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In this work, the anodization of spheres of Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy (TiAlV) in glycerol-based electrolytes using bipolar electrochemistry is shown for the first time. TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers were found over the entire surface area of the Ti and TiAlV spheres using a square wave potential of ±60 V and ±65 V with 5.56 × 10−4 Hz. The TNTs’ inner diameter on the extremities of the Ti spheres was ∼63 nm and ∼78 nm, for ±60 V and ±65 V, respectively. The inner diameter of the TNTs fabricated on the TiAlV spheres was ∼36 nm and ∼43 nm for ±60 V and ±65 V, respectively. The effect of the alloying elements of the TiAlV spheres on the TNT layers was also investigated. To estimate the effective potential on the spheres contributing to the TNT layer formation, also the conventional anodization was performed on flat Ti and TiAlV foils for comparison. It was found that the effective potential reached on the extremities of the Ti and TiAlV spheres near the feeder electrodes was only 29 % and 16 % of the applied potential, respectively.

This work aims to describe the effect of the surface modification of TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers on Ti-6Al-4V (TiAlV) alloy by ultrathin TiO2 coatings prepared via Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on the growth of MG-63 osteoblastic cells. The TNT layers with two distinctly different inner diameters, namely ∼15 nm and ∼50 nm, were prepared via anodic oxidation of the TiAlV alloy. Flat, i.e., non-anodized, TiAlV alloy foils were used as reference substrates. Additionally, a part of the TNT layers and alloy foils was coated with ultrathin coatings of TiO2 by ALD. The number of TiO2 ALD cycles used was 1 and 5 leading to a nominal TiO2 thickness of ∼0.055 and ∼0.3 nm, respectively. The ultrathin TiO2 coating by ALD enabled to optimize the surface hydrophilicity for optimal cell growth. In addition, coatings shaded impurities of V- and F-based species (stemming from the alloy and the anodization electrolyte) that affect the biocompatibility of the tested materials while preserving the original structure and morphology. The evaluation of the biocompatibility before and after TiO2 ALD coating on TiAlV flat surfaces and TNT layers was carried out using MG-63 osteoblastic cells and compared after incubation for up to 96 h. The cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation of the MG-63 on TiAlV foils and TNT layers showed significant enhancement after the surface modification by TiO2 ALD.

Capsicum pepper is a rich source of phytochemical compounds such as capsaicinoids, phenols, flavonoids, and so forth. Due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential all of these compounds have been assessed and used for both human and plant health benefits. Herein, three fresh varieties of Capsicum annuum (Cacho de Cabra, Bell pepper, and Hungarian Wax varieties) and one fresh and ripe variety of C. baccatum (Cristal) were evaluated. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin and the phenolic content of Capsicum spp. extracts were characterised. The antifungal potential of capsaicinoids and antioxidant activities, and the ecotoxicity of each Capsicum spp. extract, using the model Galleria mellonella, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analyses showed that the Cristal and Hungarian Wax varieties presented the highest amount of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin; while Bell Pepper had the highest phenol content and antioxidant activity. Capsaicinoids’ standards and Capsicum spp. extracts showed fungistatic activity against the fungal strains assessed. For the fungal strains assessed, the fungistatic activities of capsaicinoids’ standards were higher than those observed in Capsicum spp. extracts. The Hungarian Wax extracts inhibited slightly the growth of Aspergillus niger MUM05.11 and Fusarium oxysporum MUM16.143. Similarly, A. niger, F. oxysporum, Rhizopus arrhizus MUM16.05 and Alternaria sp. UFRO17.178 had their growth retarded by the use of Cacho de Cabra and Cristal extracts. Noticeable changes were observed in the fungal strains’ morphologies, such as the presence of fragile fungal structures, pigmentation loss, variation in the reproductive structures size and the conidia number. Capsicum extracts weaken the growth of fungi, indicating their fungistatic potential. Considering the fungistatic potential and non-ecotoxicity of these extracts, it is possible to suggest their use as a tool for pest management in the agri-food sector, controlling the growth and reproduction of fungi without posing a risk to non-target biodiversity.

