowered groups. The non-endemic diversity is a combination of widespread species and marginal distribution of species typical from the Amazon and southeastern savannahs. The species are unevenly distributed in the area, with their occurrence correlated to altitude, water availability, and lithology. We reinforce that the savannahs from Central Brazil are a secondary center of diversity for Eriocaulaceae, playing a central role in the conservation of an unique and irreplaceable piece of its diversity and the Cerrado biome as well.

The Stachytarpheta longispicata complex is a group of seven accepted infraspecific taxa endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, defined by its pedicellate flowers with salmon or dark red corollas. Due to the great morphological variation and very brief original descriptions, these taxa have controversial circumscriptions. We evaluated the morphological variation through the morphometric analysis of 11 natural populations in addition to nomenclatural types to assess the current infraspecific circumscriptions and clarify the limits of these taxa. A set of 36 continuous vegetative and reproductive characters was measured for each of the 115 specimens sampled, encompassing the morphological variability in the group and its geographic distribution. A compiled data matrix formed the basis for the multivariate analysis (UPGMA, PCA, and DA). Our results recovered five consistent groups corresponding to the four subspecies, and all three recognised varieties treated in the same morphological group. Quantitative and qualitative characters not previously studied in detail are important to delimit the five groups. A taxonomic rearrangement is proposed for the complex, circumscribing five distinct species: Stachytarpheta brevibracteata, S. longipedicellata, S. longispicata, S. minasensis, and S. ratteri. The taxonomic treatment includes four new combinations and names at new rank, two new synonyms, and one lectotype. Descriptions, an identification key, geographical distribution map, illustrations, and provisional conservation assessments are also provided.

Abstract This study details the floristic diversity of Mentheae (Lamiaceae - Nepetoideae) from the Itatiaia National Park, the first Protected Area in Brazil. Among the 30 species of Lamiaceae cited for the Park, we recorded 15 species belonging to Mentheae arranged in seven genera: Cunila (2 spp.), Hedeoma (1 sp.), Hesperozygis (1 sp.), Lepechinia (1 sp.), Prunella (1 sp.), Rhabdocaulon (1 sp.), and Salvia (8 spp.). The region presents significant diversity, considering the 62 native species of Mentheae recorded in the Brazilian Southeast. The species are distributed in the Park’s different vegetation types, mostly in shaded areas of the ombrophilous forests or throughout high-altitude grasslands. We provide a complete description for each species and an identification key, as well as comments on species distribution, habitat, morphological variation, and phenology.

Brazilian protected areas are essential for the conservation of plants of the Atlantic Forest domain, one of 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the richness of plants protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism, and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the list. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN, or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD), and five as priorities for conservation."Parque Nacional do Caparaó" houses 8% of the land plant species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including 6% of its angiosperms, 31% of its lycophytes and ferns, and 14% of its avascular plants. Twelve percent of the threatened species listed for the state of Espírito Santo and 7% listed for the state of Minas Gerais are also protected by PNC. Surprisingly, 79% of the collections analyzed here were carried out in Minas Gerais, which represents just 21% of the total extension of the park. The compiled data uncover a huge botanical collection gap in this federally protected area.

Abstract We present a floristic treatment of the Eriocaulaceae from Espírito Santo state. A total of 22 species distributed in seven genera were recorded. Paepalanthus is the richest genus with ten species, followed by Leiothrix and Syngonanthus with three species each, Comanthera with two species, and Actinocephalus, Eriocaulon, and Tonina with one species each. Most of the species occur in the restingas (14 spp.), but the diversity in elevated areas is also relevant. The Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park is highlighted as a conservation unit encompassing ten species. Photos, descriptions, an identification key, as well as comments on geographic distribution and morphological variation are provided.

