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En este trabajo se correlacionaron la personalidad normal ‒medida a través del modelo de los Cinco Factores‒, el bienestar psicológico y la calidad de vida asociada con la salud en un grupo de mujeres diagnosticadas con fibromialgia, para lo cual se realizó un estudio cuantitativo ex post facto de corte transversal y nivel correlacional con 98 mujeres. De ellas, 51.3% presentaban niveles altos de neuroticismo, 60,5% niveles bajos de amabilidad, y 42,1% niveles bajos de extraversión. El neuroticismo correlacionó negativamente con todas las dimensiones del bienestar psicológico y con la mayoría de las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, y además fue el factor de la personalidad, junto con la extraversión, que más correlaciones tuvo con la calidad de vida asociada con la salud. El grupo de mujeres con fibromialgia, en su mayoría con altos niveles de neuroticismo y bajos niveles de extraversión y amabilidad, ven afectadas la autoaceptación, las relaciones positivas, la autonomía, el dominio del entorno, el crecimiento personal, el propósito en la vida, los roles físico y emocional, la salud mental y el dolor corporal.

Los comportamientos éticos son la clave para generar valor en los distintos grupos de interés y están relacionados con valores personales o creencias. En este sentido, este libro buscar difundir varias reflexiones desde la óptica de la dirección de proyectos, la gestión organizacional y la realidad empresarial, tratando temas como ética, proyectos y organización; talento humano, grupos de interés y liderazgo; al igual que proyectos, entorno y competitividad. Así, los autores le dan al lector un punto de partida sobre cómo los valores, las creencias, la cultura y el comportamiento inciden en los resultados de las organizaciones y en su índice de competitividad. Por lo anterior, esta obra, dirigida a académicos, empresarios, gerentes, funcionarios gubernamentales y profesionales de cualquier campo, constituye una eficiente alternativa de dirección organizacional, que será una herramienta útil para instituciones académicas, estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado, en áreas de la gestión, los negocios, la ingeniería y el emprendimiento.

Aging is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and oxidative stress is a key element responsible for the development of age-related pathologies. In addition, the alteration of circadian rhythms also contributes to cardiovascular pathology, but the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. We investigated the aging consequences on the temporal patterns of antioxidant defenses, the molecular clock machinery, and the blood pressure, in the heart of male rats maintained under constant darkness (free running) conditions. Male Holtzman rats from young adult (3-month-old) and older (22-month-old) groups were maintained under constant darkness (12-h dark:12-h dark, DD) condition during fifteen days before the experiment. After the DD period, heart ventricle samples were isolated every 4-h throughout a 24-h period. We observed circadian rhythms of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mRNA expression, as well as ultradian rhythms of Nrf2 mRNA levels, in the heart of young adult rats. We also found circadian oscillations of CAT and GPx enzymatic activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and BMAL1 protein in the same group. Interestingly, aging abolished the rhythms of CAT and GPx enzymatic activities, phase-shifted the rhythm's acrophases of GSH and BMAL1 protein levels and turned circadian the ultradian oscillation of Nrf2 expression. Moreover, aging phase-shifted the circadian pattern of systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, aging modifies the temporal organization of antioxidant defenses and blood pressure, probably, as a consequence of a disruption in the circadian rhythm of the clock's transcriptional regulator, BMAL1, in heart.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disease characterized by loss of synapses and neurons in the elderly. Accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of AD. ApoE plays a key role in normal and physiological clearance of Aß, since it facilitates the peptide intra- and extracellular proteolytic degradation. Besides the cognitive deficit, AD patients also show alterations in their circadian rhythms. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an i.c.v. injection of Aβ (1-42) peptide on the 24 h rhythms of Apo E, BMAL1, RORα, Bdnf and trkB mRNA and Aβ levels in the rat temporal cortex. We found that an i.c.v. injection of Aβ aggregates phase shifts daily Bdnf expression as well as Apo E, BMAL1, RORα, Aβ and decreased the mesor of TrkB rhythms. Thus, elevated Aβ peptide levels might modify the temporal patterns of cognition-related factors, probably; by affecting the clock factors rhythms as well as in the 24 h rhythms of Apo E.

This paper explores the construction of quarantine narratives as they relate to the design of everyday public spaces and domestic artifacts in Mexico City. The interdisciplinary research studies the government-led health campaign and exposes pre-existing urban design problems further accentuated by the crisis. In parallel, the paper presents an online survey in which photographs and texts of domestic objects are analyzed alongside artistic exhibitions and events that uncover individual needs and aspirations. Finally, the paper identifies a set of collective and distributed values for Mexico City’s new normal to be materialized locally at the urban and product design scale and discusses the potential of narratives as a design tool

El rol de la mujer en el siglo actual se visualiza con mayor participación en las diferentes áreas de la sociedad; incluso cumpliendo son su rol de madre. Las mujeres en busca de mejorar su calidad de vida, y ante situaciones inminentes del día a día, se ven impulsadas a generar ingresos a través de emprendimientos. En este sentido, se planteó como objetivo de esta investigación describir el emprendimiento femenino por necesidad en Ecuador. La metodología aplicada tiene enfoque descriptivo, desarrollando así una investigación documental y bibliográfica que sirvió de base para obtener los hallazgos. Los resultados determinan que Ecuador es uno de los países más emprendedores de América Latina, liderando la tasa de emprendimiento por necesidad en la región, asimismo, las mujeres ecuatorianas cuentan con el respaldo del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social lo cual sirve como impulso para el surgimiento de emprendimientos femeninos; no obstante, las mujeres en comparación con los hombres siguen teniendo desventajas. Como reflexión final se plantea que existe una tendencia positiva hacia la aceptación de los emprendimientos sociales por necesidad en Ecuador.

