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O exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio é um importante aliado para a melhoria da composição corporal de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio sobre a composição corporal de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso. Para isso 15 mulheres com idade média de 30,6 ± 5,5 anos foram divididas em Grupo Obeso (GO, n = 7) e Grupo Sobrepeso (GS, n = 8). Todas as participantes realizaram exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio com duração de 60 minutos, três vezes por semana e duração total de quatro meses. A intensidade do exercí­cio foi moderada. Os principais resultados foram a redução da massa corporal e Índice de Massa Corporal em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05) e redução das circunferências da cintura no grupo sobrepeso (p < 0,05) e do abdômen no grupo obeso (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que o exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio foi efetivo em reduzir medidas antropométricas de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica e do treinamento de natação e força sobre o tecido adiposo, perfil lipídico e sistema endocanabinóide de ratos obesos exógenos. Para isso, utilizamos sessenta ratos adultos machos divididos em seis grupos: Sedentário Padrão (SP); Sedentário Hiperlipídico (SH); Natação Padrão (NP); Natação Hiperlipídica (NH); Força Padrão (FP); Força Hiperlipídica (FH). Após três semanas recebendo dieta padrão ou hiperlipídica, os animais iniciaram os protocolos de exercício. Os grupos NP e NH nadaram 60 minutos/dia, 5 dias/semana com carga de 5% do peso corporal atada ao corpo, em tanques de 50x30 cm, durante 8 semanas. Os grupos FP e FH realizaram exercício de subida em escada com pesos atados às suas caudas, uma vez a cada três dias, durante 8 semanas. Os animais dos grupos SP e SH continuaram sedentários e alimentados com suas respectivas dietas. A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou o ganho de massa corporal, peso relativo dos tecidos adiposos (epididimal, retroperitoneal, visceral e subcutâneo) e área de adipócitos (epididimal, retroperitoneal e visceral). Também aumentou o percentual de gordura de todos os tecidos adiposos e fígado, além de aumentar a expressão gênica do receptor CB1. Os grupos treinados apresentaram menores valores de área de adipócitos, melhora do perfil lipídico, menores valores no percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e fígado, menores ganhos de massa corporal, além de menores expressão gênica do receptor CB1. Assim nossos resultados indicam os potenciais benefícios do treinamento força e natação, como alternativas não farmacológicas para controlar os efeitos deletérios da dieta hiperlipídica sobre o tecido adiposo, perfil lipídico, conteúdo lipídico e controle do desequilíbrio do sistema endocanabinóide provocado pela dieta hiperlipídica.

Alopecia can be caused by a variety of reasons, both intrinsic (organic) and extrinsic (environmental), including a lack of vitamin complexes, stress, hormonal abnormalities, genetic inheritance, chemical effects, and medication use. The use of antioxidant shampoos and conditioners with hair stimulation has become common practise in Brazil.The most common is androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which causes premature fillet unit ageing, follicle micro-inflammation, and hair growth inhibition. (AGA) is a slow, painless and silent micro-inflammation triggered by factors such as climbing, chemical action caused by the use of cosmetics, body stress, hormonal disorders, menstrual irregularity, weight loss, systemic disease, use of medication to treat cancer and iron deficiency.The hair fibre growth cycle is harmed (catagen, telogen and anagen). So, a low-protein, low-vitamin diet is concerning; a multivitamin supplement is required. Today, medications are regarded as a watershed in the treatment of alopecia, associating a scheduled and targeted active induction technique. When using a mix of LED and Laser therapy, microagulching is vitally crucial. Calculated as men and women's complaints upon exposure to certain aspects of everyday life, as well as a decrease in the creation of reactive elements that might cause disruption and fall. It is recommended that nutritional supplements with antioxidant and anti-fall activity, as well as the use of growth factors, be used, as well as potential in-hibitors of hair ageing and with fall and alopecia. The goal of this study was to conduct a literature review on the scientific background and how aesthetic applications of antioxidants and growth factors in the treatment of alopecia can benefit patients.

Nowadays, the mesentery as a new organ was discovered. Mesenteric events may play an important role in the pathophysiology of several diseases. The aim of our study was investigate the synergic effects of ultrasound (US) and laser therapies on mesentery in obese-hyperglycemic rats. The 25 male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. Obese nondiabetic (OND) group: obese rats without diabetes and no treatment conditions; SHAM group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with placebo; US group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with US; LASER group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with laser and; US+LASER group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with US plus laser. An animal model of type 2 diabetes based on a hyperlipidemic diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin was used in this study. Body mass and biochemical measurements were performed. GOT and GPT level showed a significant reduction in the treated groups than SHAM. The total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels showed significantly lower values for the US+LASER group. There was also reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases evidenced by Castelli index in the treated groups than SHAM. This study showed that the US and laser treatment on mesentery resulted to an improvement in biochemical measurements of the obese-hyperglycemic rats, especially the total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL levels.

