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Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax are protozoan parasites that can cause malaria in humans. They are genetically indistinguishable from, respectively, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium, i.e. parasites infecting New World non-human primates in South America. In the tropical rainforests of the Brazilian Atlantic coast, it has long been hypothesized that P. brasilianum and P. simium in platyrrhine primates originated from P. malariae and P. vivax in humans. A recent hypothesis proposed the inclusion of Plasmodium falciparum into the transmission dynamics between humans and non-human primates in the Brazilian Atlantic tropical rainforest. Herein, we assess the occurrence of human malaria in simians and sylvatic anophelines using field-collected samples in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area from 2015 to 2017. We first tested simian blood and anopheline samples. Two simian (Aloutta) blood samples (18%, n = 11) showed Plasmodium cytb DNA sequences, one for P. vivax and another for P. malariae. From a total of 9,416 anopheline females, we found 17 pools positive for Plasmodium species with a 18S qPCR assay. Only three showed P. cytb DNA sequence, one for P. vivax and the others for rodent malaria species (similar to Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei). Based on these results, we tested 25 rodent liver samples for the presence of Plasmodium and obtained P. falciparum cytb DNA sequence in a rodent (Oligoryzomys sp.) liver. The findings of this study indicate complex malaria transmission dynamics composed by parallel spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites, i.e. P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. falciparum, in the Brazilian Atlantic forest.

Brazil concentrates the largest number of primate species in the world. In the present study, an extensive literature review of ticks on New World wild monkeys has been carried out, demonstrating t...

In general, habitat fragmentation is associated with a reduction in gene flow that can reduce the genetic diversity, and, consequently, a species ability to survive environmental changes. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is a Neotropical ecosystem engineer that is vulnerable throughout its distribution area and under different degrees of threat in the Brazilian Pantanal (near threatened), Cerrado (endangered) and Atlantic Forest (critically endangered). We used 13 microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 361 white-lipped peccaries sampled in four areas in the Pantanal, two areas in the Cerrado, and one area in the Atlantic Forest. We found similar levels of genetic diversity in all localities. Bayesian clustering analysis indicated the presence of two (K = 2; all Pantanal localities plus the Cerrado locality at the Pantanal highlands versus the other Cerrado locality plus the Atlantic Forest one) or three (K = 3; with the additional differentiation between the Cerrado locality and the Atlantic Forest) genetically differentiated populations. We found a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) limited by dispersal events of up to 180 km. This IBD pattern is congruent with gene flow between the geographically closer localities in the Pantanal and the Cerrado in the Pantanal highlands (25–137 km), while dispersal between the other Cerrado locality and the Atlantic Forest, that are 500 km apart, would not be as feasible. Therefore, we considered K = 3 as the best scenario to represent the genetic structure of the populations analyzed. As all populations of white-lipped peccary showed moderate levels of genetic diversity, conservation actions are recommended to maintain their diversity, as it is vital to the long-term viability of these populations, especially those in more threatened biomes.

This work was supported by the Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo, Brazil (Grant number. 13/14929-1, and Scholarships No. 12/24150-9; 15/05778-5; 16/01414-1; 14/20851-8; 06/00572-0; 08/06411-4; 11/06810-9; 11/22663-6; 16/02568-2, 06/ 00572-0). PRM was supported by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom (Grant MC_UU_120/14/9). University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil / MRC-University of Glasgow. Centre for Virus Research. Glasgow, UK. University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo,. Laboratory Institute of Biomedical Sciences. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil / University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil MRC-University of Glasgow. Centre for Virus Research. Glasgow, UK. Prefeitura de S?o Paulo. Divis?o T?cnica de Medicina Veterin?ria e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. S?o Paulo State University. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Ara?atuba, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Laboratory Institute of Biomedical Sciences. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro de Inova??o Tecn?logica. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA. MRC-University of Glasgow. Centre for Virus Research. Glasgow, UK. University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto Medical School. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brazil The Anelloviridae comprises single-stranded DNA viruses currently grouped in sixty-eight species classified in twelve genera. They have been found in many vertebrate hosts including primates. In this study, we describe the application of the high-throughput sequencing to examine the frequency and diversity of anelloviruses in rodents, bats and opossums captured in S?o Paulo State, Brazil. We report a total of twenty-six anelloviruses with sixteen nearly complete genomes and ten partial genomes, which include eleven potential novel species identified in rodents (Cricetidae), bats (Molossidae and Phyllostomidae), and opossums (Didelphidae). We also propose the inclusion of two potential new genera within the Anelloviridae family, provisionally named Omegatorquevirus and Sigmatorquevirus, including six and three novel species of anelloviruses, respectively. In summary, this study expands the diversity and the host range of the known anelloviruses.