The discipline of project management has been maturing over time, integrating positively with some organizational approaches, such as strategy and sustainable development, to meet current needs without risking future capabilities. In this sense, it is observed that measuring the success of a project only from the classic mechanistic perspective of the triple constraint: scope, time, and budget, is insufficient; this opens a space for a new variable of social progress: the creation of value. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the degree of relationship between the success of the projects and the sustainable development approach, managing to determine through the results obtained some opportunities for improvement in light of the economic and organizational context. As a starting point for this research, a review of the literature associated with topics, such as sustainable development, value creation, and modern trends in project management, was carried out. The second step was to design and apply a structured survey to 148 Colombian companies that develop projects in different sectors, such as technology, infrastructure, and services. With the information collected, a structural equation modeling—SEM model was applied to determine the relationship between the selected variables. Finally, the results of this research showed that the success of a project that is carried out under a sustainable development approach has a positive tendency toward the creation of value. In conclusion, it is found that the four dimensions studied: impact, relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency, allow us to explain to a greater or lesser extent the success of the projects through their approach to sustainable development and value creation.

espanolEn el sector de economia popular y solidaria las cooperativas de ahorro y credito deben elaborar analisis en las gestiones financieras que ejecutan, con el fin de conocer el rendimiento de sus procesos internos y externos. La administracion es una rama importante en este grupo; lo cual permite elaborar diferentes procesos para el desarrollo institucional. En este caso, la evaluacion de riesgo operativo permite identificar falencias en el desempeno institucional. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el riesgo operativo de las cooperativas de ahorro y credito del Ecuador. El desarrollo de este analisis se elabora por medio de un estudio descriptivo, permitiendo detallar las principales caracteristicas de los agentes que interfieren. Al aplicar el metodo deductivo, se detallan las variables de estudio analizando sus bases teoricas y de origen, identificando la administracion del riesgo operativo en estas cooperativas. Entre los resultados, la administracion eficiente del riesgo, se identifica con la implementacion de lineamientos que se direccionen a los objetivos de la institucion; cuyo seguimiento se ejecute a traves de gestiones cualitativa y cuantitativas, entre ellos evaluaciones y auditorias continuas. Se concluye que es esencial que las entidades establezcan criterios y bases para una recuperacion eficaz en resolucion de errores. EnglishIn the popular and solidarity economy sector, savings and credit cooperatives must prepare analyzes in the financial procedures they carry out, in order to know the performance of their internal and external processes. Administration is an important branch in this group; which allows to elaborate different processes for the institutional development. In this case, the operational risk assessment allows to identify flaws in institutional performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the operational risk of credit unions in Ecuador. The development of this analysis is elaborated by means of a descriptive study, allowing to detail the main characteristics of the interfering agents. When applying the deductive method, the study variables are detailed analyzing their theoretical and origin bases, identifying the management of operational risk in these cooperatives. Among the results, efficient risk management is identified with the implementation of guidelines that address the objectives of the institution; whose follow-up is executed through qualitative and quantitative procedures, including evaluations and continuous audits. It is concluded that it is essential that entities establish criteria and bases for an efficient recovery in error resolution.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the principal source of calories among root and tuber crops in tropical countries. Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is the most prevalent bacterial disease in cassava. Genome and mutagenesis analysis of Xam strains has led to the identification of an effector similar to avrBs2 from Xanthomonas euvesicatoria among a core set effectors contributing to Xam virulence. Previous studies have demonstrated that transgenic tomato plants expressing Bs2, the AvrBs2 cognate resistance protein from pepper, are resistant to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. According to avrBs2 wide distribution and important contribution to Xam virulence, we aimed at overexpressing Bs2 in cassava plants as a strategy to control CBB. The susceptible cultivar 60444 was transformed with the Bs2 gene from pepper and transgenic cassava plants that functionally express Bs2 were regenerated. Our results show that overexpression of Bs2 in a highly susceptible cultivar leads to reactive oxygen species production. However, the overexpression of Bs2 neither leads to an HR in cassava nor reduces Xam growth on in vitro plants. These results suggest that BS2 activates defense-signaling pathways in cassava such as ROS production, although this is not sufficient to restrict Xam growth.

Organizational culture can be defined as the set of characteristics that distinguish one organization from another through the establishment of norms and values that describe the behavior of the people who work there. Little by little, organizations have realized that digital transformation goes far beyond a simple technological change; it requires the alignment of organizational strategy, people, culture, mentality, the development of human talent, and leadership. The purpose of this research work is to identify, through the application of a correlational statistical model, the impact of the organizational culture on the success of digital transformation projects.

In a business context characterized by constant change, companies highlight management models focused on the growth of people and, derived from this, on the generation and proper management of knowledge. In this sense, business leaders have understood that the adoption of good management practices within companies is an incremental process, framed in time and backed by the ability to learn their employees have. Therefore, business maturity could be understood as a constant process of transformation, in which the knowledge that resides in the workers is the main piece to reach an optimum level of excellence. The research work aims to highlight the importance of knowledge management models in organizational maturity processes, specifically with respect to the cycle of adoption of good project management practices. This study is supported by a thorough bibliographic review that allows us to contrast organizational learning capacity with the ability to adopt good practices.

