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Since 2007, in the context of the SOMLIT network, we installed a CTD (SeaBird SBE19+) below the ASTAN buoy located in the Western English Channel (WEC) off Roscoff (48° 46′ 40 N 3° 56′ 15 W; depth 5 m) between the SOMLIT-Coast and SOMLIT-Offshore sampling sites. These sensors provided high-frequency (HF) measurements (hourly) of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), fluorescence and dissolved oxygen (DO) all year. Since 2014, we added a SAMI-CO2 sensor, which measured the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) to investigate the seasonal dynamic of the pCO2 and associated air-sea CO2 exchange at the ASTAN site. From this high-frequency database, we were able to separate the signal according to the tide to determine the physicochemical and biological characteristics of two water masses: the coastal water mass (CWM) and the offshore water mass (OWM). These two water masses were strongly influenced by the biological productivity of the environment, more importantly in the CWM, and limited by the available light. Surface waters at the ASTAN site were near equilibrium with the atmosphere with an annual air-sea flux of 0.12 mmol C m−2 d−1 during 2016. The year can be divided into three distinct regimes: at the beginning of the year (winter period), the ASTAN site was a source of CO2, controlled by thermodynamic at 1.23 mmol C m−2 d−1, from April to September (spring–summer), it became a sink of CO2 with an important impact of biological activity (−0.64 mmol C m−2 d−1), and at the end of the year (fall), it reversed to a weaker source of CO2 at 0.26 mmol C m−2 d−1. In order to further assess the signal, we used signal processing tools such as wavelet analysis. From the frequency/time representation, it was possible to follow how the signal varied over time, and thus deduce the presence of the two water masses due to the tidal effect, but also observes a significant impact of the day/night cycle on the biological parameters.

From January 2011 to December 2013, we constructed a comprehensive pCO2 data set based on voluntary observing ship (VOS) measurements in the western English Channel (WEC). We subsequently estimated surface pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in northwestern European continental shelf waters using multiple linear regressions (MLRs) from remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), wind speed (WND), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and modeled mixed layer depth (MLD). We developed specific MLRs for the seasonally stratified northern WEC (nWEC) and the permanently well-mixed southern WEC (sWEC) and calculated surface pCO2 with uncertainties of 17 and 16 μatm, respectively. We extrapolated the relationships obtained for the WEC based on the 2011–2013 data set (1) temporally over a decade and (2) spatially in the adjacent Celtic and Irish seas (CS and IS), two regions which exhibit hydrographical and biogeochemical characteristics similar to those of WEC waters. We validated these extrapolations with pCO2 data from the SOCAT and LDEO databases and obtained good agreement between modeled and observed data. On an annual scale, seasonally stratified systems acted as a sink of CO2 from the atmosphere of −0.6 ± 0.3, −0.9 ± 0.3 and −0.5 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 yr−1 in the northern Celtic Sea, southern Celtic sea and nWEC, respectively, whereas permanently well-mixed systems acted as source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 0.2 ± 0.2 and 0.3 ± 0.2 mol C m−2 yr−1 in the sWEC and IS, respectively. Air–sea CO2 fluxes showed important inter-annual variability resulting in significant differences in the intensity and/or direction of annual fluxes. We scaled the mean annual fluxes over these provinces for the last decade and obtained the first annual average uptake of −1.11 ± 0.32 Tg C yr−1 for this part of the northwestern European continental shelf. Our study showed that combining VOS data with satellite observations can be a powerful tool to estimate and extrapolate air–sea CO2 fluxes in sparsely sampled area.

A pioneering figure in film studies, Christian Metz proposed countless new concepts for reflecting on cinema, rooted in his phenomenological structuralism. He also played a key role in establishing film studies as a scholarly discipline, making major contributions to its institutionalisation in universities worldwide. This book brings together a stellar roster of contributors to present a close analysis of Metz's writings, their theoretical and epistemological positions, and their ongoing influence today.