The Diamantina Plateau is located in the central region of the Espinhaço Range, in the State of Minas Gerais, which is dominated by campo rupestre formations. We describe a new species of Lippia L., endemic to the Diamantina Plateau, and provide an annotated checklist and identification key for the 17 species of the genus occurring in the area. Lippia raoniana P.H.Cardoso & Salimena sp. nov. is mainly distinguished by its ovate leaves with adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely covered by sessile glandular trichomes, and drupaceous fruits with two pyrenes. It is known only from two populations, and thus can be provisionally considered as Critically Endangered. Details on the species’ ecology, as well as a comparison with morphologically similar species, a distribution map, and field photographs, are provided. In this work, we also present pictures of the 17 species in their habitats, and we hope that these illustrations will help in the identification and conservation of these taxa.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta o tratamento florístico de Ochnaceae no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, contribuindo com o conhecimento da família na Serra da Mantiqueira. A família está representada por quatro espécies de Ouratea (O. campos-portoi, O. parviflora, O. semiserrata e O. vaccinioides) e duas espécies de Sauvagesia (S. erecta e S. vellozii). As espécies são encontradas majoritariamente na parte baixa do Parque, geralmente associadas a corpos d’água. Com exceção de S. erecta, que possui ampla distribuição, todas as demais espécies são endêmicas do Brasil, sendo O. campos-portoi endêmica do Parque. São fornecidas descrições, chave de identificação, além de ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição geográfica, hábitat e variação morfológica das espécies.

Resumo Campanulaceae possui distribuição cosmopolita, sendo composta por cerca de 2.400 espécies e 84 gêneros. No Brasil, compreende 55 espécies, distribuídas majoritariamente na Mata Atlântica do sudeste. Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o tratamento florístico das espécies da família na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro, representando a porção norte da Serra do Mar no estado. Foram registradas 18 espécies distribuídas em cinco gêneros: Centropogon (1 spp.), Hippobroma (1 spp.), Triodanis (1 spp.), Lobelia (5 spp.) e Siphocampylus (10 spp.). A maioria das espécies ocorre em campos de altitude e áreas antropizadas, como beira de estradas. L. santos-limae é a única espécie endêmica do estado, sendo avaliada como criticamente em perigo de extinção. Ressalta-se a ocorrência de Triodanis perfoliata, que não havia sua distribuição atribuída ao estado. São apresentadas ilustrações, descrições, chave de identificação, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e variação morfológica das espécies.

RESUMO Apresentamos o tratamento florístico de Verbenaceae no Parque Estadual do Pico do Itambé, localizado na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço no Estado de Minas Gerais. Com área total de 4.696 ha, essa Unidade de Conservação apresenta o ponto de maior altitude da Cadeia do Espinhaço, o Pico do Itambé com 2.060 m. Está inserida em uma área considerada de importância biológica especial, onde se destacam os campos rupestres. Após o trabalho de campo e a consulta em herbários foram encontradas seis espécies de Verbenaceae pertencentes a três gêneros: Lantana camara L., Lantana lundiana Schauer, Lippia origanoides Kunth, Lippia pseudothea Schauer, Lippia rhodocnemis Mart. & Schauer e Stachytarpheta itambensis S.Atkins, as duas últimas consideradas ameaçadas de extinção. São fornecidas descrições, chave de identificação, fotografias e comentários sobre a taxonomia, distribuição geográfica e habitats preferencias, contribuindo com o manejo e a conservação das espécies.

Resumo Este estudo compreende a flora de Verbenaceae no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, um importante remanescente de Floresta Atlântica no Complexo da Serra da Mantiqueira. O trabalho foi realizado em toda a extensão do parque com base em materiais coletados em campo e espécimes depositados em herbários. Foram encontrados seis gêneros: Glandularia, Lantana, Lippia, Petrea, Stachytarpheta e Verbena e nove espécies, destacando-se Lippia pubescens e Stachytarpheta speciosa com ocorrência restrita ao Parque. As espécies ocorrem nas diversas fitofisionomias do Parque, desde sub-bosque de florestas ombrófilas a campos de altitude. São fornecidas descrições, chave de identificação, fotografias e comentários sobre ecologia, taxonomia e distribuição geográfica das espécies.

Background and aims – Paepalanthus is the largest genus of Neotropical Eriocaulaceae and the largest genus of Brazilian monocots. Much of its taxonomic and morphological diversity remains unknown. A new species is described, with details on pollen and seed morphology.Methods – The morphological description of the vegetative and floral characters was made using a stereoscopic microscope with camera. Pollen and seed samples from the new species and from two related taxa were studied under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Key results – Paepalanthus decumbens is described and illustrated, including details of pollen grains and seeds. The species is restricted to a small area in the campos rupestres of Serra de São José (Minas Gerais, Brazil), and therefore should be considered as critically endangered. The decumbent stem, falciform leaves with long trichomes along the margins, the numerous and sericeous scapes of roughly the same size of the leaves, and the dark castaneous involucral bracts are useful features for the recognition of the new species. Paepalanthus decumbens is placed in P. subsect. Polyactis and compared with P. microphyllus and P. stannardii, which have their pollen grains and seeds also herein described for the first time.