Obesity accumulates fat in the body may cause hypertension and change intracranial pressure waveform morphology (ICP). However, not clear how and when it occurs. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the ICP waveform morphology and P2/P1 ratio during the development of obesity. Sixteen 45-day-old male Wistar rats, after 60 days of adaptation were divided into non-obese (NOB, n = 7) and obese (OB, n = 9). The OB group received a high-fat diet and the NOB group received a standard diet for 24 weeks. ICP, body composition, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate(HR) were assessed every 4 weeks. Two-Way ANOVA was used for the area under the curve with Bonferroni's test, or Student's t-test for BP, and HR. Body mass(BM) and body fat(BF) and fat-free mass(FFM) were higher in OB rats. There was no difference in BP, but there was a difference in HR, greater in OB. The ICP decreased by NOB. These results suggest that the increase in BM and BF caused obesity, and BM can explain the increase in FFM. Although we did not find pathological states of ICP, NOB demonstrated better brain compliance, and the upward trend in the P2 waveform in OB may indicate impairment to the ICP of OB rats.

Obesity is an epidemic disease and the expansion of adipose tissue, especially visceral fat, promotes the secretion of factors that lead to comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, diet and exercise have been proposed as an intervention to reverse these complications. An adipocytokine, known as irisin, mediates the beneficial effects of exercise. It has been proposed as a therapeutic potential in controlling obesity. In view of the above, this paper attempts to determine the modulation of irisin, visceral adiposity and biochemical markers in response to dietary intervention and aerobic exercise. To do this, 52 diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: high-fat diet and exercise (HFD-Ex); HFD-Sedentary (HFD-Sed); chow-diet and exercise (CD-Exercise); and CD-Sed. The exercise-trained group performed a treadmill protocol for 60 min/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Body mass (BM), body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were analyzed. Mesenteric (MES), epididymal (EPI), and retroperitoneal (RET) adipose tissue was collected and histological analysis was performed. Biochemical irisin, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and inflammatory markers were determined and, FNDC5 protein expression was analyzed. In this study, the diet was the most important factor in reducing visceral adiposity in the short and long term. Exercise was an important factor in preserving muscle mass and reducing visceral depots after a long term. Moreover, the combination of diet and exercise can enhance these effects. Diet and exercise exclusively were the factors capable of increasing the values of irisin/FNDC5, however it did not bring cumulative effects of both interventions. Prescriptions to enhance the obesity treatments should involve reducing visceral adiposity by reducing the fat content in the diet associated with aerobic exercise.

The post-COVID-19 condition or ‘long COVID’ is a clinical and scientific challenge for society. In this regard, patients after COVID-19 recovery show a vast range of sequels including muscular, articular lesions, neurological, dermatological, and pulmonary issues. These clinical consequences are issues in the present and for the future. In this case, rehabilitation therapies based on photobiomodulation and combined therapies arise as excellent tools to solve it. Herein, we describe and discuss the perspectives on the use of light-based therapies such as photobiomodulation, photodynamic therapy and combined vacuum and laser therapy for rehabilitation of patients who present some sequelae of the COVID-19 infection. We did not intend to produce a comprehensive review; instead we highlight the most important and clinical protocols against these sequels. Moreover, the principles and mechanism of action of each light-based technique proposed were reported and discussed.

Pancreatic lesions can produce metabolic disorders. Light-emitting diode (LED) has been used as a safe and effective phototherapy for cell proliferation and regeneration. We investigate the effects of phototherapy using LED irradiation on the pancreas after the injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce experimental diabetes and evaluate that the β cells can regenerate in the pancreas in an in vivo model and observe its implications on the control of carbohydrate metabolism. Twenty Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: non-diabetic control, diabetic control, and diabetic treated with LED. Except for the non-diabetic control group, all were induced to diabetes type I by streptozotocin injection. Treated groups were irradiated by LED: λ = 805 nm; 40 mW, 22 s; spot diameter 5 mm, spot area 0.196 cm2, 0.88 J that it was applied on pancreas projection area for 5 consecutive days and monitored for 30 days. Diabetic group treated with LED showed regeneration of islets and ducts (p = 0.001) on the pancreas. Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test showed differences between the diabetic control and diabetic treated groups (p = 0.03). In diabetic control group, the hepatic glycogen content was 296% lower when compared with diabetic treated with LED. Furthermore, in the diabetic control group, the glycogen content of the gastrocnemius muscle was 706% smaller when compared with diabetic treated with LED. This study shows that LED was able to modify morphological and metabolic features and also altered carbohydrate metabolism on irradiated pancreas in experimental model of diabetes.

This study aims to analyze the effects of resisted, aerobic, and combined exercises on omentin levels in visceral adipose tissue and muscle of rats with experimental diabetes to verify whether these adipokines are related to the glucose pathway and inflammation process in this model. Male Wistar rats received a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes. After inducing diabetes, the animals were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 10): diabetic control (C); resistance training (RT); aerobic training (AT); and combined training (CT). The groups were exercised for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, where: RT means the stair climbing protocol until exhaustion; AT is the 30 min/day reaching 20 m/min protocol, and CT is the combination of RT and AT. The AT group showed reduced retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue and abdominal fat deposits. Our study also showed a possible control of blood glucose, as well as decreased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, increased circulating adiponectin and increased omentin in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, the AT group affected the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue. Omentin also showed a strong positive correlation with adiponectin and a moderate negative correlation with IL-6. Thus, our findings indicated that omentin in type 2 diabetes is changed by AT. Furthermore, increased omentin levels had a close association with the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue and with IL-6 in serum, suggesting that omentin is likely to have anti-inflammatory and protective action in experimental diabetes.