Presentation des « Coloring Notes » qui accompagnent le scenario de Civilization de Thomas H. Ince et qui donnent des indications precises quant au teintage et virage des scenes.

Des sa creation fin juillet 1915, l’ambitieuse Triangle, nouvelle maison de distribution et de production americaine, met en chantier un long-metrage de fiction intitule The Despoiler, reunissant les meilleurs talents de la Kay Bee, unite de production sous la responsabilite de Thomas H. Ince. L’histoire met aux prises une modeste bourgade chretienne des Balkans avec un khan moyen-oriental cruel qu’un conseiller de la Mitteleuropa n’arrive pas a canaliser. Bien que les lieux et les noms soient imaginaires et censures, les allusions au genocide armenien sont assez claires. On ne connait le film que d’apres une copie distribuee en France en 1917, remontee par rapport a la version originale connue par le seul biais d’un decoupage technique complet. En etudiant ces deux versions, et l’histoire de leur distribution, on s’efforce de retracer les rapports complexes de l’industrie cinematographique americaine avec la politique internationale lorsque les Etats-Unis sont neutres (1915), puis lorsqu’ils sont engages dans le conflit (1917).

From 1968 to 1991 the acclaimed film theorist Christian Metz wrote several remarkable books on film theory: Essais sur la signifi cation au cinéma, tome1 et 2; Langage et cinéma; Le signifiant imaginaire; and L’Enonciation impersonnelle. These books set the agenda of academic film studies during its formative period. Metz’s ideas were taken up, digested, refined,reinterpreted, criticized and sometimes dismissed, but rarely ignored. This volume collects and translates into English for the first time a series of interviews with Metz, who offers readable summaries,elaborations, and explanations of his sometimes complex and demanding theories of film. He speaks informally of the most fundamental concepts that constitute the heart of film theory as an academic discipline — concepts borrowed from linguistics, semiotics, rhetoric, narratology, and psychoanalysis. Within the colloquial language of the interview, we witness Metz’s initial formation and development of his film theory. The interviewers act as curious readers who pose probing questions to Metz about his books, and seek clarification and elaboration of his key concepts. We also discover the contents of his unpublished manuscript on jokes, his relation to Roland Barthes, and the social networks operative in the French intellectual community during the 1970s and 1980s.

Text comprehension is a complex task involving various linguistic and cognitive processes which may be impaired by right hemisphere damage (RHD) and may induce reading comprehension disorders. The aim of this study was, first, to examine the impact of RHD on reading comprehension skills according the cognitive load of texts, and second, to study the possible links between text comprehension, semantic abilities, memory and executive functions. Nine tasks have allowed us to describe the semantic and cognitive skills of 8 participants with RHD. Their text comprehension skills were assessed with the French TCT reading comprehension test, including texts with varied semantic load. Results have been analyzed in a descriptive and qualitative way. Text comprehension impairments seem to depend on the text characteristics (semantic load and/or need to update situation models). Possible links with the ability to use polysemy and mostly with cognitive profile (working memory, executive functions) were established.This study provides more clinical data about individuals with RHD and demonstrates that using tests like TCT may improve speech language interventions., La compréhension de textes est une activité complexe faisant intervenir différents processus linguistiques et cognitifs. Ces deux domaines peuvent être atteints après une lésion droite et sont susceptibles d'induire des troubles en compréhension de textes. L’objectif de cette étude est, premièrement, d'observer l’impact d’une lésion droite sur la compréhension écrite en fonction de la demande cognitive des textes, puis, d'étudier les possibles liens entre la compréhension de textes, les compétences sémantiques, la mémoire et les fonctions exécutives. 9 épreuves ont permis de décrire les capacités cognitives et sémantiques de 8 participants cérébrolésés droits (CLD). Leurs compétences en compréhension écrite ont été évaluées avec le Test de Compréhension de Textes (TCT), dont la charge sémantique des textes (nombre de détails) varie. Les résultats ont été analysés de façon descriptive et qualitative. Les troubles de la compréhension écrite semblent dépendre des caractéristiques des textes (charge sémantique et/ou besoin de mettre à jour le modèle de situation). De possibles liens avec les compétences en polysémie et surtout le profil cognitif (mémoire de travail, fonctions exécutives) ont été établis. Cette étude fournit davantage de données cliniques concernant les sujets CLD et démontre que l'utilisation d'outils tels que le TCT pourrait améliorer les interventions en orthophonie.

