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1. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Ekananda Paudel, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Erika Berenguer, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Xinghui Lu, Luciana F. Alves, Yves Laumonier, Matt Bradford, Keith C. Hamer, Heike Culmsee, Robert M. Ewers, Jan Reitsma, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Anne Mette Lykke, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael J. Lawes, Géraldine Derroire, Martin Gilpin, Jean-François Bastin, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Laszlo Nagy, José Luís Camargo, Gabriella Fredriksson, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Ida Theilade, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Bonaventure Sonké, Jefferson S. Hall, Naret Seuaturien, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Simon L. Lewis, Francesco Rovero, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Donald R. Drake, Agustín Rudas Lleras, Lee J. T. White, Gerardo A.Aymard Corredor, Damien Catchpole, Tariq Stévart, Samuel Almeida, Janet Franklin, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Nicholas J. Berry, Jon C. Lovett, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Onrizal Onrizal, Ted R. Feldpausch, Wannes Hubau, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Juliana Schietti, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, William E. Magnusson, Shengbin Chen, K. Anitha, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Flávia R. C. Costa, John R. Poulsen, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Aurélie Dourdain, Irie Casimir Zo-Bi, Heriberto David-Higuita, Rahmad Zakaria, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Karina Melgaço, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Damien Bonal, Murray Collins, Jos Barlow, Emilio Vilanova, Yadvinder Malhi, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Badru Mugerwa, Terry L. Erwin, John Pipoly, Bruno Hérault, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, William F. Laurance, Luzmila Arroyo, Jean-Louis Doucet, Lilian Blanc, Henrik Balslev, Percival Cho, Priya Davidar, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, John Terborgh, Peter M. Umunay, Shijo Joseph, Robert Muscarella, Massiel Corrales Medina, Rueben Nilus, Robert Steinmetz, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Peter S. Ashton, Sophie Fauset, Adriana Prieto, Christelle Gonmadje, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Andreas Hemp, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, Markus Fischer, Hoang Van Sam, Ferry Slik, Jianwei Tang, Luiz Menini Neto, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Tran Van Do, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Aisha Sultana, Marc P. E. Parren, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Frans Bongers, Campbell O. Webb, Lan Qie, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Justin Kassi, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Georgia Pickavance, Jérôme Millet, Joice Ferreira, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Manichanh Satdichanh, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Rodrigo Sierra, Oliver L. Phillips, Vianet Mihindou, William Milliken, Walter A. Palacios, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Charles E. Zartman, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, Eddy Nurtjahya, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Janvier Lisingo, Nobuo Imai, Asyraf Mansor, Kenneth R. Young, Serge A. Wich, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, Christine B. Schmitt, Simone Aparecida Vieira, D. Mohandass, Thaise Emilio, Gemma Rutten, Fabian Brambach, Steven W. Brewer, Timothy R. Baker, Carolina V. Castilho, Timothy J. Killeen, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Martin van de Bult, Feyera Senbeta, Eileen Larney, Bente B. Klitgård, Phourin Chhang, Hans ter Steege, Runguo Zang, Simon Willcock, Wendeson Castro, María Uriarte, Jean Philippe Puyravaud, Andrew R. Marshall, R. Toby Pennington, Jens-Christian Svenning, Jonathan Timberlake, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Douglas Sheil, Susan K. Wiser, Lila Nath Sharma, Raman Sukumar, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Andy Hector, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Wanlop Chutipong, David Harris, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas W. Gillespie, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Edmund V. J. Tanner, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, William J. Baker, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nicolas Labrière, Paulo S. Morandi, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Edward L. Webb, Andreas Ensslin, David Campbell, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Robert M. Kooyman, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Ophelia Wang, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Marc K. Steininger, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, Systems Ecology, Robert Muscarella, Uppsala University / Aarhus University, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, University of Montpellier, Luzmila Arroyo, Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, CENA-USP, Jos Barlow, Lancaster University, Jean-François Bastin, ETH Zürich, Natacha Nssi Bengone, National Agency of National Parks of Gabon, Erika Berenguer, Lancaster University / University of Oxford, Nicholas Berry, The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, Lilian Blanc, CIRAD / University of Montpellier, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre / Goethe University, Damien Bonal, Université de Lorraine, Frans Bongers, Wageningen University & Research, Matt Bradford, CSIRO Land and Water, Percival Cho, Forest Department, Connie Clark, Duke University, Murray Collins, University of Edinburgh, James A. Comiskey, National Park Service / Smithsonian Institution, Flávia R. C. Costa, INPA, Géraldine Derroire, CIRAD, Anthony Di Fiore, University of Texas at Austin, Tran Van Do, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Jean-Louis Doucet, Liège University, Aurélie Dourdain, CIRAD, Andreas Ensslin, University of Bern, Terry Erwin, Smithsonian Institution, Corneille E. N. Ewango, University of Kisangani, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, David J. Harris, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Rhett D. Harrison, World Agroforestry, East and Southern Africa Region, Andrew Hector, University of Oxford, Wannes Hubau, University of Leeds / Royal Museum for Central Africa, Mohammad Shah Hussain, University of Delhi, Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Nobuo Imai, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Carlos A. Joly, UNICAMP, Shijo Joseph, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Anitha K, Rainforest Traditions, Kuswata Kartawinata, The Field Museum of Natural History / Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Justin Kassi, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Timothy J. Killeen, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Kanehiro Kitayama, Kyoto University, Bente Bang Klitgård, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Michael J. Lawes, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Aurora Levesley, University of Leeds, Janvier Lisingo, Kisangani University, Thomas Lovejoy, George Mason University, Jon C. Lovett, University of Leeds / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Xinghui Lu, Liaocheng University, Anne Mette Lykke, Aarhus University, William