This study aims to analyze the effects of resisted, aerobic, and combined exercises on omentin levels in visceral adipose tissue and muscle of rats with experimental diabetes to verify whether these adipokines are related to the glucose pathway and inflammation process in this model. Male Wistar rats received a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes. After inducing diabetes, the animals were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 10): diabetic control (C); resistance training (RT); aerobic training (AT); and combined training (CT). The groups were exercised for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, where: RT means the stair climbing protocol until exhaustion; AT is the 30 min/day reaching 20 m/min protocol, and CT is the combination of RT and AT. The AT group showed reduced retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue and abdominal fat deposits. Our study also showed a possible control of blood glucose, as well as decreased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, increased circulating adiponectin and increased omentin in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, the AT group affected the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue. Omentin also showed a strong positive correlation with adiponectin and a moderate negative correlation with IL-6. Thus, our findings indicated that omentin in type 2 diabetes is changed by AT. Furthermore, increased omentin levels had a close association with the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue and with IL-6 in serum, suggesting that omentin is likely to have anti-inflammatory and protective action in experimental diabetes.

Investigations suggest the benefits of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to improve noninvasive body contouring treatments, inflammation, insulin resistance and to reduce body fat. However, the mechanism for such potential effects in association with exercise training (ET) and possible implications in browning adiposity processes remains unclear. Forty-nine obese women were involved, aged between 20 and 40 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 30–40 kg/m2. The volunteers were divided into Phototherapy (808 nm) and SHAM groups. Interventions consisted of exercise training and phototherapy applications post exercise for 4 months, with three sessions/week. Body composition, lipid profile, insulin resistance, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), WNT5 signaling, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) were measured. Improvements in body mass, BMI, body fat mass, lean mass, visceral fat, waist circumference, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and ANP in both groups were demonstrated. Only the Phototherapy group showed a reduction in interleukin-6 and an increase in WNT5 signaling. In addition, it was possible to observe a higher magnitude change for the fat mass, insulin, HOMA-IR, and FGF-21 variables in the Phototherapy group. In the present investigation, it was demonstrated that exercise training associated with LLLT promotes an improvement in body composition and inflammatory processes as previously demonstrated. The Phototherapy group especially presented positive modifications of WNT5 signaling, FGF-21, and ANP, possible biomarkers associated with browning adiposity processes. This suggests that this kind of intervention promotes results applicable in clinical practice to control obesity and related comorbidities.

Several experimental models of dietary manipulation have been created for the purpose of investigating chronic-degenerative diseases. In general, such models allow for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative alterations of nutrients and substances contained in a food regimen. Recent studies have made use of alternative forms of dietary manipulation that have resulted in the experimental development of diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity (Duarte et al. 2003; Estadella et al. 2004; Manzoni et al. 2005; Cheik 2005; Guerra 2005).