Background and aims – As “islands in the sky” of northern South America, the isolated ecosystems of the Pantepui province include a distinct flora with high levels of endemism and which are ancestral areas for many angiosperm lineages. About one fifth of Pantepui angiosperm species are distributed in Poales, a highly diverse angiosperm order.Methods – Recent field trips were carried out on two Brazilian tepuis, by foot and helicopter. Herbarium collections were consulted and compared with the proposed new species. Key results – Four new species of Poales, three Navia Schult. & Schult.f. (Bromeliaceae) and one Paepalanthus Mart. (Eriocaulaceae) were found. Descriptions, illustrations, and distribution maps of the new species, as well as an identification key to Brazilian Navia species, are provided.

Paepalanthus mollis var. mollis is placed in Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) and, until now, it was considered endemic to the campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We report here the new occurrences of this species from the municipalities of Carrancas and Minduri, at the southern part of the mountain complex of Bocaina and Carrancas. These specimens confirm the occurrence of this species and the subgenus outside the Espinhaço Range. These occurrences are also the southernmost sites of geographic distribution of the group.

Euphorbia umbellata (E. umbellata) belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, popularly known as Janauba, and its latex contains a combination of phorbol esters with biological activities described to different cellular protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Here, we identified deoxi-phorbol esters present in E. umbellata latex alcoholic extract that are able to increase HIV transcription and reactivate virus from latency models. This activity is probably mediated by NF-kB activation followed by nuclear translocation and binding to the HIV LTR promoter. In addition, E. umbellata latex extract induced the production of pro inflammatory cytokines in vitro in human PBMC cultures. This latex extract also activates latent virus in human PBMCs isolated from HIV positive patients as well as latent SIV in non-human primate primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. Together, these results indicate that the phorbol esters present in E. umbellata latex are promising candidate compounds for future clinical trials for shock and kill therapies to promote HIV cure and eradication.

We describe and illustrate Paepalanthus serpens, a microendemic species of Eriocaulaceae from the Espinhaço Range. The species is known from a single population growing in rocky areas of the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. It is placed in Paepalanthus ser. Paepalanthus, and is easily distinguished from its congeneric species by its elongated, lignescent stem, thickened by the marcescent sheaths of the linear leaves, which are arranged in a rosette at the stem apex, scapes equalling the leaf height, and capitulae with straw-coloured involucral bracts. Comparisons with the morphologically similar species are provided, as well as comments on distribution, ecology, phenology and conservation status.

Background Flowers in Eriocaulaceae, a monocot family that is highly diversified in Brazil, are generally trimerous, but dimerous flowers occur in Paepalanthus and a few other genera. The floral merism in an evolutionary context, however, is unclear. Paepalanthus encompasses significant morphological variation leading to a still unresolved infrageneric classification. Ontogenetic comparative studies of infrageneric groups in Paepalanthus and in Eriocaulaceae are lacking, albeit necessary to establish evolution of characters such as floral merism and their role as putative synapomorphies. Methods We studied the floral development and vascularization of eight species of Paepalanthus that belong to distinct clades in which dimery occurs, using light and scanning electron microscopies. Results Floral ontogeny in dimerous Paepalanthus shows lateral sepals emerging simultaneously and late-developing petals. The outer whorl of stamens is absent in all flowers examined here. The inner whorl of stamens becomes functional in staminate flowers and is reduced to staminodes in the pistillate ones. In pistillate flowers, vascular bundles reach the staminodes. Ovary vascularization shows ventral bundles in a commissural position reaching the synascidiate portion of the carpels. Three gynoecial patterns are described for the studied species: (1) gynoecium with a short style, two nectariferous branches and two long stigmatic branches, in most species; (2) gynoecium with a long style, two nectariferous branches and two short stigmatic branches, in P. echinoides; and (3) gynoecium with long style, absent nectariferous branches and two short stigmatic branches, in P. scleranthus. Discussion Floral development of the studied species corroborates the hypothesis that the sepals of dimerous flowers of Paepalanthus correspond to the lateral sepals of trimerous flowers. The position and vascularization of floral parts also show that, during dimery evolution in Paepalanthus, a flower sector comprising the adaxial median sepal, a lateral petal, a lateral stamen and the adaxial median carpel was lost. In the staminate flower, the outer whorl of staminodes, previously reported by different authors, is correctly described as the apical portion of the petals and the pistillodes are reinterpreted as carpellodes. The occurrence of fused stigmatic branches and protected nectariferous carpellodes substantiates a close relationship between P. sect. Conodiscus and P. subg. Thelxinoë. Free stigmatic branches and exposed carpellodes substantiate a close relationship between P. sect. Diphyomene, P. sect. Eriocaulopsis and P. ser. Dimeri. Furthermore, the loss of nectariferous branches may have occurred later than the fusion of stigmatic branches in the clade that groups P. subg. Thelxinoë and P. sect. Conodiscus.