Este libro se propone, a manera de incompleto resumen, mostrar el producto de algunas de esas trayectorias de debate y reflexión expresadas en las tesis seleccionadas para este texto. La incompletud señalada deriva de la necesaria y al mismo tiempo arbitraria necesidad de seleccionar algunas de las tesis producidas en esta maestría, entre tantas que mostraron un elevado nivel teórico y la capacidad de producir propuestas de intervención originales, de profundo carácter ético, y atravesadas por una sensibilidad política que en definitiva impulsó esa producción intelectual [Omar Alejandro Bravo]. CONTENIDO: Prólogo – Presentación -- La renovación urbana ¿un escenario político?, Victoria Hurtado Mina -- La escritura como posibilidad de intervención participativa en una modalidad de atención de primera infancia: propuesta de intervención psicosocial emergente sobre la transformación de prácticas disciplinadoras, Valeria Castro Fernández -- Posición subjetiva del docente frente a la inclusión educativa de personas en situación de discapacidad, Yenny Adriana Fernández Montenegro -- Discapacidad motora y ocio inclusivo: apuntes para una intervención, Ximena Donneys Valencia -- Del conflicto armado en Colombia hacia una reconciliación posible: trauma y subjetividad, Gladys Martínez Ordóñez -- La escuela, un asidero existencial, Leticia Eliana Oviedo Toscano -- La violencia de lo cercano: una mirada al conflicto escolar desde la diferencia, Mario Alexander Marín Murillo -- Actualización de los cursos de ética y comunicación, desde una perspectiva de género, en el CDTI del SENA, Johanna Marcela Delgado Salazar -- Grupos interactivos como estrategia de educación para la paz: una propuesta de formación docente, Martha Isabel Rada Cruz Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Accumulation of amyloid peptides in the brain plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aggregated beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide increases intracellular reactive oxygen species associated to a deficient antioxidant defense system. Prefrontal cortex plays a key role in memory and learning and is especially susceptible to oxidative stress. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ (1–42) on 24 h patterns of oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant defenses in the rat prefrontal cortex. Four-month-old male Holtzman rats were divided into two groups defined as: control (CO) and Aβ-injected (Aβ). Rats were maintained under12 h-light:12 h-dark conditions and received water and food ad libitum. Tissues samples were isolated every 6 h during a 24 h period. Interestingly, we found that an i.c.v. injection of Aβ(1–42) increased lipid peroxidation, reduced total antioxidant capacity level, phase-shifted the daily peak of reduced glutathione, and had a differential effect on the oscillating catalase and glutathione peroxidase specific activity. Thus, elevated levels of Aβ aggregates-a pathogenic hallmark of AD, caused altered temporal patterns of the cellular redox state in prefrontal cortex rat. These findings might contribute, at least in part, to the understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of redox changes caused by circadian rhythms alterations observed in AD patients.

La agricultura fue uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo económico del Ecuador. Sin embargo, actualmente, en sectores rurales la percepción de ayuda del Gobierno Nacional y el conocimiento para emprender y regular administrativamente los negocios agrícolas se torna en un problema complejo. El presente estudio se centra en agricultores de la zona de Salitre que tienen como actividad principal la producción de arroz, y que poseen una situación precaria debido a la falta de oportunidades de financiamiento, medios de producción y apertura de mercados, debido a que el precio de su producto está regulado. Por lo tanto, cualquier mejora en el proceso de producción no puede ser compensada de manera directa en la venta de su producto, desincentivando a los agricultores que se dedican a dicha actividad.

The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the nitric oxide produced by the nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase (NO/NOS) system present in the coeliac ganglion modulates the effects of cholinergic innervation on oxidative status, steroidogenesis and apoptotic mechanisms that take place in the rat ovary during the first proestrous. An ex vivo Coeliac Ganglion- Superior Ovarian Nerve- Ovary (CG-SON-O) system was used. Cholinergic stimulation of the CG was achieved by 10 −6 M Acetylcholine (Ach). Furthermore, 400 μM Aminoguanidine (AG) – an inhibitor of inducible-NOS was added in the CG compartment in absence and presence of Ach. It was found that Ach in the CG compartment promotes apoptosis in ovarian tissue, probably due to the oxidative stress generated. AG in the CG compartment decreases the release of NO and progesterone, and increases the release of estradiol from the ovary. The CG co-treatment with Ach and AG counteracts the effects of the ganglionic cholinergic agonist on ovarian oxidative stress, increases hormone production and decreases Fas mRNA expression. These results suggest that NO is an endogenous modulator of cholinergic neurotransmission in CG, with implication in ovarian steroidogenesis and the apoptotic mechanisms that take place in the ovary during the preovulatory period in rats. Fil: Delsouc, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Della Vedova, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Ramirez, Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia Marcela. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Casais, Marilina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina

The climate change of the last decade has generated a rise in temperature in the planet, there is a collapse of the poles and an increase in rainfall, hurricanes, earthquakes and others. Summits promoted by the private sector and at the level of nations have been carried out with the purpose of signing agreements, promoting credits for projects that take care of the environment, but the interests of generating benefits, regardless of the impact to the ecosystem, have been greater. A product of the welfare of the planet has been encouraged to apply a green economy where it uses as a starting point to use recycled raw materials to start the production process, however this requires high costs that would impact the final price, making less competitive companies Apply. In Ecuador, the National Government has made efforts to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas by applying the so-calledgreen taxes on transportation and encouraging the change of automobiles through renovation plans, the work concluded that the awareness of pollution comes from the Initiative of all market players, end consumers, customers, companies, government; If they provide activities that go in favor of the planet and pay a fair price for cleaner processes with products based on recycled materials, would largely change that approach to economy that is currently underway where consumption is considered a development In a nation. El cambio climático de la última década ha generado que en el planeta en ciertas zonas exista un aumento de la temperatura, exista un deshilo de los polos y además un aumento de las lluvias, huracanes, terremotos entre otros. Se han llevado a cabo cumbres promovidas por el sector privado y a nivel de naciones con la finalidad de firmar acuerdos, impulsar créditos sobre proyectos que cuiden el medio ambiente, pero los intereses de generar beneficios sin importar el impacto al ecosistema han sido mayores. Producto del bienestar del planeta se ha fomentado aplicar una economía ecológica en donde pone como punto de partida emplear materias primas recicladas para iniciar el proceso de producción, sin embargo esto requiere altos costos que impactarían al precio final, convirtiendo menos competitivos a las empresas que lo aplican. En el Ecuador el Gobierno Nacional ha realizado esfuerzos por disminuir los efectos de gas invernadero aplicando los llamados impuestos verdes en el transporte e incentivando el cambio de automotores a través de planes de renovación, el trabajo se concluyó que la concientización de la contaminación proviene de la iniciativa de todos los actores del mercado, consumidores finales, clientes, empresas, gobierno; si los mismos proveen de actividades que vayan a favor del planeta, y pagan un precio justo por procesos más limpios con productos a base de materiales reciclados, en gran parte cambiarían ese enfoque de economía que actualmente sigue en marcha donde el consumo es considerado un desarrollo en una nación.