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of successive cycles of a moderately restrictive diet and refeeding with a high-fat diet on the metabolism of the adipose and hepatic tissues of obese rats. Rats were assigned to the following groups: a chow diet; a high-fat diet; a moderate caloric restriction; or a moderate caloric restriction plus refeeding. Some animals in each group were given [1-(14)C]triolein intragastrically, while others received an intraperitoneal injection of 3 mCi (3)H(2)O. All animals were killed by decapitation. The retroperitoneal, visceral epididymal and omental white adipose tissues, brown adipose tissue, liver and blood were immediately removed. The lipid uptake from the diet, in vivo rate of lipogenesis, percentage of fat, lipid profile and leptin concentration were analysed. The high-fat diet promoted an increase in fatty liver (P ≤ 0.05), adiposity mass (P ≤ 0.05) and the plasma concentration of leptin (P ≤ 0.05) and a decreased lipid uptake in white adipose tissue depots (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to the chow diet. The moderate caloric restriction did not reverse the changes promoted by the high-fat diet but induced a small decrease in adiposity, which was reversed after refeeding, and the animals maintained a dyslipidaemic profile and high fat deposition in the liver. We can conclude that the high-fat diet and subsequent moderate caloric restriction plus refeeding increased the risks of developing visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which suggests that this type of experimental protocol can be used to study mechanisms related to the metabolic syndrome.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do exercício de natação intermitente em relação ao exercício contínuo e ao sedentarismo, em ratos Wistar, após o desenvolvimento de obesidade exógena pela administração de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: evolução do peso corporal, ingestão alimentar, adiposidade, percentual de gordura dos tecidos e perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados ratos adultos, mantidos em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso a água e comida. O protocolo experimental incluiu: 1) desenvolvimento da obesidade exógena (3 semanas), os animais foram divididos em: P: sedentários alimentados com dieta padrão Primor® (n=8) e H: sedentários alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (n=32); 2) tratamentos (8 semanas subseqüentes), os animais (n=24) passaram a receber dieta padrão e foram divididos em: sedentário; treinado contínuo e treinado intermitente. Treinamentos (5x semana): Contínuo (90 minutos/dia) e Intermitente (3x30min/dia). Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia (3 e 8 semanas), sendo coletados os tecidos adiposos, o fígado e o sangue. Foram determinados a adiposidade e o percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e do fígado, o ganho de peso corporal, o consumo alimentar e o perfil lipídico. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou a adiposidade, o percentual de gordura acumulada no fígado e desenvolveu dislipidemias. A troca de dieta e os dois tipos de treinamento foram capazes de reverter o quadro de obesidade exógena. Contudo, o exercício intermitente foi mais eficiente na redução da adiposidade e de ganho de peso. CONCLUSÃO: Associados à dieta balanceada, os treinamentos aplicados neste estudo poderiam ser utilizados como estratégia no controle de peso e de dislipidemias, tanto em modelos experimentais quanto em seres humanos.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do exercício de natação intermitente em relação ao exercício contínuo e ao sedentarismo, em ratos Wistar, após o desenvolvimento de obesidade exógena pela administração de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: evolução do peso corporal, ingestão alimentar, adiposidade, percentual de gordura dos tecidos e perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados ratos adultos, mantidos em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso a água e comida. O protocolo experimental incluiu: 1) desenvolvimento da obesidade exógena (3 semanas), os animais foram divididos em: P: sedentários alimentados com dieta padrão Primor® (n=8) e H: sedentários alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (n=32); 2) tratamentos (8 semanas subseqüentes), os animais (n=24) passaram a receber dieta padrão e foram divididos em: sedentário; treinado contínuo e treinado intermitente. Treinamentos (5x semana): Contínuo (90 minutos/dia) e Intermitente (3x30min/dia). Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia (3 e 8 semanas), sendo coletados os tecidos adiposos, o fígado e o sangue. Foram determinados a adiposidade e o percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e do fígado, o ganho de peso corporal, o consumo alimentar e o perfil lipídico. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou a adiposidade, o percentual de gordura acumulada no fígado e desenvolveu dislipidemias. A troca de dieta e os dois tipos de treinamento foram capazes de reverter o quadro de obesidade exógena. Contudo, o exercício intermitente foi mais eficiente na redução da adiposidade e de ganho de peso. CONCLUSÃO: Associados à dieta balanceada, os treinamentos aplicados neste estudo poderiam ser utilizados como estratégia no controle de peso e de dislipidemias, tanto em modelos experimentais quanto em seres humanos.OBJECTIVE: The objective was to look into the effects of intermittent swimming against continuous exercise and inactivity in Wistar rats after they developed exogenous obesity though the consumption of a palatable fat-rich diet. The following was investigated: evolution of body weight, food intake, adiposity, fat percentage in tissues and lipid profile. METHODS: Adult rats were kept in individual cages with free access to food and water. The experimental protocol included: 1) development of exogenous obesity (3 weeks). The animals were divided into S - inactive animals fed the standard Primor® diet (n=8) and HF - inactive animals fed a high-fat diet (n=32); 2) Treatment (the 8 following weeks) - the animals (n=24) were given the standard diet and divided into an inactive group, a continuous training group and an intermittent training group. Training occurred 5 times per week and was either continuous (90 minutes per day) or intermittent (3 times 30 minutes per day). The animals were killed at 3 and 8 weeks and the fat tissues, the liver and the blood were collected. Adiposity, fat percentage of the fat tissues and liver, gain of body weight, food consumption and lipid profile were determined. RESULTS: The high-fat diet increased adiposity, percentage of fat in the liver, and induced dyslipidemias. Diet change and the two types of training were capable of reducing exogenous obesity. However, intermittent exercise was more efficient in reducing adiposity and preventing weight gain. CONCLUSION: When associated with a balanced diet, the trainings used in this study can be used as a strategy to control weight and dyslipidemias, both in experimental models and in human beings.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado, associada ao treinamento moderado em natação, sobre a composição corporal, o consumo e a eficiência alimentar, a glicemia, o perfil lipídico e o glicogênio muscular e hepático de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (30 dias) foram divididos em: sedentário, sedentário suplementado, treinado e treinado suplementado. Permaneceram em gaiolas individuais com comida e água ad libitum, temperatura de 23ºC (com variação de1ºC) e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, durante 8 semanas. A sessão de natação durou 1 hora e foi realizada três vezes/semana, bem como a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado a 2%. Após sacrifício, o plasma, os tecidos adiposos brancos e o marrom, o músculo gastrocnêmio e o fígado foram coletados e pesados. RESULTADOS: A suplementação per se não promoveu modificação na ingestão alimentar e na massa corporal dos animais. Houve aumento na glicemia de jejum (pOBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation associated with moderate swimming training on body composition, food efficiency and consumption, blood glucose, lipid profile, and muscle and liver glycogen of Wistar rats. METHODS: Thirty-day old Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: inactive, inactive with 2% conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, active, and active with 2% conjugated linoleic acid supplementation. They remained in individual cages with food and water ad libitum, temperature of 23±1ºC and a light and dark cycle of 12 hours for 8 weeks. The active groups swam for one hour three times per week. The animals were killed and the plasma, white and brown fat tissues, gastrocnemius muscle and liver were collected and weighted. RESULTS: Supplementation per se did not promote food intake or body weight changes in the animals. Fasting glucose (p

