Search

Depression with its thousand faces continues to present us with considerable challenges. The case that was put to us by Dr Kantrowitz serves as a good example to illustrate how wide a span there is...

Field experiments were conducted at St. Luc, Quebec, from 1963 to 1965, to determine the relative effectiveness of 1, 2, 3, or 4 applications of DDT or carbaryl (Sevin®) in 2 commercial sweet corn fields. In all cases, the 1st application was made 5 days after the beginning of egg laying period and the others at weekly intervals, except for the single application of DDT or carbaryl, which was made 15 days after the 1st eggs were observed. In general, results were similar for the 3 years: the early variety was more infested than the late variety, DDT was slightly superior to carbaryl, the peak of egg laying always occurred between the 2nd and 3rd insecticide applications, and the date on which the single application was made varied each year from only 2 to 4 days from the date of maximum oviposition. The results of this 3-year study indicate that under the conditions of heavy infestations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in southwestern Quebec, 3 applications of either DDT or carbaryl would be recommendable for an early variety of sweet corn and 1 application for a late variety to obtain economical commercial control.

In 1961, two preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, one, Thuricide® (30✕109 spores per g.) and the other Bakthane® L-69 (75✕109 spores per g.), both used at 2 Ib of wettable powder per acre were compared with: DDT, 1½ lb; Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate), l lb; Sevin 4 flowable, l lb; Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2 H -cyclobuta [cd] pentalen-2-one), 1 lb; Dylox® ( O,O -dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate), 1½ lb; EPN ( O -ethyl O-p -nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate), 1 lb; Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5,-xylyl methylcarbamate), 1 lb; Bakthane L-69 2 lb plus half dosage of DDT. In 1962, two preparations of B. thuringiensis at 2 lb per acre, 2 lb plus half dosage of DDT, were compared with DDT at 1 and 1.5 lb, Sevin, Dylox, Kepone, EPN, Zectran at the 1961 dosages, Bayer 44646 (4-dimethylamino- m -tolyl methylcarbamate), l lb and Thiodan® II (hexachlorohexahydro-6,9-methano benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide), 1 lb per acre for the control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), on sweet corn in southwestern Quebec. Each year, in mid-July, two applications were made at a week interval with a conventional tractor-pulled sprayer. Percent infested plants and ears and numbers of borers in the plants were obtained by dissecting at harvest 25 corn plants per replicate per treatment. In general, results were similar for the two years and none of the materials tested were phytotoxic at the doses used in these experiments. In 1961, all treatments gave more than 94% marketable ears. DDT, EPN, Sevin and Dylox reduced the number of larvae in the plants by 72% or more; the Bakthane L-69-DDT mixture and Thurieide, 69%; Sevin flowable, Zectran, Kepone and Bakthane L-69, from 54.7% to 64.3%. In 1962, all treatments gave more than 96% marketable ears. EPN reduced the number of larvae in the plants by 97.9%; Thuricide, DDT, Dylox, Bak-thane L-69, Bayer 44646, from 80.9% to 89.3%; Kepone, Zectran, the Bakthane L-69-DDT mixture, from 72.4% to 78.6%; Sevin, 68.1%. Thiodan II, 53.3%. In 1961, 77.9% of the ears in the untreated plots were marketable; in 1962, 86.7%. The percentage of untreated plants damaged in 1961 was 52; in 1962, 25.3. B. thuringiensis at 2 lb per acre under low or moderate corn borer infestations gave good control. The results of this 2-year study indicate that B. thuringiensis is reasonably effective in controlling corn borer, but not so significantly superior to several chemical insecticides to be considered as more than a promising microbial control measure against this insect.

In 1959, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (25×109 spores per Gram) at 2 and 4 pounds of wettable powder per acre was compared with: DDT, 1½ pounds; Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylearbamate), 2 pounds; heptachlor, 1.25 pounds; Dylox® ( 0,0 -dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate) 2 pounds; and Kepone® (decachlorooetahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2 H -cyclobuta [ed]pentalen-2-one), 1 pound. In 1960, two additional preparations, one (30×109 spores per gram) at 2 pounds per acre, the other (75×109 spores per gram) at 2 and 4 pounds, 2 pounds plus half dosage of DDT, and 2 pounds plus half dosage of Sevin were compared with DDT, Dylox and Kepone at the 1959 dosages, and Sevin at 1.2 pounds per acre for the control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) on Sweet corn in southwestern Quebec. Each year, in early, July, two applications were made at a week interval with a commercial sprayer. Per cent infested plants and ears and numbers of borers in the plants and ears were obtained by dissecting at harvest 25 corn plants per replicate per treatment. In 1959, plots treated with DDT or Sevin gave more than 91% marketable ears; heptachlor, 84%; Kepone, Dylox, B. thuringiensis at 2 and 4 pounds, 72% to 77%. In 1960, DDT, Sevin, Dylox, Kepone, Thuricide (3O×109 spores per gram), B. thuringiensis at 4 pounds, and the bacillus plus DDT or Sevin gave more than 9.5% marketable ears; B. thuringiensis at 2 pounds, 88.5%. In 1959 only 58% of the cars in the untreated plots were marketable; in 1960,88%. The percentage of untreated plants damaged in 1959 Was 68; in 1960, 24. B. thuringiensis at 2 and 4 pounds per acre under heavy corn borer infestation was inferior to the standard DDT emulsion sprays and did not give adequate control. The results of this 2-year study indicate that susceptibility of the European corn borer to B. thuringiensis is rather low and inconsistent, and under heavy infestations, a relatively high dosage is required for satisfactory control.