BACKGROUND: Aging is a complex and multifactorial biological process that leads to the progressive deterioration of physiological systems, including the circadian system. In addition, oxidative stress has been associated with the aging of the normal brain and the development of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Even though, functional weakening of circadian rhythms and antioxidant function has been observed during aging, the mechanisms by which the circadian system signaling and oxidative stress are interrelated have not yet been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the consequences of aging on the temporal organization of the antioxidant defense system and oxidative status as well as to analyze the endogenous clock activity, in the hippocampus of aged rats. METHODS: Young adults (3-month-old) or older (22-month-old) male Holtzman rats were maintained under constant darkness conditions, during 15days before the sacrifice. Levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mRNA and activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), lipoperoxidation (LPO) and BMAL1 protein were analyzed in hippocampus samples isolated every 4h during a 24-h period. Locomotor activity was recorded during 20days before the experiment. RESULTS: Our results show that aging modifies temporal patterns of CAT and GPx expression and activity in the hippocampus in a different way. On the one hand, it abolishes the oscillating CAT expression and specific enzymatic activity while, on the other, it increases the mesor of circadian GPx activity rhythm (p

El artículo explora metodologías de diseño que estrechan la relación entre la forma y su entorno en el contexto académico de la materia optativa Parametric and Generative Design, abierta a estudiantes de arquitectura y diseño industrial de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se exponen algunos ejemplos del trabajo realizado por estudiantes, los cuales anteponen la mutabilidad formal en procesos de diseño, interrelacionan disciplinas y construyen un cuerpo de investigación transferible.

Aging brain undergoes several changes leading to a decline in cognitive functions. Memory and learning-related genes such as Creb, Bdnf and its receptor TrkB, are expressed in different brain regions including prefrontal cortex. Those genes' proteins regulate a wide range of functions such as synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. In this work, our objectives were: 1) to investigate whether Creb1, Bdnf and TrkB genes display endogenous circadian expression rhythms, in the prefrontal cortex of rats maintained under constant darkness conditions; 2) to study the synchronization of those temporal patterns to the local cellular clock and 3) to evaluate the aging consequences on both cognition-related genes and activating clock transcription factor, BMAL1, rhythms. A bioinformatics analysis revealed clock-responsive (E-box) sites in regulatory regions of Creb1, Bdnf and TrkB genes. Additionally, cAMP response elements (CRE) were found in Bdnf and TrkB promoters. We observed those key cognition-related factors expression oscillates in the rat prefrontal cortex. Creb1 and TrkB mRNAs display a circadian rhythm with their highest levels occurring at the second half of the 24h period. Interestingly, the cosinor analysis revealed a 12-h rhythm of Bdnf transcript levels, with peaks occurring at the second half of the subjective day and night, respectively. As expected, the BMAL1 rhythm's acrophase precedes Creb1 and first Bdnf expression peaks. Noteworthy, Creb1, Bdnf and TrkB expression rhythms are lost in the prefrontal cortex of aged rats, probably, as consequence of the loss of BMAL1 protein circadian rhythm and altered function of the local cellular clock.

An ex-vivo Coeliac Ganglion-Superior Ovarian Nerve-Ovary (CG-SON-O) system and an ovary without peripheral neural influence from virgin rats in the first proestrous were used to test whether ovarian extrinsic innervation and nitric oxide (NO) affects steroidogenesis in the ovary. The CG and the ovary were placed in separate buffered-compartments, connected by the SON. Stimulation of the CG was achieved by 10−6 M acetylcholine (Ach). The ovary without peripheral neural influence was placed alone in a buffered-compartment. To test a possible role of NO in the ovarian response to peripheral neural influence, 100 μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor) and 100 μM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase) were added to the ovarian compartment separately. In the CG-SON-O system, SNP into the ovarian compartment increased the concentration of NO, reduced the release of progesterone and increased the release of estradiol (E2), increasing the mRNAs related to their synthesis enzyme. The addition of L-NAME to the ovarian compartment caused an opposite effect. In the ovary alone, NO manifested an antisteroidogenic effect on both hormones. These results show that the ovarian extrinsic innervation maintains a direct relationship between NO and E2, both needed at high levels during the follicular phase, allowing the continuity of the estrous cycle. Fil: Delsouc, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Morales, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Vallcaneras, Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Bronzi, Cynthia Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Anzulovich Miranda, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia Marcela. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Casais, Marilina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina

Se desarrolló una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro e in vivo de Aniba perutilis Hemsl. (comino crespo), árbol colombiano en peligro crítico de extinción. En la primera etapa, se sometieron semillas de este árbol a la acción de los desinfectantes NaOCl, HgCl2 y AgNO3 para su germinación aséptica. Para inducir la formación de brotes se empleó el medio WPM y se evaluó la acción de las fitohormonas BAP, KIN, AIA, ANA y AG3 en diferentes concentraciones. Para la etapa de enraizamiento se emplearon ANA, AIB, y los medios de cultivo MS y WPM, ambos con sales reducidas a la mitad y combinados con diferentes concentraciones de AIA y ANA. En la etapa de multiplicación in vivo se emplearon plántulas establecidas en vivero para evaluar tres tamaños de explantes, categorizados según la distancia desde la base de la planta hasta el ápice: distal (11-14 cm), medio (7 - 8 cm) y basal (3 - 4 cm), con el fin de obtener plantas madres donantes de yemas axilares y mini esquejes para enraizar. En este trabajo se consolida el uso de NaOCl por 15 min como tratamiento óptimo de desinfección, produciendo un porcentaje de supervivencia superior a 60%. El medio WPM suplementado con BAP 3 mg/lt y 1.5 mg/lt de AG3 generó la producción de un promedio de 0.6 brotes/explante con longitud media de 0.82 cm; no obstante, su baja capacidad de enraizamiento permite catalogar esta especie como recalcitrante al cultivo in vitro. En condiciones in vivo, cortes a la altura media de las plantas (7 - 8 cm) promovieron la formación de 1.33 brotes/explante y 75% de enraizamiento en los mini-esquejes, constituyendo una herramienta clave en la propagación de la especie