Objective: This study aimed to examine and compare the effects of continuous or intermittent exercises on adiposity and fatty liver in rats fed with high-fat diet. Methods and Procedures: Wistar rats were divided according to diet composition—chow diet (C) or high-fat diet (H)—and kinds of exercise—sedentary (S), continuous (CE), or intermittent (IE) exercises. The CE group swam 90 min/day, and the IE group swam 3 × 30 min/day (at 4-h intervals between sessions); both groups exercised 5 days/week during 8 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily. Lipogenesis rate in vivo was determined by the incorporation of 3H2O into saponified lipids in retroperitoneal (RET), epididymal (EPI), and visceral (VIS) white adipose tissues, brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver (L), and gastrocnemius muscle (GAST) using the gravimetric method. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol (TG) were analyzed. Results: The major finding of this study is that IE was more efficient than CE in reducing the adverse effects of high-fat diet and sedentarism. There was an improvement in the lipid profile and a reduction in food intake, body weight gain, visceral and central adiposity, and fatty liver, contributing to the control of obesity and other comorbidities, including nonalcoholic fat liver diseases. Discussion: Earlier studies have discussed the effects of diet consumption on adiposity and their relation to chronic diseases and obesity. This study discusses the effects of high-fat diet consumption and the different kinds of exercise on weight gain, adiposity, fatty liver, and lipid profile in rats. The results may depend on the exercise, time of each session, age, gender, and experimental period.

Objective We investigated the effects of severe caloric restriction and refeeding with a high-fat diet on lipid uptake by visceral adipose fat and lipid profile in rats. Methods Rats were assigned to six groups: a chow diet (C), a high-fat diet (H), severe caloric restriction (SC and SH), and severe caloric restriction plus refeeding (SC-r and SH-r) during 8 wk. All animals were killed by decapitation 4 h after intragastric administration of [1-14C] triolein (∼0.5 g, 0.3 μCi/rat). Liver; visceral retroperitoneal (RET), epididymal (EPI), and omental (VIS) white adipose tissues; brown adipose tissue; and intestine were immediately removed and weighed. The whole intestine was withdrawn and homogenized to determine lipid uptake. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triacylglycerol in plasma were determined enzymatically. Results The SC and SH groups showed reduced visceral adiposity, although this effect was more evident in the SC group. The SC group had greater lipid absorption in the VIS than the C group. The SH treatment increased RET and VIS lipid uptake in relation to the H group. The SH-r treatment increased RET and VIS adiposity. HDL cholesterol decreased with caloric restriction in the SC and SH groups. The SH-r treatment did not increase HDL cholesterol. Conclusion Severe caloric restriction decreased visceral adiposity even in rats in the H group but did not reduce the risk of development of dyslipidemia. Therefore, food restriction plus refeeding with a high-fat diet increase the risk of development of visceral adiposity and dyslipidemia.

The metabolic flexibility is often impaired in diseases associated with obesity, and many studies are based on the hypothesis that dysfunction in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue represent the etiology of development of metabolic inflexibility. Experimental evidence shows that the use of phototherapy combined with exercise was effective in controlling the lipid profile, reducing the mass of adipose tissue, suggesting increased metabolic activity and changes in lipid metabolism. However, we found few data in the literature involving the use of phototherapy in association to physical training in the obese population. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of exercise training (aerobic plus resistance exercises) plus phototherapy (laser, 808 nm) on metabolic profile and adiponectinemia in obese women.Sixty-four obese women (BMI 30-40 kg/m2 , age between 20 and 40 years old) were randomly assigned in two groups: Exercise Training plus SHAM group (ET-SHAM, n = 32) and Exercise Training plus Phototherapy group (ET-PHOTO, n = 32). The treatment consisted in physical exercise intervention and the individual application of phototherapy immediately after the end of the training session. However, in the ET-SHAM group the device was turned off simulating the phototherapy application (placebo effect). The study protocol lasted for 20 weeks and comprised of three weekly sessions of aerobic plus resistance training and application of phototherapy (when applicable). The body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed (HOMA, adiponectin, insulin, glucose).Comparing the magnitude of effects between groups (ET-PHOTO vs. ET-SHAM), we observed that physical training plus phototherapy was more effective than physical training in reducing the delta of percentage of fat mass (%; -5.60 ± 1.59 vs. -4.33 ± 1.5; P 0.04); fat mass (kg; -11.26 ± 2.82 vs. -5.80 ± 2.82; P 0.0002); HOMA-IR index (-38.08 ± 9.23 vs. -20.91 ± 14.42; P 0.0001). In addition, we observed an increase in delta (%) of total skeletal muscle mass (kg; 0.60 ± 1.09 vs. -1.38 ± 1.70; P 0.003), adiponectin concentration (ng/ml; 1.08 (0.04-3.62) vs. -0.42 (-3.15 to 2.26); P 0.03) in the same comparison.Our results demonstrated for the first time that phototherapy enhances the physical exercise effects in obese women undergoing weight loss treatment promoting significant changes in inflexibility metabolic profile.