In mid-July 1969, an extremely heavy population of the yellow-collared scape-moth, Cisseps fulvicollis (Hübner), was observed in a 45-acre field of grain corn at Napierville, Que. Larval feeding was heavily concentrated on the lower leaves of the plants, leaving only the mid-rib of the leaves unattacked. Approximately 92% of the pupae were parasitized by Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) and Ichneumon sp. of the group winkleyi, thereby reducing the moth population quite substantially. From samples of ears taken at harvest in the unattacked and infested portions of the field, the reduced yield was evaluated at about 7%.This is apparently the first published record of this amatid moth as an economic injurious insect on grain corn in Canada.

The majority of patients suffering from emotional problems are treated by non psychiatric physicians. In this context, the improvement of health services to those patients requires the involvement of general practitioners trained in appropriate therapeutic skills. At the present, general practitioners often feel unprepared to treat those patients with non-pharmacologic methods and tend to overuse psychotropic medication. The psychological therapeutic skills expected to be acquired by physicians, are often described in very general terms and remain under evaluated in medical schools. The improvement of these aspects of medical training requires them to be evaluated systematically, similar to the more traditional medical skills and biological knowledge. Such an evaluation is facilitated if the learning objectives are specified. This paper proposes specific learning objectives describing the psychological therapeutic skills expected from medical students at the end of their studies on the one hand, and from family physicians at the end of their family medicine training on the other. The authors’ goals are to faciliate the discussion of this complex matter between the many medical (psychiatric or not) groups concerned and in this manner, to clarify this issue which is fundamental to the teaching and implementation of the biopsychosocial model in clinical practice.

Pour savoir où l’on va, il faut, semble-t-il, savoir d’où l’on vient. Cette courte synthèse vise à replacer l’ASTED dans la succession des associations de bibliothécaires de langue française au Québec.

The capture of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) is being reported as the first record of this ichneumonid as a parasite of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) in Canada.

In 1955 and 1956, while sampling corn stalks for larvae of the European corn borer in experimental plots at St. Jean, the author noted 23 adults ofColeomegilla maculata lengiTimb. and two adults ofCoccinella novemnotataHbst. that were parasitized and attached to the upper surfaces of corn leaves. Each beetle was astride a freshly formed cocoon and was held by a network of silk; many were alive when found. The parasite cocoons and the hosts were placed in closed petri dishesfor observation. The parasites that emerged were identified by Dr. W. R. M. Mason, Entomology Division, Ottawa,asPerilitus coccinellae(Schrank) (=Dinocampus terminatus(Nees).

In late August, 1957, a parasitized second-generation pupa of Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.) was observed in silks of an immature corn ear in the experimental plots at St. Jean. The pupa was incubated at 75°F. in a petri dish, and two weeks later an ichneumonid parasite emerged and was identified by Mr. G. S. Walley, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as Scambus pterophori (Ashm.). Asecond generation of P. nubilalis is very unusual in the St. Jean area. This is apparently the first record of this ichneumonid as a parasite of P. nubilalis in Canada.

During the latter part of June, 1955, a larva of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.), dissected from overwintered corn stalks in experimental plots at St. Jean was observed to be parasitized by hymenopterous larvae. These were reared to the adult stage and were then identified by Dr. O. Peck, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as of Dibrachys cavus (Wlkr.). This parasite has only once been reported from North America (Blickenstaff et al., 1953, p. 377) and once from Russia (Thompson, 1946, p. 517).

In July, 1956, a pupa of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), was found attached to the undersurface of a corn leaf in experimental plots at St. Jean. After the pupa had been incubated at 75°F. for six months, a dipterous parasitic larva emerged and pupated immediately; a tachinid fly emerged two weeks later. The parasite was identified by Mr. J. G. T. Chillcott, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as Phryxe vulgaris (Fall.). P. vulgaris has been reported as a parasite of Pieris rapae, P. brassicae (L.), P. napi (L.), and Vanessa urticae (L.) from many central and northern European countries (Thompson, 1946, pp. 467-469; 1947, p. 598). Aldrich and Webber (1924), Chittenden (1926), and Schaffner and Griswold (1934) reported this parasite from P. rapae in the United States. P. vulgaris has been reported from Canada only on larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (Gibson, 1915, p. 14).