Background:Edwardsiella tarda infections are frequent causes of severe outbreaks in the fish farming industry besides representing possible zoonotic risks. However, naturally occurring outbreaks that affect various species besides fishes are seldom described. Aim: To report an outbreak of acute mortality caused by E. tarda affecting multiple species that inhabited a natural pond in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Materials and methods: Three adult tilapias, three Mallard ducks and one Snow egret were necropsied and subjected to further microbiological tests. Gross and microscopic lesions were documented. The antibiotic susceptibility and phylogenetic similarities among fish and avian strains were also determined. The E. tarda species was confirmed through MALDI-TOF, partial sodB sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Macroscopical findings between the three species included intestinal dilatation, mucosal hyperaemia and mucous to liquid contents. Common histopathology findings included acute enteritis, increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes with bacteria adhered to the intestinal epithelium and lymphoid depletion in the spleen. E. tarda was isolated from several organs from all affected species. The phylogeny employing amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of eleven strains revealed high similarity (>90%) among the isolates regardless of the affected species or sampled organs. Ten isolates of E. tarda showed susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. Conclusions:E. tarda was identified as the cause of death of the species examined. Further studies would be necessary to determine the virulence of these strains and the possible risks regarding public health.

Bats are reservoir hosts for many paramyxoviruses, some of which cause human and zoonotic diseases of public health importance. We developed a Nipah virus nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect cross-reactive antibodies in serum samples from several bat species in Brazil. Our results warrant further investigation of henipa-like virus reservoirs in the Western hemisphere.

Este estudo relata os fatores que levaram um Residencial localizado em Bragança Paulista (SP, Brasil), área não-endêmica para Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB), a ser classificado como Área de Risco para a doença, mostrando que uma crescente população residente de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) na área era a provável responsável por uma proliferação de carrapatos Amblyomma sculptum e estava atuando como hospedeiro amplificador da bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, principal agente etiológico da FMB. Relatamos as ações de manejo ambiental propostas para controlar a quantidade de carrapatos no local e reduzir o risco de transmissão da doença, incluindo medidas para o controle de populações de carrapatos parasíticas e no ambiente e a eliminação da população residente de capivaras. Análises de dados populacionais de carrapatos e testes serológicos para R. rickettsii indicaram que as medidas tomadas foram efetivas, causando grande redução da população de carrapatos no ambiente e reduzindo o risco de transmissão de FMB na área. This study reports the factors which led a gated community located in Bragança Paulista (SP, Brazil), a non-endemic area for Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF), to be classified as a Risk Area for transmission of this disease, showing that an increasing resident population of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in the area was likely responsible for a proliferation of Amblyomma sculptum ticks and acted as an amplifying host for Rickettsia rickettsii, the main etiologic agent of BSF. We report management actions proposed to control the local tick burden and reduce BSF risk, including measures to control parasitic and free-living tick populations and exclusion of the resident capybara population. Analyses of tick population data and R. rickettsii serology tests indicate that these measures were effective, greatly reducing the environmental burden of Amblyomma sculptum ticks and reducing the BSF transmission risk at the area.

International audience; Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emergent pathogen that is widely distributed in North and Central America. The recent introduction in South America has focused attention on the spread of WNV across Southern American countries. The transmission network involves mosquitoes, birds, horses and humans. Methods: The serological evaluation of sera from 678 equids and 478 birds was performed using a WNV-specific blocking ELISA, and only the positive results were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNTs). Molecular analysis was performed on sera from 992 healthy equids and on 63 macerates of brains from equids that died of encephalitis and had previously tested negative for other pathogens. We also tested swabs from 928 birds. The samples analysed were collected in different biomes of Brazil. Results: We identified WNV antibodies by ELISA in thirteen equids and five birds, and PRNT90 confirmed WNV positivity in four equid samples collected in 2009 in an area between the Amazon and the Pantanal. None of the ELISA positive bird samples were confirmed by PRNT90, and all samples tested by RT-PCR were negative. Conclusion: WNV circulation is confirmed by this large scale survey even in the absence of detection of clinical cases.

A mosquito faunal survey was conducted from October 2010 to February 2011 in the municipal parks of São Paulo City, Brazil. A total of 7,015 specimens of 53 taxonomic categories grouped into 12 genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Coquilletidia, Culex, Limatus, Lutzia, Mansonia, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites, Trichoprosopon, Uranotaenia, and Wyeomyia) were collected. The largest and most peripheral parks showed greater species richness compared to smaller and more centralized parks.

Brazil has reported more than 1,600 cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HPS) since 1993, with a 39% rate of reported fatalities. Using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein ofAraraquaravirus, we performed ELISA to detect IgG antibodies against hantavirus in human sera. The aim of this study was to analyze hantavirus antibody levels in inhabitants from a tropical area (Amazon region) in Rondônia state and a subtropical (Atlantic Rain Forest) region in São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 1,310 serum samples were obtained between 2003 and 2008 and tested by IgG-ELISA, and 82 samples (6.2%), of which 62 were from the tropical area (5.8%) and 20 from the subtropical area (8.3%), tested positive. Higher levels of hantavirus antibody were observed in inhabitants of the populous subtropical areas compared with those from the tropical areas in Brazil.