Introduction Obesity is one of the most important link factors to coronary artery disease development mainly due to the pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states favoring atherosclerosis progression. The LLLT acts in the cellular metabolism and it is highly effective to improve inflammation. The same occur in response to different kinds of exercise. However, we have not known the associate effects using LLLT therapies with aerobic plus resistance training as strategy specifically with target at human obesity control and its comorbidities. Objective Investigate the effects of the LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women. Methodology Women aged 20–40 years (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), were divided into 2 groups: Phototherapy (PHOTO) and Placebo. They were trained aerobic plus resistance exercises (in a concurrent mode), 1 h, 3 times/week during 16 weeks. Phototherapy was applied after each exercise session for 16 min, with infrared laser, wavelength 808 nm, continuous output, power 100 mW, and energy delivery 50 J. The body composition was measured with bioimpedance. Inflammatory mark concentrations were measured using a commercially available multiplex. Results LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training was effective in decrease neck (P = 0.0003) and waist circumferences (P = 0.02); percentual of fat (P = 0.04); visceral fat area (P = 0.02); HOMA-IR (P = 0.0009); Leptin (P = 0.03) and ICAM (P = 0.03). Also, the reduction in leptin (P = 0.008) and ICAM-1 (0, 05) was much more expressive in the phototherapy group in comparison to placebo group when analyzed by delta values. Conclusion LLLT associated with concurrent exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) potentiates the exercise effects of decreasing the cardiometabolic risk factors in obese woman. These results suggest the LLLT associated with exercises as a new therapeutic tool in the control of obesity and its comorbidities for obese people, targeting to optimize the strategies to control the cardiometabolic risk factors in these populations.

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da administração crônica de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: ganho de peso, adiposidade, conteúdos de glicogênio hepático e muscular, glicemia e insulinemia, morfologia do pâncreas e secreção de insulina por ilhotas isoladas, incubadas in vitro. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (21 dias de idade) foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica palatável ou com dieta padrão, durante 15 semanas. Peso corporal e consumo de ração foram avaliados diariamente, glicose e insulina plasmática foram avaliadas semanalmente. Após o sacrifício, pâncreas, fígado, gastrocnêmio e tecidos adiposos foram coletados e pesados. Cortes do pâncreas foram analisados por microscopia ótica comum. Insulina plasmática e a secretada por ilhotas isoladas, após incubação na presença de diferentes concentrações de glicose, foram avaliadas por radioimunoensaio. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica palatável aumentou a adiposidade, a percentagem do ganho de peso corporal e o conteúdo do glicogênio hepático, quando comparada à dos animais alimentados com dieta padrão. Glicemias e insulinemias de jejum não diferiram entre os grupos. A secreção de insulina das ilhotas isoladas dos ratos aumentou, nos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, apenas em presença de concentrações fisiológicas de glicose (G= 8,3mM). A dieta hiperlipídica reduziu o tamanho do pâncreas, mas aumentou o número de células beta. Além disso, o lúmen dos vasos sangüíneos pancreáticos apresentou-se reduzido, quando comparado aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade provocada pela dieta hiperlipídica não alterou os níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum desses animais. Apesar das alterações morfológicas do pâncreas, a manutenção da normoglicemia dos ratos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, provavelmente, deveu-se à capacidade preservada de suas ilhotas em secretar insulina.OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of continuous feeding of rats with a palatable high-fat diet on: body weight gain, adiposity, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood glucose and insulin levels, and pancreatic morphology and insulin secretion by in vitro isolated pancreatic beta cells. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (21 days old) were fed with a palatable high-fat diet or a chow diet during 15wk. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily whereas blood glucose and insulin were analyzed weekly. After they were killed, pancreas, liver, gastrocnemius muscle and adipose tissues were removed and weighted. Morphology analysis of pancreatic tissue sections was performed using light microscopy. Serum insulin and the insulin secreted by isolated pancreatic islets, incubated for 90min under different concentrations of glucose, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The palatable high-fat diet increased adiposity, body weight gain and liver glycogen content when compared with the animals fed with a chow diet. Blood glucose and insulin levels did not differ between groups. The insulin secretion from isolated islets increased in the high-fat diet group only at physiological concentrations of glucose (G= 8.3mM). The size of the pancreas of rats receiving the high-fat diet decreased, although the number of beta cells increased. In addition, the lumen of pancreatic vessels was narrower compared with control islets. CONCLUSION: The obesity resulting from a high-fat diet did not alter the blood glucose and insulin levels of fasted rats. Despite the morphological alterations of the pancreas, normal blood glucose concentration in rats receiving a high-fat diet remained at physiological range due to a preserved secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets.

Obesity affects approximately 20% of the world population, and exercise is the primary non-pharmacological therapy. The combined use of exercise and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may potentiate the effects promoted by exercise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise in combination with phototherapy on adipocyte area, activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and muscle morphological analysis. We used 64 Wistar rats, which were divided into eight groups with 8 rats each: sedentary chow-diet (SC); sedentary chow-diet plus laser therapy (SCL), exercised chow-diet (EC); exercised chow-diet plus laser therapy (ECL); sedentary high-fat diet (SH); sedentary high-fat diet plus laser therapy (SHL); exercised high-fat diet (EH); exercised high-fat diet, laser therapy (EHL). The animals were submitted to a program of swimming training for 90 min/5 times per week for 8 weeks and LLLT (GA-Al-AS, 830 nm) at a dose of 4.7 J/point and a total energy of 9.4 J/animal, with duration of 47 s, which was applied to both gastrocnemius muscles after exercise. We conclude that the combined use of exercise and phototherapy increases the activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and decreases the white adipocyte area epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral in obese rats, enhancing the effects of exercise.