This report demonstrates the development of carbon fibers (CFs) decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as an efficient photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) as a model dye. Carbon fibers were produced by carbonization of polyacrylonitrile fibers, previously produced by centrifugal spinning. Subsequently, the CFs were decorated with TiO2 NPs (CFs@TiO2) by tailored soaking protocol using aqueous TiCl4 solution with different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 M). SEM analyses revealed that soaking in TiCl4 produced a smooth, conformal, continuous TiO2 nanoparticulate coating with thickness increasing from 40.4 ± 21.2 to 257.9 ± 63.9 nm with increasing TiCl4 concentration. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase nature of TiO2. Photocatalytic decomposition rates of MB were assessed under UV light illumination for all CFs@TiO2 samples, and it was revealed that the lowest amount of TiO2 NP on C yielded the highest rates. The synergistic interaction between CFs and TiO2 NPs with a uniform morphology and a well-crystalline anatase structure, present in an optimal amount of fiber bodies, is the key reason for the remarkable photocatalytic performance. This work shows that C fibers decorated with an optimal amount of TiO2 NPs have a great potential as an effective photocatalytic material.

Abstract The article explores advanced image processing techniques for pigment discrimination in rock art paintings, emphasizing color separation using RGB (red, green, blue) and LHCUv (Luminance, Hue, Chroma) imagery. It highlights the use of dimensionality reduction methods such as Principal Components Analisys PCA and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), with a focus on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) for probabilistic classification of image elements. This approach, applied to the Chomache archaeological site on the northernmost coast of the Atacama Desert in Chile, reveals previously undetected motifs and details, offering a nuanced perspective in rock art documentation and analysis. This proposal reinforces the value of rock art panel not only as a finished product but as a process.

Abstract Self‐organized anodic TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layers prepared by anodization of Ti substrates have attracted great interest within the last 20 years, due to their unique properties and low‐cost synthesis. This mini review article aims to shortly summarize the most recent developments in the TNT layer synthesis and applications. It presents the synthesis of high aspect ratio (HAR) TNT layers in a short time by accelerating the TNT layer growth rates in lactic acid containing electrolytes. Furthermore, the etching of TNT layers towards TNT bundles of homogeneous size and single tube powders is discussed, as well as the possibility to grow TNT layers on non‐planar Ti substrates, which cannot be directly connected to the potentiostat (e.g., Ti spheres or 3D Ti meshes). As a relatively new application, the employment of TNT layers in microwave resonator sensors is introduced. Last, but not least, approaches of upscaling the TNT layer size from the laboratory scale towards significantly larger scale are outlined and reviewed.

Herein, the synthesis of vanadium sulfide (VxSy) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) based on the use of tetrakis(dimethylamino) vanadium (IV) and hydrogen sulfide is presented for the first time. The (ultra)thin films VxSy are synthesized in a wide range of temperatures (100–225 °C) and extensively characterized by different methods. The chemical composition of the VxSy (ultra)thin films reveals different vanadium oxidation states and sulfur‐based species. Extensive X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis studies the effect of different ALD parameters on the VxSy chemical composition. Encouraged by the rich chemistry properties of vanadium‐based compounds and based on the variable valences of vanadium, the electrochemical properties of ALD VxSy (ultra)thin films as electrode material for supercapacitors are further explored. Thereby, nanotubular composites are fabricated by coating TiO2 nanotube layers (TNTs) with different numbers of VxSy ALD cycles at low temperature (100 °C). Long‐term cycling tests reveal a gradual decline of electrochemical performance due to the progressive VxSy thin films dissolution under the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, VxSy‐coated TNTs exhibit significantly superior capacitance properties as compared to the blank counterparts. The enhanced capacitance properties exhibited are derived from the presence of chemically stable and electrochemically active S‐based species on the TNTs surface.

Herein, TiO2 single-tube (TiO2 ST-NT) powders with and without magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (TiO2 ST-NT@Fe3O4NPs) are presented for the first time as excellent photocatalysts for the degradation of one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), naproxen (NPX). The TiO2 ST-NT powders were synthesized by anodization followed by etching of the double wall, bending, sonication, ultra-centrifugation, and finally annealing at 600°C. A part of the obtained TiO2 ST-NT powders was decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles using a simple one-step decoration process. The best photocatalytic performance of TiO2 ST-NT and TiO2 ST-NT@Fe3O4NPs powders was obtained under the white light (6.2 × 10−4 s-1) and the blue light (2.7 × 10−4 s-1), respectively. During NPX photodegradation using TiO2 ST-NT powders, three main NPX transformation products (P1, P2, and P3) were detected. Upon excitation with the blue light illumination, TiO2 ST-NT@ Fe3O4NPs powders exhibited higher performance (∼80%) than TiO2 ST-NT powders (∼23%) within 1 h, resulting in an approximately three times increased photocatalytic rate constant. Moreover, under simulated sunlight conditions, TiO2 ST-NT powders demonstrated remarkable activity, achieving a 94% NPX degradation within 1 h. TiO2 ST-NT and TiO2 ST-NT@Fe3O4NPs powders represent excellent photocatalysts for NPX degradation.