New Findings What is the central question of this study? The processes involved in luteal involution have not yet been clarified and, in general, have been studied only from a hormonal point of view. We investigated whether progesterone, from the coeliac ganglion through the superior ovarian nerve, is able to modify the luteal regression of late pregnancy in the rat. What is the main finding and its importance? We showed that the luteal regression might be reversed by the neural effect of progesterone and demonstrated the presence of its receptors in the coeliac ganglion. This suggests that the peripheral neural pathway, through neuron–hormone interaction, represents an additional mechanism to control luteal function in addition to the classical endocrine regulation. The corpus luteum (CL) is a transitory endocrine gland that produces progesterone (P). At the end of its useful life, it suffers a process of functional and structural regression until its complete disappearance from the ovary. To investigate whether P is able to regulate the process of luteal regression through the peripheral neural pathway, we used the coeliac ganglion (CG)–superior ovarian nerve–ovary system from rats on day 21 of pregnancy. We stimulated the CG with P and analysed the functional regression through ovarian P release measured by radioimmunoassay, expression by RT-PCR and activity of luteal 3β- and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (anabolic and catabolic P enzymes, respectively). The luteal structural regression was evaluated through a study of apoptosis measured by TUNEL assay and the expression of apoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) by RT-PCR. To explore whether the effects mediated by P on the CL may be associated with P receptors, their presence in the CG was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In the group stimulated with P in the CG, the ovarian P release and the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity increased, whereas the expression and activity of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase decreased. In addition, a decrease in the number of apoptotic nuclei and a decrease of the expression of FasL were observed. We demonstrated the presence of P receptors in the CG. Overall, our results suggest that the regression of the CL of late pregnancy may be reprogrammed through the peripheral neural pathway, and this effect might be mediated by P bound to its receptor in the CG.

El presente es una propuesta pedagógica desde los marcos de la inter-culturalidad y la interdisciplinariedad para que se forme en valores y sobre los valores, enseñanza que permita el camino para la toma de conciencia sobre el ámbito personal con el que interactuamos. Efectivamente lo inter-cultural debe estar ligado en todo proceso educativo bajo la idea de atender realmente a la diversidad, a pesar que ésta es casi infinita, sin pretender suprimir las múltiples diferencias que existen entre las clases sociales, géneros, etnias, nacionalidades, regiones, capacidades, orientaciones sexuales, “discapacidades” cognitivas, familias y diferencias en el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías de la información, porque hay que tener bien claro que lo importante no es mitigar lo que nos hace diferentes, ni mucho menos ofrecer una multiplicidad de opciones culturales, sino de asegurar y garantizar un ambiente educativo donde se aplique el pleno desarrollo de la personalidad de cada persona y eso mismo pueda ser aprovechado transversalmente desde las diferentes áreas y momentos del conocimiento que se impartan en cierta Institución Educativa. En ese sentido interdis-ciplinariedad e interculturalidad son dos aspectos recíprocos dentro del entorno educativo.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo del trabajo a realizar en las Comunas 6 y 9, se encamino a la localización y la caracterización de la discapacidad presente en los habitantes de estos barrios, con el fin de recolectar información necesaria mediante dos documentos, el primero fue el registro para la localización y caracterización de personas con discapacidad, y el segundo fue el instrumento inicial de personas en situación de discapacidad, en uno se encuentra inmersa información requerida a nivel regional y el otro recolecta información a nivel nacional. MÉTODOS: La estructura metodológica del presente estudio se basa en la descripción (cualitativo) del análisis de datos estadísticos (cuantitativo) relacionados con las características de las personas con discapacidad relacionados con la salud, la educación y trabajo, todo ello asociado a los ejes de desigualdad; Etnia, Territorio, Edad y Género. Se procede a la descripción de los datos analizados de acuerdo a cada una de las tablas de datos de mayor relevancia. RESULTADOS: En el análisis de correlación parcial sobre los ejes de desigualdad de las personas con discapacidad tenemos que se siguen presentando desigualdades sociales en salud en esta población y en grados variables según la edad, el género y el territorio habitado en los cuales existe una asociación con una relación directa en ciertos determinantes intermedios; entorno residencial, vivienda y situación material, condiciones de empleo y de trabajo. La discapacidad presenta una situación desventajosa y más si la persona tiene cierta edad, es de determinando género o vive en ciertas zonas de la ciudad. ANÁLISIS Y DISCUSIÓN: Los ejes de desigualdad (Etnia, edad, género y territorio) son analizados en las personas con discapacidad, determinando que se han convivido desde siempre en relacionados y con un vínculo constante determinando las maneras de relacionarse las personas con discapacidad con el territorio que habitan. Las miradas deficitarias o barreras del territorio, la edad y la salud que dificultan las oportunidades en educativas y/o laborales, la búsqueda de apoyo económico, por tener una discapacidad, por parte del gobierno, el género de cada persona, también pone dificultades en el sistema social, todos ellos son algunas características que determinan cómo se vivirá el futuro de la comunidad con discapacidad. CONCLUSIONES: Dentro de los ejes de desigualdad del Modelo de Determinantes Sociales en Salud (MDSS), el género, la edad, la etnia y el territorio permiten contemplar las formas de las desigualdades de las comunidades con discapacidad, sumando la posibilidad que la discapacidad como situación desventajosa se manifieste dentro de la estructura social y como eje de desigualdad en el MDSS, que dificulta a la persona con discapacidad y sus familias a vivir una desventaja social y económica.