Obesity and associated dyslipidemia is the fastest growing health problem throughout the world. The combination of exercise and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could be a new approach to the treatment of obesity and associated disease. In this work, the effects of LLLT associated with exercises on the lipid metabolism in regular and high-fat diet rats were verified. We used 64 rats divided in eight groups with eight rats each, designed: SC, sedentary chow diet; SCL, sedentary chow diet laser, TC, trained chow diet; TCL, trained chow diet laser; SH, sedentary high-fat diet; SHL, sedentary high-fat diet laser; TH, trained high-fat diet; and THL, trained high-fat diet laser. The exercise used was swimming during 8 weeks/90 min daily and LLLT (GA-Al-As, 830 nm) dose of 4.7 J/point and total energy 9.4 J per animal, applied to both gastrocnemius muscles after exercise. We analyzed biochemical parameters, percentage of fat, hepatic and muscular glycogen and relative mass of tissue, and weight percentage gain. The statistical test used was ANOVA, with post hoc Tukey–Kramer for multiple analysis between groups, and the significant level was p

The combination of exercise and high-fat diet promotes related effects on lipid metabolism, but opposite effects on the carbohydrate metabolism. The mechanisms of action of LLLT could alter these correlations for the carbohydrate metabolism.

The use of laser and ultrasound shows promising results as non-pharmacological pain treatment. This study evaluated the effects of laser and ultrasound on abdominal pain in mice.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado, associada ao treinamento moderado em natação, sobre a composição corporal, o consumo e a eficiência alimentar, a glicemia, o perfil lipídico e o glicogênio muscular e hepático de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (30 dias) foram divididos em: sedentário, sedentário suplementado, treinado e treinado suplementado. Permaneceram em gaiolas individuais com comida e água ad libitum, temperatura de 23ºC (com variação de1ºC) e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, durante 8 semanas. A sessão de natação durou 1 hora e foi realizada três vezes/semana, bem como a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado a 2%. Após sacrifício, o plasma, os tecidos adiposos brancos e o marrom, o músculo gastrocnêmio e o fígado foram coletados e pesados. RESULTADOS: A suplementação per se não promoveu modificação na ingestão alimentar e na massa corporal dos animais. Houve aumento na glicemia de jejum (p

the effects combination of light at different wavelengths in the treatment of wrinkles and acne. The treatment was performed in 10 sessions using the commercial equipment called Venus®, once a week during one hour and thirty minutes in the all face. The treatment evaluations were done by visual analysis of images using digital clinical photography. In all patients was observed a decrease in expression lines, wrinkles and acne lesions. It was also observed improvement in skin tonus and color homogeneity decreasing the perception of skin age.

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da administração crônica de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: ganho de peso, adiposidade, conteúdos de glicogênio hepático e muscular, glicemia e insulinemia, morfologia do pâncreas e secreção de insulina por ilhotas isoladas, incubadas in vitro. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (21 dias de idade) foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica palatável ou com dieta padrão, durante 15 semanas. Peso corporal e consumo de ração foram avaliados diariamente, glicose e insulina plasmática foram avaliadas semanalmente. Após o sacrifício, pâncreas, fígado, gastrocnêmio e tecidos adiposos foram coletados e pesados. Cortes do pâncreas foram analisados por microscopia ótica comum. Insulina plasmática e a secretada por ilhotas isoladas, após incubação na presença de diferentes concentrações de glicose, foram avaliadas por radioimunoensaio. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica palatável aumentou a adiposidade, a percentagem do ganho de peso corporal e o conteúdo do glicogênio hepático, quando comparada à dos animais alimentados com dieta padrão. Glicemias e insulinemias de jejum não diferiram entre os grupos. A secreção de insulina das ilhotas isoladas dos ratos aumentou, nos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, apenas em presença de concentrações fisiológicas de glicose (G= 8,3mM). A dieta hiperlipídica reduziu o tamanho do pâncreas, mas aumentou o número de células beta. Além disso, o lúmen dos vasos sangüíneos pancreáticos apresentou-se reduzido, quando comparado aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade provocada pela dieta hiperlipídica não alterou os níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum desses animais. Apesar das alterações morfológicas do pâncreas, a manutenção da normoglicemia dos ratos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, provavelmente, deveu-se à capacidade preservada de suas ilhotas em secretar insulina. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of continuous feeding of rats with a palatable high-fat diet on: body weight gain, adiposity, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood glucose and insulin levels, and pancreatic morphology and insulin secretion by in vitro isolated pancreatic beta cells. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (21 days old) were fed with a palatable high-fat diet or a chow diet during 15wk. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily whereas blood glucose and insulin were analyzed weekly. After they were killed, pancreas, liver, gastrocnemius muscle and adipose tissues were removed and weighted. Morphology analysis of pancreatic tissue sections was performed using light microscopy. Serum insulin and the insulin secreted by isolated pancreatic islets, incubated for 90min under different concentrations of glucose, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The palatable high-fat diet increased adiposity, body weight gain and liver glycogen content when compared with the animals fed with a chow diet. Blood glucose and insulin levels did not differ between groups. The insulin secretion from isolated islets increased in the high-fat diet group only at physiological concentrations of glucose (G= 8.3mM). The size of the pancreas of rats receiving the high-fat diet decreased, although the number of beta cells increased. In addition, the lumen of pancreatic vessels was narrower compared with control islets. CONCLUSION: The obesity resulting from a high-fat diet did not alter the blood glucose and insulin levels of fasted rats. Despite the morphological alterations of the pancreas, normal blood glucose concentration in rats receiving a high-fat diet remained at physiological range due to a preserved secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets.