We present the results of the excavations and analyses of the diverse and exceptional archaeological assemblage of Taguatagua 3, a new late Pleistocene site located in the ancient Tagua Tagua lake in Central Chile (34°S). The anthropogenic context is constrained in a coherently dated stratigraphic deposit which adds new information about the mobility, subsistence strategies, and settlement of the early hunter-gatherers of southern South America. The age model constructed, as well as radiocarbon dates obtained directly from a combustion structure, indicate that the human occupation occurred over a brief time span around 12,440-12,550 cal yr BP. Considering taphonomic, geoarchaeological, lithic, archaeobotanical, and zooarchaeological evidence, as well as the spatial distribution combined with ethnographic data, we interpret Taguatagua 3 as a logistic and temporary camp associated mainly with gomphothere hunting and butchering. Nevertheless, several other activities were carried out here as well, such as hide and/or bone preparation, small vertebrate and plant processing and consumption, and red ochre grinding. Botanical and eggshell remains suggest that the anthropic occupation occurred during the dry season. Considering the contemporaneous sites recorded in the basin, we conclude that the ancient Tagua Tagua lake was a key location along the region's early hunter-gatherer mobility circuits. In this context, it acted as a recurrent hunting/scavenging place during the Late Pleistocene due to its abundant, diverse, and predictable resources.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302465.].

El sitio Cueva La Capilla 1 es un contexto clave para entender los procesos de cambio social que vivieron las comunidades cazadoras, recolectoras y pescadoras costeras hacia fines del período Arcaico en la costa exorreica del extremo norte de Chile, Desierto de Atacama. Presentamos el análisis de múltiples evidencias provenientes de excavaciones realizadas a principios de la década 2010 asociadas justamente al lapso temporal de la transición Arcaico-Formativo. A partir de la presencia de materiales relacionados con distintos ámbitos de la vida social de estos grupos, como son la alimentación, tecnología y funebria, discutimos el tipo de actividades desarrolladas en su interior. El origen de los recursos asociados a cada ámbito permite profundizar aspectos vinculados con la movilidad de sus ocupantes e interacción con otras comunidades. En síntesis, con toda la nueva información disponible, incluyendo nuevas dataciones, ampliamos el conjunto de actividades identificadas previamente en el sitio, junto con ahondar en la relevancia de la costa y litoral para las poblaciones locales en el lapso conocido como de transición del arcaico al formativo en cuanto a su movilidad y/o redes de interacción con otras poblaciones asentadas en ambientes interiores de la región.

La Puna Seca en el extremo norte de Chile constituye un espacio de significativa relevancia para abordar la relación humano-animal, al situarse entre dos de los principales focos de domesticación de camélidos en la región andina. En el presente trabajo, ofrecemos una primera síntesis de los análisis arqueozoológicos de catorce sitios de cazadores recolectores de la Precordillera de Arica, junto con los resultados preliminares de análisis de isótopos estables de dos de estos contextos, y un total de 35 dataciones radiocarbónicas asociadas, luego contrastados con los antecedentes de otros estudios de materiales líticos y del arte rupestre de la región. En síntesis, se reconocen cambios en las formas de consumo a lo largo del Arcaico hasta el Período Formativo. Se identifica el uso de animales provenientes de la misma zona o patrón de forrajeo en la Puna, ahondando en un patrón de movilidad "conservador" inserto dentro de las tierras altas. Finalmente, cambios en las formas de interacción humano-camélido visualizados en el arte rupestre complementan la visión obtenida a partir del análisis de material óseo fragmentario, reconociendo la importancia de integrar diferentes registros materiales y visuales para discutir estos temas.