Les comportements a risque representent la principale source de morbimortalite a l’adolescence. Nous proposons ici une revue des apports de l’approche neuroeconomique a la comprehension des bases physiopathologiques des comportements a risque dans cette tranche d’âge. Les outils de la neuroeconomie suggerent en effet que les conduites a risque resultent d’un certain nombre de biais affectant le processus de prise de decision des individus – processus guidant la selection d’un comportement adapte parmi plusieurs alternatives en fonction de leur evaluation subjective. Il a ainsi ete montre que les adolescents tendent a choisir les options les plus risquees car ils ressentiraient moins d’aversion au risque et a la perte que les adultes, et parce qu’ils devalueraient de maniere particulierement importante les consequences futures de leurs choix. Nous presentons egalement dans cette revue des resultats suggerant que la frequence elevee des comportements a risque a l’adolescence peut etre reliee aux processus de maturation de deux systemes neuronaux majeurs : les regions cerebrales du systeme motivationnel et celles du cortex prefrontal.

Le film que je souhaite évoquer a pour titre The Despoiler (en français Châtiment), produit par la Triangle, sous la supervision de Thomas H. Ince, réalisé par Reginald Barker pour le label Kay Bee. Il a été mis en chantier en août 1915, réalisé en octobre et distribué à New York dans la dernière quinzaine de décembre. La Triangle a été fondé en juillet 1915 en réunissant trois producteurs et trois « superviseurs » (des réalisateurs chevronnés chargés d’encadrer le travail de réalisateurs plu...

Banc d'Arguin (BA), Mauritania, is a nationally protected shallow gulf > 10,000 km(2) between the Sahara desert and the upwelling system off the Mauritanian coast. In the southeast, BA consists of a 500 km(2) tidal flat, the most important wintering site for shorebirds using the East Atlantic Flyway. The Mauritanian upwelling-driven phytoplankton production supports the most productive fisheries worldwide, but little is known about its trophic role in the functioning of the inshore BA food web. Using stable isotopes as trophic tracers to distinguish between upwelling-driven phytoplankton, open ocean phytoplankton, and benthic primary producers, we assessed the spatial extent to which the inshore BA food web is fuelled by upwelling-driven phytoplankton production. The delta C-13 and delta N-15 signals were characterized in dominant primary producers, benthic invertebrate taxa, and various fish species along an offshore inshore (northwest southeast) gradient. We also monitored the spatial and temporal extent of upwelling entering BA during 2008 with remote sensing of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a data. The results suggest that benthic invertebrates and fishes living in the northwestern part of BA depend on the nearby upwelling phytoplankton production, but this food source does not support the intertidal benthic community in southeast BA. Furthermore, the isotopic signatures of fishes suggest weak trophic connectivity between the northern subtidal and southeastern intertidal BA. Our results support the hypothesis that the southeastern tidal flat region functions as a distinct ecosystem with a food web supported mainly by local benthic primary production, which is crucial knowledge for effective management of the pristine BA national park. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