The main external time giver is the day-night cycle; however, signals from feeding and the activity/rest cycles can entrain peripheral clocks, such as the hippocampus, in the absence of light. Knowing that vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, may act as regulators of the endogenous clock activity, we hypothesized that the nutritional deficiency of vitamin A may influence the locomotor activity rhythm as well as the endogenous circadian patterns of clock genes in the rat hippocampus. Locomotor activity was recorded during the last week of the treatment period. Circadian rhythms of clock genes expression were analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in hippocampus samples that were isolated every 4 hours during a 24-hour period. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were also determined by a kinetic assay. Regulatory regions of clock PER2, CRY1, and CRY2 genes were scanned for RXRE, RARE, and RORE sites. As expected, the locomotor activity pattern of rats shifted rightward under constant dark conditions. Clock genes expression and GSH levels displayed robust circadian oscillations in the rat hippocampus. We found RXRE and RORE sites on regulatory regions of clock genes. Vitamin A deficiency dampened rhythms of locomotor activity as well as modified endogenous rhythms of clock genes expression and GSH levels. Thus, vitamin A may have a role in endogenous clock functioning and participate in the circadian regulation of the cellular redox state in the hippocampus, a peripheral clock with relevant function in memory and learning. Fil: Navigatore Fonzo, Lorena Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Golini, Rebeca Laura Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Anzulovich Miranda, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina

El fenómeno de bloqueo describe una circunstancia en la cual se impide o se dificulta el la transferencia de funciones entre eventos que se han presentado en una relación de contigüidad espacio-temporal. Desde una perspectiva teórica y empírica, el efecto bloqueo no debería predecirse en la adquisición de clases de estímulos aun cuando algunos de los estímulos de la misma clase se presenten simultáneamente. El presente estudio examina si la historia adicional de entrenamiento A-EI bien sea previa o posterior al entrenamiento con un estímulo muestra compuesto AX, es la variable crítica en la presentación del efecto bloqueo. Los desempeños obtenidos en las pruebas de bloqueo por los participantes de un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo, un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo invertido, y un grupo control, sugieren que el entrenamiento adicional con un solo elemento del compuesto no impide la inclusión de todos los estímulos dentro de la clase. Los casos en los que se observó el efecto bloqueo se interpretan en términos de tipos de percepciones elementales y configurales.

An endogenous time-keeping mechanism controls circadian biological rhythms in mammals. Previously, we showed that vitamin A deficiency modifies clock BMAL1 and PER1 as well as BDNF and neurogranin daily rhythmicity in the rat hippocampus when animals are maintained under 12-h-light:12-h-dark conditions. Retinoic acid nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), have been detected in the same brain area. Our objectives were (a) to analyze whether RARα, RARβ and RXRβ exhibit a circadian variation in the rat hippocampus and (b) to investigate the effect of a vitamin-A-deficient diet on the circadian expression of BMAL1, PER1 and retinoic acid receptors (RARs and RXRβ) genes. Holtzman male rats from control and vitamin-A-deficient groups were maintained under 12-h-light:12-h-dark or 12-h-dark:12-h-dark conditions during the last week of treatment. RARα, RARβ, RXRβ, BMAL1 and PER1 transcript and protein levels were determined in hippocampus samples isolated every 4 h in a 24-h period. Regulatory regions of RARs and RXRβ genes were scanned for clock-responsive sites, while BMAL1 and PER1 promoters were analyzed for retinoic acid responsive elements and retinoid X responsive elements. E-box and retinoid-related orphan receptor responsive element sites were found on regulatory regions of retinoid receptors genes, which display an endogenously controlled circadian expression in the rat hippocampus. Those temporal profiles were modified when animals were fed with a vitamin-A-deficient diet. Similarly, the nutritional vitamin A deficiency phase shifted BMAL1 and abolished PER1 circadian expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Our data suggest that vitamin A deficiency may affect the circadian expression in the hippocampus by modifying the rhythmic profiles of retinoic acid receptors.

Norge gjennomfører EUs vanndirektiv 2000/60/EF ved å utarbeide vannforskriften som trådte i kraft i 1.1.2007. I følge vannforskriften skal alle vannforekomstene i Norge ha minst "god" kjemisk og kvantitativ tilstand innen 2021. Dette reguleres ved å klassifisere og karakterisere miljøtilstanden til alle vannforekomstene. I denne oppgaven er det utført en foreløpig akvifer karakterisering ved å kartlegge noen av de fysiske faktorene som er beskrevet i veileder 03.2013 utarbeide av NVE, denne veilederen beskriver hvordan grunnvannsforekomstene i Norge skal karakteriseres. Akviferen Hagadrag er en viktig grunnvannkilderessurs for Bø kommune, det benyttes tre pumpebrønner for å forsyne Bø vassverk. Data fra 2012 til 2014 ble innhentet ved feltarbeid og analysert ved modelleringsarbeid i ArcGIS, i tillegg ble data fra Bø vassverk og andres resultater fra tidligere undersøkelser benyttet. Resultatene fra senkningsdata og strømningsmønster viser at pumpebrønn 4 har sitt eget strømningsområde og at pumpebrønn 2 og 3 har en interaksjon. Strømningsmønstrene i akviferen viser at de ulike påvirkningene som denne er utsatt for, førte til at akviferen ble klassifisert som sårbar. Metoden ga ikke svar på i hvilken grad disse påvirkningene kan forringe grunnvannskvaliteten.