Serum samples from 19 jaguars (Panthera onca), nine pumas (Puma concolor), and two ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) were collected between January 1999 and March of 2005 and tested for presence of canine distemper virus (CDV). All cats were free-ranging animals living in two protected areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In addition, 111 domestic dogs from nearby areas were sampled for CDV. Our results show the first evidence of CDV exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. From the 30 samples analyzed, six jaguars and one puma were tested seropositive for CDV. All seropositive large felids were from Ivinhema State Park, resulting in 31.5% of the sampled jaguars or 60% of the total jaguar population in Ivinhema State Park, and 11.28% of the sampled pumas. From the total 111 domestic dogs sampled, 45 were tested seropositive for CDV. At Morro do Diabo State Park, 34.6% of the dogs sampled were positive for CDV, and 100% at Ivinhema State Park. Canine distemper virus in wild felids seems to be related with home range use and in close association with domestic dogs living in nearby areas.

As alterações ambientais antrópicas são os principais fatores de emergência ou reemergência de doenças infecciosas. A leishmaniose cutânea é uma doença que está relacionada, em caráter epidêmico, com episódios de desmatamento. No entanto, o caráter endêmico da doença ocorre quando o homem se encontra próximo de áreas florestais já colonizadas. O Pontal do Paranapanema é uma área onde ocorreu intenso desmatamento e a mata nativa remanescente está representada pelo Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo e alguns fragmentos florestais. Casos de leishmaniose cutânea em humanos são comuns na região, principalmente em áreas marginais de floresta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento da fauna flebotomínica e de mamíferos silvestres potencialmente reservatórios no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo e alguns fragmentos da região, buscando avaliar se o tamanho do fragmento tem influência na ocorrência das espécies e na freqüência de Leishmania sp, através da técnica da PCR. Foram capturadas 26 espécies de flebótomos e sete espécies de mamíferos silvestres. O gênero Brumptomyia foi predominante em quase todas as áreas florestais, com exceção da borda do Parque, que apresentou dominância de Nyssomyia neivai. Os resultados das análises da PCR demonstraram quatro espécies de mamíferos portadores de Leishmania sp, Akodon cursor, Dasyprocta azarae, Didelphis albiventris e Oligoryzomys sp. As amostras de pools de flebotomíneos apresentaram resultados negativos. Não foi observada diferença significativa na freqüência de mamíferos infectados em relação ao tamanho da área florestal. Anthropogenic environmental changes are the main factors of emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease that is related, in an epidemic form, with episodes of deforestation. However, the endemicity of the disease occurs when the man is close to forest areas already colonized. The Pontal of Paranapanema is an area where massive deforestation has occurred and the remaining native forest is represented by the Morro do Diabo State Park and a few forest fragments. Cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans are common in the region, especially in marginal areas of forest. The aim of this study was a survey of sand flies and mammals potentially reservoirs, in Morro do Diabo State Park and some fragments of the region, seeking to assess whether the fragment size has an influence on species occurrence and frequency of Leishmania, through the PCR technique. We captured 26 species of sandflies and seven species of wild mammals. The genus Brumptomyia was prevalent in almost all forest areas, except the edge of the park, which showed dominance of Nyssomyia neivai. The results of PCR analysis revealed four species of mammals suffering from Leishmania, Akodon cursor, Dasyprocta azarae, Didelphis albiventris and Oligoryzomys sp. Samples of sandfly pools tested negative. There was no significant difference in the frequency of infected mammals in relation to the size of the forest.

Foi pesquisada a presença de riquétsias em 3.545 carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense e 2.666 Amblyomma dubitatum. Através do teste de hemolinfa, reação em cadeia pela polimerase e isolamento de rickettsia em cultivo celular, todos os Amblyomma cajennense foram negativos, sendo que 634 (23,8%) Amblyomma dubitatum mostraram-se infectados com Rickettsia bellii. The presence of rickettsial infection was surveyed in 3,545 Amblyomma cajennense ticks and 2,666 Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. Using the hemolymph test, polymerase chain reaction and isolation of Rickettsia in cell cultures, all of the Amblyomma cajennense were negative, whereas 634 (23.8%) of the Amblyomma dubitatum ticks were shown to be infected with Rickettsia bellii.

The presence of rickettsial infection was surveyed in 3,545 Amblyomma cajennense ticks and 2,666 Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. Using the hemolymph test, polymerase chain reaction and isolation of Rickettsia in cell cultures, all of the Amblyomma cajennense were negative, whereas 634 (23.8%) of the Amblyomma dubitatum ticks were shown to be infected with Rickettsia bellii.