Disseminated fusariosis is treated with amphotericin B and voriconazole. To determine adequate therapy, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is used. However, MIC analysis is based on visual observation and requires a long period of fungal incubation. The measure of the minimal profile change concentration (MPCC) using MALDI-TOF MS is a quick spectral method that has presented good results in determining the antimicrobial resistance of yeasts. However, there is a lack of information on filamentous fungi. In the present work, 13 Fusarium spp. clinical isolates and two reference strains were used. MIC was obtained according to the M38-A2 protocol of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, while MPPC was obtained following the initial steps of the M38-A2 protocol. Both Biotyper and the Rstudio environment were used to analyze mass spectra. For some fungal strains, the data obtained from the software MALDI Biotyper Compass 4.1 led to fuzzy heatmaps resulting in difficult interpretation, while heatmaps obtained using Rstudio tools generated better MPCC resolutions. Herein, 86.6% of the AMB MPCC values were highly correlated with the gold-standard AMB MIC. MALDI-TOF MS is a prominent tool used to determine MPCCs quicker, cost-effectively, and more accurately for Fusarium spp. strains. However, better statistical analyses could help measure the technique’s limit detection.

Abstract This work concerns the study of colors and dyes identified on archaeological textiles from the Atacama Desert. The different garments and ornaments come from the excavation of two important pre-Columbian cemeteries of the Tarapacá region: Tarapacá-40 attributed to the Formative period (1100 BC–660 AD) and Pica-8 to the Late Intermediate period (900–1450 AD). For the first time, a multi-analytical approach with non-invasive techniques using FORS and SERS was applied on samples of less than 2 cm of length for physicochemical characterization of the raw materials and the dyes employed in the textile production of northern Chile. The fibers are from animal origin. Blue, green, and yellow are identified as indigo, but we cannot discard a mixture with other dyes to vary hue and shade; while carminic acid and alizarin—to a lesser extent—are found on red, orange, and brown samples. This research provides new elements for the discussion about the textile technology developed in this desertic region, its changes, and continuities along the history. Our results are compared to recent findings on neighboring regions from South-Central Andes, to improve the current knowledge and discuss the existence of dyeing textile cultural traditions.

Introducción: Se entiende por “desperdicio” de alimentos a las pérdidas derivadas de la decisión de desechar aquellos que todavía tienen valor, o a partes de ellos, y se asocia principalmente con ventas minoristas y consumidores. Dentro de los “desperdicios” se encuentran las cáscaras de vegetales, que se pueden rescatar e incluir como ingredientes en alimentos procesados. Metodología: Se elaboraron muestras de pan de molde cuya formulación base fue harina, aceite, levadura, sal, azúcar y agua. Se reemplazó 10% de la harina de trigo por harinas de cáscaras de manzana, zanahoria y zapallo (P2, P3 y P4 respectivamente). Las cáscaras de los vegetales se lavaron exhaustivamente, se deshidrataron a 60° por 12 horas y se molieron hasta obtener un polvo fino. Se elaboraron muestras de pan amasando la mezcla de ingredientes por 15 minutos, se dejó fermentar y luego se hornearon a 180°C por 50 minutos. Se determinó pérdida por cocción, composición nutricional, azúcares totales y aporte calórico. Las muestras de pan fueron evaluadas por 15 sujetos para conocer el cociente de saciedad y por 60 sujetos para establecer la preferencia sensorial. Resultados: La incorporación de harina cáscaras de vegetales no modificó, el contenido de proteínas, grasa total ni hidratos de carbono disponibles. La muestra P2 presentó el contenido de azúcares totales significativamente mayor (p

Opportunistic pathogenic fungi arise in agricultural crops as well as in surrounding human daily life. The recent increase in antifungal-resistant strains has created the need for new effective antifungals, particularly those based on plant secondary metabolites, such as capsaicinoids and capsinoids produced by Capsicum species. The use of such natural compounds is well-aligned with the One Health approach, which tries to find an equilibrium among people, animals, and the environment. Considering this, the main objective of the present work is to review the antifungal potential of capsaicinoids and capsinoids, and to evaluate the environmental and health impacts of biofungicides based on these compounds. Overall, capsaicinoids and their analogues can be used to control pathogenic fungi growth in plant crops, as eco-friendly alternatives to pest management, and assist in the conservation and long-term storage of agrifood products. Their application in different stages of the agricultural and food production chains improves food safety, nutritional value, and overcomes antimicrobial resistance, with a lower associated risk to humans, animals, and the environment than that of synthetic fungicides and pesticides. Nevertheless, research on the effect of these compounds on bee-like beneficial insects and the development of new preservatives and packaging materials is still necessary.