Syngonanthus weddellii var. gracilis Moldenke (1973) was described very briefly based on a single collection. A careful analysis reveals that this variety has dimerous flowers, free petals of the pistillate flower and bifid stigmatic branches. It is therefore misplaced in Syngonanthus Ruhland (1900). We transfer it to Paepalanthus Mart. (1834) at the species level, as it is distinct from morphologically similar species: Paepalanthus flaccidus (Bong.) Koern. (1863), Paepalanthus trichophyllus (Bong.) Koern. (1863), and Paepalanthus strictus Koern. (1863). The epithet gracilis is no longer available, hence, we have coined the name Paepalanthus rectifolius. We also provide a full description, illustrations, a distribution map, and pertinent comments.

The pantropical family Eriocaulaceae includes ten genera and c. 1,400 species, with diversity concentrated in the New World. The last complete revision of the family was published more than 100 years ago, and until recently the generic and infrageneric relationships were poorly resolved. However, a multi-disciplinary approach over the last 30 years, using morphological and anatomical characters, has been supplemented with additional data from palynology, chemistry, embryology, population genetics, cytology and, more recently, molecular phylogenetic studies. This led to a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships within the family. In this paper we present new data for the ITS and trnL-F regions, analysed separately and in combination, using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The data confirm previous results, and show that many characters traditionally used for differentiating and circumscribing the genera within the family are homoplasious. A new generic key with characters from various sources and reflecting the current taxonomic changes is presented.

Resumo O estado do Rio de Janeiro, inserido no Bioma Mata Atlântica, representa uma área com alta diversidade de paisagens vegetacionais, habitats e espécies de plantas, incluindo várias endêmicas. A flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro é reconhecidamente uma das mais ricas do país e o estado apontado como um importante centro de endemismo. Tais características têm incentivado os mais diferentes estudos botânicos, destacando Vellozo, Cysneiros, Glaziou, Gardner, entre outros, como naturalistas precursores na exploração das florestas nativas. Apresentam-se, de modo geral, aspectos fisiográficos do estado e uma breve retrospectiva do projeto Flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro, iniciado em 2001, que culminou, em 2007, com a elaboração online do checklist da flora do estado, e em 2011, com a implantação do Catálogo de espécies de plantas vasculares e briófitas da flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro, no qual mais de 150 colaboradores trabalharam online. Essas iniciativas revelam números bem expressivos da diversidade da flora fluminense e a necessidade de se prosseguir nos estudos taxonômicos dos grupos botânicos que compõem a flora. Atualmente, são registradas para o estado do Rio de Janeiro 334 famílias, 1.821 gêneros e 8.203 espécies, subespécies e variedades de plantas vasculares e briófitas, sendo 1.740 endêmicas. Destacam-se as formações vegetacionais, os municípios, as Unidades de Conservação e as famílias de Angiospermas, Samambaias e Licófitas e Briófitas com maior riqueza de espécies, bem como se comenta sobre tratamentos monográficos já realizados. Este volume especial da Rodriguésia dedicado à flora do estado do Rio de Janeiro apresenta 76 espécies de angiospermas distribuídas nas famílias Aizoaceae, Alismataceae, Asparagaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Cabombaceae, Haloragaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Hydroleaceae, Juncaginaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Mayacaceae, Menyanthaceae, Molluginaceae, Myristicaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Pontederiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Rhizophoraceae e Typhaceae.