Examples of hormonal phase-shifting of circadian gene expression began to emerge a few years ago. Vitamin A fulfills a hormonal function by binding of retinoic acid to its nuclear receptors, RARs and RXRs. We found retinoid- as well as clock-responsive sites on regulatory regions of Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes. Interestingly, we observed retinoid receptors, as well as GSH, GR, and GPx, display daily oscillating patterns in the rat liver. We also found that feeding animals with a vitamin A-free diet, dampened daily rhythms of RARα and RXRβ mRNA, GR expression and activity, GSH, BMAL1 protein levels, and locomotor activity. Differently, day- night oscillations of RXRa, GPx mRNA levels and activity and PER1 protein levels, were phase-shifted in the liver of vitamin A-deficient rats. These observations would emphasize the importance of micronutrient vitamin A in the modulation of biological rhythms of GSH and cellular redox state in liver. Fil: Ponce, Ivana Tamara. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Rezza, Irma Gladys. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia Marcela. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Navigatore Fonzo, Lorena Silvina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Bonomi, Myrtha Ruth. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Golini, Rebeca Laura Susana. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Gimenez, Maria Sofia. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Anzulovich Miranda, Ana Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina

Androstenedione can affect luteal function via a neural pathway in the late pregnant rat. Here, we investigate whether androstenedione is capable of opposing to regression of pregnancy corpus luteum that occurs after parturition, indirectly, from the coeliac ganglion. Thus, androstenedione was added into the ganglionar compartment of an ex vivo coeliac ganglion–superior ovarian nerve–ovary system isolated from non-lactating rats on day 4 postpartum. At the end of incubation, we measured the abundance of progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol released into the ovarian compartment. Luteal mRNA expression and activity of progesterone synthesis and degradation enzymes, 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 20α-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), respectively, as well as the aromatase, Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and FasL transcript levels, were also determined. Additionally, we measured the ovarian release of norepinephrine, nitric oxide and luteal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. The presence of androstenedione in the ganglion compartment significantly increased the release of ovarian progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol without modifying 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD activities or mRNA expression. The ovarian release of oestradiol in response to the presence of androstenedione in the ganglion compartment declined with time of incubation in accord with a reduction in the aromatase mRNA expression. Androstenedione added to the ganglion compartment decreased FasL mRNA expression, without affecting luteal Bcl-2, Bax and Fas transcript levels; also increased the release of norepinephrine, decreased the release of nitric oxide and increased iNOS mRNA. In summary, on day 4 after parturition, androstenedione can mediate a luteotropic effect acting at the coeliac ganglion and transmitting to the ovary a signaling via a neural pathway in association with increased release of norepinephrine, decreased nitric oxide release, and decreased expression of FasL. Fil: Vallcaneras, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Casais, Marilina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Anzulovich Miranda, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia M.. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Sosa, Zulema. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Telleria, Carlos Marcelo. University of South Dakota; Estados Unidos Fil: Rastrilla, Ana M.. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción; Argentina

Objective To investigate the participation of catecholamines in the association between peripheral innervation and luteal steroidogenesis. Design Animal study. Setting University animal laboratory. Animal(s) Six to eight virgin adult Holtzman-strain female rats in control and experimental groups on diestrus days 1 and 2. Intervention(s) Removal of the coeliac ganglion-superior ovarian nerve-ovary system, with catecholaminergic agonist or antagonist added in the ganglion compartment (experimental group only). The control group received no treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ovarian neurotransmitters and their catabolites measured by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and A 2 measured by radioimmunoassay. Result(s) On day 1, dopamine and catabolite increased whereas norepinephrine decreased, and the noradrenergic neuronal activity index was higher. On day 2, dopamine levels decreased, norepinephrine increased, and dopaminergic neuronal activity was higher. The release of A 2 was decreased by addition of norepinephrine to the ganglions on day 1, but was increased by the norepinephrine antagonist on day 2. Hence, norepinephrine increased A 2 release, and propranolol diminished it. Conclusion(s) Ganglionic activity is modified by noradrenergic stimulus, leading to different ovarian A 2 release profiles. The peripheral nervous system is a modulator in these homeostatic mechanisms.

In the world of mechanization, the true copy is cast as the virtuous hero and the variant as the villain. The variant is swiftly identified on the production line, seized and eliminated; it is to be avoided at all costs. In the new digital world of continuous differentiation, in which variation reigns supreme, where does the margin for error lie? Liberated from the pressures of standardization, are we suddenly error-free and carefree?

article i nfo This paper presents an updated, extensive review of glacier fluctuations during the past 1000 years in the extratropical Andes of South America between ca. 17° and 55°S. Given the variety of environmental conditions and evidence available for glacier fluctuations across this wide latitudinal range, regional accounts are given for the Desert Andes (∼17°-31°S), the Andes of central Chile and Argentina (31°-36°S), and the North (36°-45°S) and South (45°-55°S) Patagonian Andes. The techniques, dating limitations, and interpretations of the glacier records along this transect are also discussed. Information on glacier fluctuations in the Desert Andes is limited to the 20th century. Documentation on past glacier variations is more abundant in the Central Chilean-Argentinean Andes, but the number of chronologies dealing with glacier fluctuations prior to the 1900s is also limited. Most records indicate that glaciers were generally more extensive prior to the 20th century, with dates of maximum expansion ranging from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The number and extent of glaciers increase significantly in the Patagonian region, where the evidence available for dating glacier variations during the past centuries is more abundant and the dating control for glacier events is generally better than in the northern parts of the study area. For some Patagonian glaciers, maximum Little Ice Age (LIA) or post-LIA advances have been precisely dated by dendro- geomorphological determinations or in situ measurements. However, for most sites, the evidence available is still preliminary and there is considerable variability in the extent and timing of events related to the maximum LIA expansion identified in most areas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Evidence is starting to appear at a growing number of sites for glacier advances during the first half of the past millennium. These events were generally less extensive than the LIA maximum pulses. Despite the occurrence of several post- LIA readvances over the past 100-110 years, most areas in the Andes of extratropical South America have experienced a general pattern of glacier recession and significant ice mass losses. The differences in the glacier histories observed at local and regional scales probably reflect the inherent limitations associated with the glacier records and/or the dating techniques used in each case together with the varying dominance of precipitation, temperature and other climatic and non-climatic factors on glacier mass balance and glacier dynamics. These differences indicate that the late Holocene glacier history of southern South America is more complex than commonly assumed. The evidence discussed in this study highlights not only the immense potential for glaciological studies of this region but also a significant need for an increased number of detailed, well-dated records of glacier fluctuations.