Penicillium digitatum is one of the most important phytopathogens. It causes deterioration and rotting of citrus fruits, generating significant economic losses worldwide. As a human pathogen, it is extremely rare. We present a case of pulmonary co-infection in a patient diagnosed with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2. A 20-year-old female patient, primigravid, 36 weeks of gestation, without comorbidities, and diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to the SARS-CoV-2, showed rapid lung deterioration for which their pregnancy was interrupted by surgery. The patient was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), connected to mechanical ventilation and receiving corticosteroids and antibiotics. The diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection was made through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture, and the species identification was performed by sequencing of β-tubulin. Phylogenetic analysis with related species was performed for the confirmation of species identification. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed for itraconazole (4 µg/mL), voriconazole (2 µg/mL), and amphotericin B (2 µg/mL). The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole. This is the second worldwide report of pulmonary infection by P. digitatum and the first in Chile. Although it is a fungus that rarely infects humans, it could represent an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen, with associated risk factors that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Penicillium species isolated from infections in humans.

Abstract The Andean church of San Andrés de Pachama is located in the highland of the northernmost of Chile, near the limit with Bolivia and next to the Ruta de la Plata. This commercial route contributed in the past to the transport and commerce of various raw materials, such as silver, from the Andean mountains region to the Pacific Ocean coast and then to the European market. The walls inside the church are decorated with paintings from the end of the eighteenth century that reproduce religious motivs together with flowers, fruits, and birds. In this study, micro samples taken from one of the mural paintings have been analysed to acquire information on the artistic materials and the painting technique previous to the restoration of the paintings. Analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy complemented with scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection allowed the identification of orpiment, vermilion, indigo, smalt, antlerite, hematite, carmine lake, and wood charcoal as pigments as well as gypsum as the ground layer. Lipidic and proteinaceous materials extracted from the microsamples were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and indicated the use of a mixture of egg and siccative oil as binders and a secco painting technique involving animal glue as the plaster primer. Smalt and the prized cochineal lake are reported for the first time in an Andean colonial mural painting.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze and identify pigments and determine the palette of color in wall paintings from four churches of the Colonial Period, in the Bolivian highlands. The ancient churches Santiago de Callapa, Curahuara de Carangas, NuestraSeñora de Copacabana de Andamarca and San José de Soracachi were constructed during the 17th and 18th centuries, around the important colonial Ruta de la Plata, between Potosí city and Arica harbor on the Pacific coast of South America. Most pigments used in the wall paintings correspond to inorganic minerals as well as to organic colorants. Fully chlorinated copper phthalocyanine (green), copper phthalocyanine (blue), β-naphthol (yellow) and benzoimidazolone (red), were identified in the corresponding colored areas suggesting subsequent recent interventions or restorations. Ground layer materials were also characterized. The present results allow for discussion of the pictorial techniques used in the Andean highland during the colonial period and allow conservators and restorers to make important decisions regarding the type of intervention to perform in the case of these important historical and patrimonial monuments.

Pachacamac is the name of the 15th-16th century Inca sanctuary on the Peruvian coast as well as the name of one of the principal oracles of Inca divinities. This effigy would have been destroyed by Pizarro in 1533 during his visit to the great monumental complex, and as such the originality and antiquity of the wooden statue-the so-called Pachacamac Idol-have been the subject of much controversy and debate. We present here previously unpublished dates that confirm its manufacture during the Middle Horizon (AD 500-1000), as well as evidence of its original polychromy. Traces of colors were observed on its different sections with portable microscopy and analyses with two different X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry techniques, leading to identification of yellow, white, and red mineral pigments, including the presence of cinnabar. Dated between the 8th and 9th centuries, the statue would have been worshipped for almost 700 years, from the time of its creation to the time of the Spanish conquest, when Pachacamac was a major place of pilgrimage. These data not only offer a new perspective on Pachacamac's emblematic sacred icon, but also on the colorful practices of the Pre-Hispanic Andes.

El presente artículo explora la interacción social en la región atacameña a partir del estudio de sus pinturas rupestres. Mediante el estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo de las distribuciones pictóricas, tanto por las estructuras compositivas como por los íconos claves que aparecen simultáneamente en dos o más localidades rupestres, se determinan flujos diferenciales de información visual. Esta circulación de conocimiento y personas habría operado como expresión de relaciones sociales preferenciales entre las distintas comunidades del desierto de Atacama.This article explores social interaction in the Atacama region through the local rock art paintings. Using a quantitative and qualitative study of pictorial distribution, including both compositional structures and key icons that appear simultaneously in two or more areas with rupestrian art sites, we can determine the presence of differential visual information flows. This flow of knowledge and people would have operated as an expression of preferential social relations between the different Atacama Desert communities.