Resumo Lentibulariaceae é cosmopolita e possui três gêneros, Genlisea, Pinguicula e Utricularia, com cerca de 29, 100 e 220 espécies, respectivamente. O Parque Nacional do Itatiaia possui relevo bastante acidentado, onde encontram-se muitas nascentes de rios, lagos e uma grande diversidade de bromélias. Assim, sua vegetação e seus ambientes são habitats propícios para a ocorrência de espécies de Lentibulariaceae. Os estudos sobre estas espécies no local são, todavia, escassos e restritos a antigas listagens de espécies. Apresentamos aqui o tratamento florístico completo para as Lentibulariaceae do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Foram registradas oito espécies, todas pertencentes ao gênero Utricularia. As espécies foram encontradas ocorrendo em corpos d'água da parte alta do parque, sendo que somente U. reniformis ocorre também nos riachos da parte baixa do parque. É apresentada uma chave de identificação para as espécies ocorrentes, além de descrições detalhadas de cada espécie, comentários e fotografias.

Resumo O presente manuscrito apresenta o tratamento florístico de Campanulaceae no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. A família está representada na área por três gêneros, Lobelia com duas espécies: L. camporum e L. fistulosa, Siphocampylus, com quatro espécies: S. duploserratus, S. longepedunculatus, S. umbellatus e S. westinianus e Wahlenbergia, com uma espécie: W. linarioides. As espécies foram encontradas majoritariamente na parte alta do parque, geralmente associadas a afloramentos rochosos dos campos de altitude, com vegetação graminoide ao redor. Somente S. longepedunculatus foi coletado em sub-bosque de floresta ombrófila, em local úmido. São fornecidas descrições, chave de identificação, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica, hábitat e variação morfológica das espécies.

Resumo Eriocaulaceae compreende aproximadamente 1400 espécies distribuídas em dez gêneros. Apesar da maior parte dos estudos taxonômicos na família se concentrarem na Cadeia do Espinhaço, as áreas de restinga possuem uma grande diversidade de espécies. Este trabalho fornece o tratamento florístico das Eriocaulaceae na Reserva Natural da Vale, no Espírito Santo. Foram encontradas nove espécies, distribuídas em seis gêneros: Actinocephalus, Comanthera, Leiothrix e Tonina com um representante cada e Syngonanthus e Paepalanthus com dois e três representantes, respectivamente. São fornecidas fotografias, descrições, chave de identificação, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e variação morfológica das espécies.

Resumo Os trabalhos florísticos em Eriocaulaceae estão concentrados na Cadeia do Espinhaço, o principal centro de diversidade da família. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o tratamento florístico de Eriocaulaceae no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, contribuindo com o conhecimento da família na Serra da Mantiqueira, um importante centro de diversidade do grupo no Brasil. Com base em expedições de campo e análise de espécimes de herbário, foram encontrados quatro gêneros e nove espécies, das quais sete são endêmicas da Serra da Mantiqueira. Todas as espécies são terrestres e restritas às áreas mais secas das formações campestres da parte alta do parque, exceto Eriocaulon majusculum, que ocorre nos brejos de altitude. Fazem parte do manuscrito: uma chave de identificação para as espécies, além de descrições, comentários e documentação fotográfica.

Abstract We describe and illustrate Paepalanthus magistrae, a remarkable new species of Eriocaulaceae from Northeastern Brazil. The species is placed into Paepalanthus subsect. Dichocladus by the presence of trimerous flower, elongated dichotomous branched stem, and small rigid leaves. Within the section it may be easily distinguished by its leaves with glabrescent adaxial surface and lanose abaxial surface. As the species is narrowly distributed and known from a few populations, it is considered endangered.