National audience

A novel barophilic, hyperthermophilic, anaerobic sulfur-metabolizing archaeon, strain MPT (T = type strain), was isolated from a hydrothermal vent site (Snakepit) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (depth, 3550 m). Enrichments and isolation were done under 40 MPa hydrostatic pressure at 95 degrees C. Strain MPT was barophilic at 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 98 degrees C, and was an obligate barophile between 95 and 100 degrees C (Tmax). For growth above 95 degrees C, a pressure of 15.0-17.5 MPa was required. The strain grew at 48-95 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. The optimal temperature for growth was 85 degrees C at both high (40 MPa) and low (0.3 MPa) pressures. The growth rate was twofold higher at 85 degrees C under in situ hydrostatic pressure compared to at low pressure. Strain MPT cells were motile, coccoid, 0.8-2.0 microns in diameter and covered by a hexagonal S-layer lattice. The optimum pH and NaCl concentration for growth at low pressure were 7.0 and 20-30 g l-1, respectively. The new isolate was an obligate heterotroph and utilized yeast extract, beef extract and peptone for growth. Growth was optimal in the presence of elemental sulfur. Rifampicin and chloramphenicol inhibited growth. The core lipids consisted of a major archaeol and a complex lipid pattern consisting of a major phospholipid. The DNA G + C content was 37.1 mol%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain MPT belonged to the genus Thermococcus and it is proposed that this isolate should be designated as a new species, Thermococcus barophilus.

International audience; From January 2011 to January 2013, a FerryBox system was installed on a Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS), which crossed the Western English Channel (VVEC) between Roscoff (France) and Plymouth (UK) up to 3 times a day. The FerryBox continuously measured sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), fluorescence and partial pressure of CO2 (from April 2012) along the ferry track. Sensors were calibrated based on 714 bimonthly surface samplings with precisions of 0.016 for SSS, 3.3 mu M for DO, 0.40 mu g L-1 for Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) (based on fluorescence measurements) and 5.2 mu tm for pCO(2). Over the 2 years of deployment (900 crossings), we reported 9% of data lost due to technical issues and quality checked data was obtained to allow investigation of the dynamics of biogeochemical processes related to air-sea CO2 fluxes in the WEC. Based on this unprecedented high-frequency dataset, the physical structure of the WEC was assessed using SST anomalies and the presence of a thermal front was observed around the latitude 49.5 degrees N, which divided the WEC in two main provinces: the seasonally stratified northern WEC (nWEC) and the all-year well-mixed southern WEC (sWEC). These hydrographical properties strongly influenced the spatial and inter-annual distributions of phytoplankton blooms, which were mainly limited by nutrients and light availability in the nWEC and the sWEC, respectively. Air-sea CO2 fluxes were also highly related to hydrographical properties of the WEC between late April and early September 2012, with the sWEC a weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 0.9 mmol m(-2) d(-1), whereas the nVVEC acted as a sink for atmospheric CO2 of 6.9 mmol m(-2) d(-1). The study of short time-scale dynamics of air-sea CO2 fluxes revealed that an intense and short (less than 10 days) summer bloom in the nWEC contributed to 29% of the CO2 sink during the productive period, highlighting the necessity for high frequency observations in coastal ecosystems. During the same period in the sWEC, the tidal cycle was the main driver of air-sea CO2 fluxes with a mean difference in pCO(2) values between spring and neap tides of +50 mu atm. An extraction of day/night data at 49.90 degrees N showed that the mean day-night differences accounted for 16% of the mean CO2 sink during the 5 months of the study period implying that the diel biological cycle was also significant for air-sea CO2 flux computations. The 2 years of deployment of our FenyBox allowed an excellent survey of the variability of biogeochemical parameters from inter-annual to diurnal time scales and provided new insights into the dynamics of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the contrasted ecosystems of the WEC. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The physiology of the deep-sea hyperthermophilic, anaerobic vent archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi, originating from the Fiji Basin at a depth of 2,000 m, was studied under diverse conditions. The emphasis of these studies lay in the growth and survival of this archaeon under the different conditions present in the natural habitat. Incubation under in situ pressure (20 MPa) and at 40 MPa increased the maximal and minimal growth temperatures by 4(deg)C. In situ pressure enhanced survival at a lethal high temperature (106 to 112(deg)C) relative to that at low pressure (0.3 MPa). The whole-cell protein profile, analyzed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, did not change in cultures grown under low or high pressure at optimal and minimal growth temperatures, but several changes were observed at the maximal growth temperature under in situ pressure. The complex lipid pattern of P. abyssi grown under in situ and 0.1- to 0.5-MPa pressures at different temperatures was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The phospholipids became more complex at a low growth temperature at both pressures but their profiles were not superimposable; fewer differences were observed in the core lipids. The polar lipids were composed of only one phospholipid in cells grown under in situ pressure at high temperatures. Survival in the presence of oxygen and under starvation conditions was examined. Oxygen was toxic to P. abyssi at growth range temperature, but the strain survived for several weeks at 4(deg)C. The strain was not affected by starvation in a minimal medium for at least 1 month at 4(deg)C and only minimally affected at 95(deg)C for several days. Cells were more resistant to oxygen in starvation medium. A drastic change in protein profile, depending on incubation time, was observed in cells when starved at growth temperature.