A utilização de implantes cirúrgicos para artroplastia de quadril com prótese de recapeamento da cabeça femoral como substituto ósseo é um procedimento que tem sido realizado em 35% dos casos de Osteoartrose nos EUA. Entretanto, o atrito da broca e o aumento da temperatura durante a usinagem da cabeça femoral são responsáveis pelo possível aquecimento do tecido ósseo, podendo provocar a necrose óssea térmica. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de novos ferramentais e metodologias para minimizar os danos térmicos do atrito torna-se importante. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar se há a ocorrência de necrose óssea em um procedimento de furação óssea utilizando o dispositivo EQUITRON; Mod.ES 2200, desenvolvido no LTC-EESC-USP. Para tal, utilizamos 4 amostras de costela bovina removidas após a morte do animal, que foram furadas com broca de aço inoxidável (HSS-SKF), de 8 milímetros, sem irrigação externa. As amostras foram furadas com rotações de 100, 1000, 1200 e 2500 RPM, aferidas por tacômetro foto/contato digital da marca MINIPA, MDT-2238, e com avanço controlado de 80 mm/min (dispositivo da marca-EQUITRON; MOD.ES 2200; RPM 2800; Potência 0,30; Torque 1,6 Nm). Foram mensuradas as temperaturas iniciais da broca e da amostra e a final da amostra com termômetro digital, marca-MEDISANA®. Após a furação foram confeccionadas lâminas histológicas (HE) do tecido ósseo, preparadas de acordo com a metodologia apropriada, para posterior qualificação e quantificação da ocorrência de necrose óssea térmica através de imagens captadas por microscopia óptica (Olympus BX 41TF - Made Japan) utilizando-se o programa Motic Images Plus 2.0 para a captura das imagens. Os valores de temperaturas aferidos na amostra após a furação apresentaram relação positiva com a RPM utilizada, isto é, quanto maior a rotação, maior foi a temperatura observada. Apenas a amostra furada a 2500 RPM ultrapassou a temperatura de referencia para a gênese da osteonecrose térmica, que é de 47ºC. As análises histológicas apresentaram uma baixa predominância de células picnóticas e lacunas, sugerindo menor dano tecidual. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que o dispositivo (furadeira) desenvolvido no LTC-EESC-USP para a realização das furações nas amostras ósseas em testes de bancada foi eficiente em minimizar a ocorrência de necrose óssea térmica, até mesmo em condições de temperatura acima do limite fisiológico aceitável. The utilization of surgical implants for hip arthroplasty with a resurfacing prosthesis of the femoral head as a bone substitute have been conducted in 35% of osteoarthrosis cases in the USA. However, the friction of the drill and the increase in the temperature during the machining of the femoral head can possibly heat the bony tissue and provoke a thermal bone necrosis. The development of new tools and methodologies for minimizing the thermal damage of the friction has become fundamental. The present study analyzes the occurrence of bone necrosis in a procedure of bone drilling that uses an EQUITRON device, Mod. ES 2200, developed at the LTC-EESC-USP. Four samples of bovine ribs removed after the death of the animal were used for the tests. They were drilled by an 8mm stainless-steel drill (HSS-SKF) with no external irrigation, at 100, 1000, 1200 and 2500 RPM calibrated by a MINIPA, MDT-2238 digital photo/contact tachometer and whose 80mm/min. advance (EQUITORN device; MOD.ES 2200; RPM 2800; 0.30 Potency and 1,6Nm torque) was controlled. The initial temperatures of the drill and the sample and the final temperature of the sample were measured by a MEDISANA digital thermometer. After drilling, histological blades (HE) were produced from the bony tissue and prepared according to the adequate methodology for further qualification and quantification of the occurrence of thermal bone necrosis through images captured by optical microscopy (Olympus BX 41TF - made in Japan) and Motic Images Plus 2.0 program. The values of the temperatures measured in the sample after drilling showed a positive relation with the RPM utilized, i.e., the faster the rotation, the higher the temperature. Only the sample drilled at 2500RPM exceeded the reference temperature (47ºC) for the genesis of the thermal osteonecrosis. The histological analyses revealed a low predominance of picnotic cells and gaps, which suggest minor tissue damage. The results show the device (drilling machine) developed at the LTC-EESC-USP for the drilling in the bone samples in workbench tests is efficient to minimize the occurrence of thermal bone necrosis, even at temperatures above the physiological acceptable limit.