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos del análisis de los restos vegetales provenientes de tres aleros con pinturas rupestres de la precordillera de Arica (extremo norte de Chile): sitios Pampa El Muerto 3 y 8 (PM-3 y PM-8) y Tangani 1 (TAN-1). A partir del material vegetal intentamos precisar las distintas actividades desarrolladas al interior de estos espacios y, de este modo, aproximarnos a los autores de estas manifestaciones rupestres en tiempos prehispánicos. Finalmente, discutimos nuestros resultados en relación con lo observado en otros contextos contemporáneos de la subárea Circumpuneña.We present the results of the analysis of archaeological plant remains from rock shelters with paintings ofArica's precordillera (Northern Chile), specifically, we refer to Pampa El Muerto 3 and 8 (PM-3 and PM-8) and Tangani 1 (TAN-1) sites. With these results, we identified the different activities developed in these spaces and, thus, we try to document who could be the authors of these rock art manifestations in pre-Hispanic times. Finally, our results are discussed in relation to other contemporary sites of the Atacama region.

El presente artículo explora la interacción social en la región atacameña a partir del estudio de sus pinturas rupestres. Mediante el estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo de las distribuciones pictóricas, tanto por las estructuras compositivas como por los íconos claves que aparecen simultáneamente en dos o más localidades rupestres, se determinan flujos diferenciales de información visual. Esta circulación de conocimiento y personas habría operado como expresión de relaciones sociales preferenciales entre las distintas comunidades del desierto de Atacama.

La explotación de los recursos minerales de cobre en el norte de Chile implicó la producción de pigmentos azules y verdes identificados, hasta ahora, en pintura rupestre, en nódulos y en estado de polvo al interior de contenedores de cuero provenientes de distintos cementerios de la cuenca del río Loa, región de Antofagasta, desierto de Atacama. En este artículo, se presentan los primeros resultados de análisis físico-químicos de pintura verde aplicada sobre distintos soportes de cuero: máscaras, tocado y carcajes, de la región de Tarapacá, situada más al norte. Comparados a nuestros resultados previos, estos nuevos análisis nos permiten ampliar la discusión relativa a la producción e intercambio de estos pigmentos a base de minerales de cobre para períodos tardíos en el norte de Chile.

Las evidencias de los sitios Pampa El Muerto 3 (PM-3), Pampa El Muerto 8 (PM-8) y Tangani 1 (TAN-1) permiten reafirmar que el arte rupestre de la precordillera en el extremo norte de Chile se asocia a una colonización más bien tardía de este espacio, hace 7000 años AP. Su ocupación por cazadores recolectores se intensificó hacia fines del Arcaico (ca. 6000-3700 años AP) perdurando hasta el Formativo Tardío (ca. 1500 años AP), y luego reiterarse en los períodos Intermedio Tardío y Tardío (800-500 años AP). En el Arcaico Tardío destaca un paisaje cultural común para el extremo norte de Chile y sur de Perú evidenciado por pinturas rupestres naturalistas en aleros rocosos. Las evidencias líticas, vegetales y arqueofaunísticas excavadas en estos lugares dan cuenta de actividades temporales, por lo que interpretamos los sitios con pinturas como campamentos logísticos estacionales. Además de articular diferentes pisos ecológicos, las poblaciones arcaicas tuvieron una movilidad horizontal precodillerana que unía toda el área situada entre 2500 y 3800 m.snm, cuando en la costa, valles bajos y subárea Circumtiticaca, simultáneamente, ocurrían otros procesos de complejización social.

Se desarrolló un snack de manzana con el fin de introducir el consumo de alimentos derivados de frutas para disminuir la obesidad en escolares de Santiago de Chile. Se deshidrataron rodelas de manzanas, con la piel incluida, de variedad Fuji a 60ºC por 4 horas obteniendo un producto con 4,6 g/100 g de humedad y actividad de agua (Aw) de 0,56 . El snack de manzanas presentó 24,8 ± 0,3 g/100 g b.s. de fibra dietética y 550,16 ± 5,89 mgGAE/100 g b.s. de polifenoles lo que lo convierte en un alimento saludable, presenta además alta capacidad antioxidante medida por FRAP, con 0,59 mmolFe/100g . El análisis sensorial realizado en escolares de 8 y 12 años indica que el producto presenta alta aceptabilidad, es un producto crocante, de textura crujiente, con sabor agridulce, por lo que se constituye en una alternativa para colaciones escolares.