Le cinema est un art d'innovations et il est ancre dans la societe mais il est egalement proche de l'industrie et du commerce par ses infrastructures et par ses realisations, par consequent, sa jeunesse et sa productivite en font un des arts le moins reconnu de tous. Cet article traite donc des problemes qui se posent en France pour la conservation des films, compte tenu du statut du cinema face aux autres arts, alors que la situation dans les pays etrangers ne cesse d'evoluer. Un etat de la situation actuelle des archives de films est proposee

International audience; We investigated the dynamics of the CO2 system across the Western English Channel (WEC) between Roscoff (France) and Plymouth (UK) using a Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS). From December 2010 to December 2011, 20 return crossings were carried out to collect a comprehensive dataset of CO2 system parameters and ancillary data. The hydrographical structure of the water column across the latitudinal transect was investigated at 3 fixed stations: ASTAN (southern WEC, offshore Roscoff), El and L4 (northern WEC, offshore Plymouth). Based on these profiles, we defined two provinces, the stratified northern WEC (>49.5 degrees N) and the well-mixed southern WEC (

International audience; We investigated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) dynamics in the inner and outer Loire estuary (coastal margin of north-western Europe) over an annual cycle (2009-2010) using a comprehensive dataset of pCO2, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and ancillary data collected during four cruises conducted in different seasons. In the inner estuary, pCO2 exhibited very large spatial and inter-seasonal amplitudes (from 294 to 2744 μatm) mainly driven by strong heterotrophic respiration from spring to fall, thermodynamic effects in summer and mixing during winter floods. In the outer estuary, during spring and to a lesser extent during summer, the large extension of the plume resulted in stratification of the water column and autotrophic processes induced pCO2 below atmospheric equilibrium in the plume's surface waters (mean values of -65 μatm compared to the atmosphere). During fall, mixing with inner estuary waters influenced by heterotrophic processes induced pCO2 above atmospheric equilibrium (mean values of +86 μatm) in the very restricted and shallow plume. During winter floods, thermodynamics as well as episodic winter phytoplankton blooms were responsible for pCO2 values below atmospheric equilibrium in the plume (mean values of -42 μatm), whereas the adjacent surface waters were at equilibrium with the atmosphere. Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the inner estuary ranged from 41 ± 4 mmol m-2 d-1 during spring to 140 ± 18 mmol m-2 d-1 during fall, compared to an outer estuary minimum of -9.0 ± 1.0 mmol m-2 d-1 during spring and maximum of 7.7 ± 1.1 mmol m-2 d-1 during fall. Integrated over their respective areas, annual CO2 emissions from the inner estuary of 3.2 109 mol C yr-1 were offset by the annual CO2 sink of -17.9 109 mol C yr-1 from the plume alone. Based on four seasonal cruises, it seems that because of its large size during spring and to a lesser extent during winter, the Loire plume significantly impacted estimates of air-sea CO2 fluxes at a regional scale. Comparison with other major estuarine plumes in diverse continental shelf zones seems to indicate a predominance of CO2 sinks in these systems suggesting that other estuarine plumes might counteract inner estuary CO2 emissions at seasonal to annual level.