Animals can adapt their behavior to predictable temporal fluctuations in the environment through both, memory-and-learning processes and an endogenous time-keeping mechanism. Hippocampus plays a key role in memory and learning and is especially susceptible to oxidative stress. In compensation, antioxidant enzymes activity, such as Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), has been detected in this brain region. Daily rhythms of antioxidant enzymes activity, as well as of glutathione and lipid peroxides levels, have been described in brain. Here, we investigate day/night variations in lipoperoxidation, CAT, and GPx expression and activity, as well as the temporal fluctuations of two key components of the endogenous clock, BMAL1 and PER1, in the rat hippocampus and evaluate to which extent vitamin A deficiency may affect their amplitude or phase. Holtzman male rats from control, vitamin A-deficient, and vitamin A-refed groups were sacrificed throughout a 24-h period. Daily levels of clock proteins, lipoperoxidation, CAT and GPx mRNA, protein, and activity, were determined in the rat hippocampus obtained every 4 or 5 h. Gene expression of RARα and RXRβ was also quantified in the hippocampus of the three groups of rats. Our results show significant daily variations of BMAL1 and PER1 protein expression. Rhythmic lipoperoxidation, CAT, and GPx, expression and activity, were also observed in the rat hippocampus. Vitamin A deficiency reduced RXRβ mRNA level, as well as the amplitude of BMAL1 and PER1 daily oscillation, phase-shifted the daily peak of lipoperoxidation, and had a differential effect on the oscillating CAT and GPx mRNA, protein, and activity. Learning how vitamin A deficiency affects the circadian gene expression in the hippocampus may have an impact on the neurobiology, nutritional and chronobiology fields, emphasizing for the first time the importance of nutritional factors, such as dietary micronutrients, in the regulation of circadian parameters in this brain memory-and-learning-related region. Fil: Navigatore Fonzo, Lorena Silvina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Golini, Rebeca Laura Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Delgado, Silvia Marcela. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Ponce, Ivana Tamara. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Bonomi, Myrtha R.. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Rezza, Irma Gladis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina Fil: Gimenez, Maria Sofia. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Anzulovich Miranda, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina

The ovarian function is controlled by endocrine factors and neural influence. In late pregnant rat, androstenedione, from the coeliac ganglion, has a luteotrophic effect in the ex vivo coeliac ganglion-superior ovarian nerve-ovary system. In this work we investigate the presence of androgen receptors in the coeliac ganglion of late pregnant rats by immunohistochemistry. We also explore, from a physiological point of view, the potential participation of these receptors in the androstenedione ganglionic action on progesterone release and metabolism, as well as on nitrites release in the ovary compartment. The coeliac ganglion was isolated after being fixed in situ and immunohistochemistry was performed. In the system, three experimental groups were used with the addition of (a) androstenedione, (b) flutamide, and (c) androstenedione plus flutamide in the ganglion compartment. Progesterone and nitrite concentrations were determined in the ovary compartment at different incubation times. Corpora lutea samples isolated at the end of incubation were used to determine the expressions and activities of the progesterone synthesis (3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, 3beta-HSD) and degradation (20alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, 20alpha-HSD) enzymes. Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmatic androgen receptor immunoreactivity in neural somas in the coeliac ganglion. In the coeliac ganglion-superior ovarian nerve-ovary system, androstenedione addition increased 3beta-HSD and decreased 20alpha-HSD, showed a tendency to decrease 20alpha-HSD expression, and increased nitrites release in relation to control. Androstenedione plus flutamide decreased progesterone and nitrites release in relation to the androstenedione group. This work demonstrates the presence of androgen receptors in neurons of celiac ganglion and provides evidence for the luteotrophic action of androstenedione via a neural pathway that may be mediated by these receptors.

Objective Comparing modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZNm) and modified Safranin (Sm) staining for detecting C. cayetanensis oocysts in stool samples. Methods The sample to be analysed consisted of 100 stool samples which had been previously evaluated by direct microscopic examination and concentration. Each sample was then ZNm and Sm stained. Microscope examination was used as gold standard for comparing both techniques by statistical analysis. Results There was 95 % sensitivity and 90% specificity for ZNm and 98 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for Sm. The Kappa index was 0,93, signifying a very good degree of agreement between the two techniques.

This paper documents the occurrence of significant glacier and hydroclimatic changes in northwestern Patagonia during the past century. Drastic, widespread glacier recession is documented by repeat photography of some of the earliest glacier images from southern South America. Linear trends in regionally-averaged annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation records indicate significant warming and decreasing precipitation over the 1912–2002 interval. A climatic index is developed, based on winter precipitation and summer temperature records, that mimics glacier mass balance relationships and shows a strong negative trend which agrees with the drastic glacier recession shown by the photographic comparisons. Short positive periods of this climatic index broadly correspond with known evidence of glacier advances in the region. Regionally-averaged mean annual streamflow records east of the mountains were used in an independent verification check of the climatic series used in this study. This regional runoff record shows a strong negative trend, remarkable similarities with the climatic index, and highly significant positive (negative) correlations with the regional precipitation (temperature) series. This highlights the existence of a strong, regionally coherent hydroclimatic signal across this region and supports the utility of these records as environmental indicators for northwestern Patagonia between ca. 38° and 45°S. Given the significant socio-economic importance of rivers and glaciers in this area, further research is needed to evaluate the full range of natural hydroclimate variability and improve understanding of potential impacts of the future warmer and drier climates projected for this region.