Resumo Eriocaulaceae compreende 10 gêneros e cerca de 1200 espécies distribuídas nos trópicos. A maioria destas espécies são ervas em roseta que portam inflorescência do tipo capítulo. Embora muitos estudos taxonômicos em Eriocaulaceae já tenham sido realizados na Cadeia do Espinhaço, principal centro de diversidade da família, pouco se conhece da diversidade fora dela. No estado do Rio de Janeiro, ainda são escassos os dados sobre riqueza, abundância e distribuição geográfica das espécies de Eriocaulaceae. O presente trabalho apresenta o tratamento florístico das Eriocaulaceae ocorrentes na região serrana, que representa a porção norte da Serra do Mar no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi registrada a ocorrência de oito espécies distribuídas em quatro gê neros: uma de Syngonanthus, uma de Leiothrix, uma de Tonina e cinco de Paepalanthus. São apresentadas ilustrações, descrições, chave de identificação, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e variação morfológica das espécies.

Resumo Apesar da recente publicação do tratamento florístico de Eriocaulaceae da flora fanerogâmica do estado de São Paulo, foram encontrados em herbários espécimes de duas espécies de Paepalanthus não incluídas no tratamento. Além disso, uma nova espécie de Paepalanthus foi recentemente descrita para o estado. Apresentamos aqui a descrição de P. glabrifolius, P. pseudotortilis e P. sphaeroides, assim como fotografias e breves comentários sobre sua morfologia, distribuição geográfica e fenologia. Fornecemos também uma chave de identificação atualizada incluindo todas as espécies do gênero no estado de São Paulo, que abriga agora 21 espécies.

Abstract Poales represents a major part of Angiosperm and Monocot diversity. The families encompass ca. 20,000 species which is about 7% of the Angiosperms and 33% of the Monocots. Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Juncaceae, Mayacaceae, Poaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Typhaceae, and Xyridaceae are the families represented in the Neotropics. In general terms some areas in the Neotropics could be considered hotspots for Poales with a high number of species in several genera and several centers of endemism – the Guayana Shield, Espinhaço Range and Atlantic Forest are highly diverse in Poales. In terms of the Brazilian flora, the order is well represented in the entire country with almost 4,400 species. It represents more than 50% of the total number of species of Monocotyledons in Brazil. The main goal here is to summarize the available information and provide an overview of the Poales in the Neotropics. The state of knowledge for each family, focused on the Brazilian flora, is provided and reinforces the importance of new studies in key-groups looking beyond the understanding of their diversity on the continent but also the conservation of the species.

Resumo No final da década de 1960, pesquisadores do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) iniciaram as coletas botânicas na Serra dos Carajás, resultando em um expressivo acervo e interessantes descobertas sobre a flora local, marcada por endemismos e pressão por atividades mineradoras. Em 2014, foi estabelecido o projeto "Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás" através da cooperação entre o MPEG e o Instituto Tecnológico Vale de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITVDS), visando especialmente a elaboração da flora das cangas da FLONA Carajás. Um acervo de cerca de quinze mil exsicatas, depositadas principalmente nos herbários MG e BHCB além de HCJS, INPA, IAN, NY e RB constitui a base para o desenvolvimento da flora. Até o momento, a flora inclui 151 famílias de angiospermas, gimnospermas, licófitas e samambaias e briófitas (musgos e hepáticas). Neste trabalho apresentamos um breve histórico dos estudos botânicos na região, caracterização da área de estudo, e procedimentos metodológicos adotados no desenvolvimento do projeto. Também, constitui a introdução para o volume 1 da Flora das cangas de Carajás composto por 55 famílias, sendo quatro de briófitas, duas de licófitas, oito de samambaias, uma de gimnospermas e 40 de angiospermas, incluindo 139 gêneros e 248 espécies.

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.

No Brasil, Eriocaulaceae compreende cerca de 600 espécies distribuídas em oito gêneros. O principal centro de diversidade da família é a Cadeia do Espinhaço, onde concentram-se a maioria dos estudos taxonômicos. Entretanto, as áreas de restingas também possuem uma diversidade considerável de espécies de Eriocaulaceae. Este trabalho traz o tratamento florístico das Eriocaulaceae ocorrentes nas restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi registrada a ocorrência de 12 espécies, distribuídas em seis gêneros, sendo uma de Actinocephalus, duas de Comanthera, três de Leiothrix, três de Paepalanthus, duas de Syngonanthus e uma de Tonina. A maioria das espécies foi encontrada em locais arenosos, secos e com pouca vegetação ao redor. Somente uma espécie foi encontrada em local úmido e com muita vegetação. São apresentadas ilustrações, descrições, chave de identificação, além de comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e variação morfológica das espécies.