This paper presents an embedded DRAM memory design on 32 nm Low Power process using recently introduced Capacitor Over Low-K (COLK) bitcell architecture. It consists in the 1st functional silicon demonstration of 32 nm embedded DRAM macrocell with unrivalled density of O.lmmVMbit. The memory features a high performance sense amplifier with tunable reference level, an overdriven reliability-friendly row decoder with adjusted voltage and a low swing although flexible data transfer scheme. Making low cost eDRAM with 2.5 ns cycle time available on 32 nm low power platform opens new opportunities for consumer electronics devices such as advanced smartphones or graphical handheld devices.

Seawater concentrations of the four brominated trace gases dibromomethane (CH2Br2), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3) were measured at different depths of the water column in the Iberian upwelling off Portugal during summer 2007. Bromocarbon concentrations showed elevated values in recently upwelled and aged upwelled waters (mean values of 30 pmol L−1 for CHBr3), while values in the open ocean were significantly lower (7.4 pmol L−1 for CHBr3). Correlations with biological variables and marker pigments indicated that phytoplankton could be identified as a weak bromocarbon source in the open ocean. In upwelled water masses along the coast, halocarbons were not correlated to Chl-a, indicating an external source, overlapping the possible internal production by phytoplankton. We showed that the tidal frequency had a significant influence on halocarbon concentrations in the upwelling and we linked those findings to a strong intertidal coastal source, as well as to a transport of those halocarbon enriched coastal waters by westward surface upwelling currents. Coastal sources and transport can be accounted for maximum values of up to 185.1 pmol L−1 CHBr3 in the upwelling. Comparison with other productive marine areas revealed that the Iberian upwelling had stronger halocarbon sources than the phytoplankton dominated sources in the Mauritanian upwelling. However, the concentrations off the Iberian Peninsula were still much lower than those of coastal macroalgal influenced waters or those of polar regions dominated by cold water adapted diatoms.

This paper deals with a new and low cost embedded DRAM (eDRAM) architecture. COLK (Capacitor Over Low K) cell with capacitor placed in the first and thick SiO 2 dielectric has been successfully integrated. 4Mb eDRAM testchip using this new architecture is functional in 45nm node and presents good yield. Moreover we succeed to demonstrate the capability to continue downscaling of eDRAM for nodes down to 32nm and 22nm.

If voyeurism is for adults a continuing interrogation into sexual difference, it would have man being seen in woman and vice-versa. Furthermore, refusing all social and physical distinctions, it would cloud the boundaries of the symbolic in order to permit an imaginary regression to a "before language." Pialat' s Van Gogh is taken here as an example of the combinatorial play of identification of spectator and personae, putting into motion a regression that the film through its reference to nineteenth century painting., Si le voyeurisme est à l'âge adulte une interrrogation maintenue sur la différence des sexes, il fait voir de l'homme dans la femme et inversement. De plus , refusant une distinction à la fois physique et sociale, il brouille les frontières du symbolique pour permettre une régression imaginaire vers un «avant le langage ». Le Van Gogh de Pialat est pris ici comme exemple des jeux croisés d' identification entre spectateur et personnages, dans le cadre d'une régression que le film met en images et en scène à travers la référence à la peinture et au XIXe siècle., El voyeurisme en la edad adulta constituye una interrogación permanente sobre la diferencia de sexos puesto que hace ver el hombre en la mujer e inversamente. Además, el voyeurisme al rechazar una distinción a la vez física y social, ensombrece las fronteras del simbolismo para permitir una regresión imaginaria hacia un «antes del lenguaje ». El Van Gogh de Pialat sirve aquí como ejemplo de juegos cruzados de identificación entre el espectador y los personajes, en el marco de una regresión que la película presenta en imágenes y en escena por intermedio de la referencia a la pintura y al siglo XIX., Vernet Marc. Les Scoptophiles : fétichisme et régression des spectateurs de cinéma. In: Communication. Information Médias Théories, volume 13 n°2, automne 1992. Spectateurs. pp. 118-131.