E. Magnusson, INPA, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Vianet Mihindou, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Ministère de la Forêt et de l’Environnement, Jérôme Millet, French Agency for Biodiversity, William Milliken, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, D. Mohandass, Novel Research Academy, David A. Neill, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Luiz Menini Neto, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rueben Nilus, Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Eddy Nurtja, Universitas Bangka Belitung, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, INPA, Onrizal Onrizal, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Walter A. Palacios, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Marc Parren, Wageningen University & Research, Ekananda Paudel, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Paulo S. Morandi, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, R. Toby Pennington, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / University of Exeter, Georgia Pickavance, University of Leeds, John J. Pipoly III, Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Field Museum, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Lourens Poorter, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, John R. Poulsen, Duke University, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, International Institute of Information Technology, Adriana Prieto, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, Sigur Nature Trust, Lan Qie, University of Lincoln, Carlos A. Quesada, INPA, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, INDEFOR, Universidad de Los Andes, Ervan Rutishauser, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gemma Rutten, University of Bern, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, University of Peradeniya, Rafael P. Salomão, MPEG / UFRA, Hoang Van Sam, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Manichanh Satdichanh, hinese Academy of Sciences / World Agroforestry Centre, Juliana Schietti, INPA, Jianwei Tang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Edmund Tanner, University of Cambridge, Hans ter Steege, Naturalis Biodiversity Center / Systems Ecology, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Universidad Mayor Real and Pontifical de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Ophelia Wang, Northern Arizona University, Campbell O. Webb, University of Alaska, Edward L. Webb, National University of Singapore, Lee White, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale / University of Stirling, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, University of Minnesota, Serge Wich, Liverpool John Moores University / University of Amsterdam, Simon Willcock, Bangor University, Wanlop Chutipong, King Mongut's Institute of Technology Thonburi, Douglas Sheil, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Rodrigo Sierra, GeoIS, Andreas Hemp, University of Bayreuth, Bruno Herault, CIRAD / Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, IIAP, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, IIAP, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Aarhus University / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ghana Forestry Commission, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Everton C. de Almeida, UFOPA, Samuel S. de Almeida, MPEG, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, UFMT, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Luciana F. Alves, University of California, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Universidad de Antioquia, Ana Andrade, INPA, Luis E. O. C. Aragão, INPE / University of Exeter, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Peter S. Ashton, Harvard University, Gerardo A. Aymard Corredor, Compensation International Progress / UNELLEZ-Guanare, Timothy R. Baker, University of Leeds, Fabian Brambach, University of Goettingen, Francis Q. Brearley, Manchester Metropolitan University, Steven W. Brewer, Wild Earth Allies, Jose L. C. Camargo, INPA, David G. Campbell, Grinnell College, CAROLINA VOLKMER DE CASTILHO, CPAF-RR, Wendeson Castro, SOS Amazônia, Damien Catchpole, University of Tasmania, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Shengbin Chen, Chengdu University of Technology, Phourin Chhang, Forestry Administration, Massiel Nataly Corrales Medina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Heike Culmsee, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Heriberto David-Higuita, Universidad de Antioquia, Priya Davidar, Sigur Nature Trust, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, IIAP, Robert M. Ewers, Imperial College London, Sophie Fauset, University of Plymouth, Ted R. Feldpausch, University of Exeter, Leandro Valle Ferreira, MPEG, Markus Fischer, University of Bern, Janet Franklin, University of California, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Pro Natura Foundation, Thomas W. Gillespie, University of California, Martin Gilpin, University of Leeds, Christelle Gonmadje, University of Yaoundé / National Herbarium, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, University of Peradeniya, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, King Abdulaziz University, Jefferson S. Hall, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Keith C. Hamer, University of Leeds, Lila Nath Sharma, ForestAction Nepal, Robert Kooyman, Macquarie University / Royal Botanic Gardens, Nicolas Labrière, CNRS, Eileen Larney, TEAM / Zoological Society of London, Yves Laumonier, CIRAD, Susan G. Laurance, James Cook University, William F. Laurance, James Cook University, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yadvinder Malhi, University of Oxford, Asyraf Mansor, Universiti Sains Malaysia / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina / ESALQ-USP, Ben H. Marimon-Junior, UNEMAT, Andrew R. Marshall, University of the Sunshine Coast / University of York / Flamingo Land, Karina Melgaco, University of Leeds, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Badru Mugerwa, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Kyoto University, Laszlo Nagy, UNICAMP, Naret Seuaturien, WWF Thailand, Marcelo T. Nascimento, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, University of Fianarantsoa, Jan Meindert Reitsma, Bureau Waardenburg BV, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Universidad Continental, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Ecosystems Services and Climate Change (SECC) Group, COL-TREE Corporatio, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Anand Roopsind, Boise State University, Francesco Rovero, University of Florence / Museo delle Scienze, Andes Rozak, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Agustín Rudas Lleras, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Christine B. Schmitt, University of Bonn / University of Freiburg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, UNEMAT, Feyera Senbeta, Addis Ababa University, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Universidad de La Serena, Marcos Silveira, UFAC, Bonaventure Sonké, University of Yaoundé, Robert Steinmetz, WWF Thailand, Tariq Stévart, Missouri Botanical Garden, Raman Sukumar, Indian Institute of Science, Aisha Sultana, University of Delhi, Terry C. H. Sunderland, University of British Columbia / CIFOR, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana Suresh, Indian Institute of Science, John W. Terborgh, University of Florida / James Cook University, Ida Theilade, University of Copenhagen, Jonathan Timberlake, Warren Lane, Armando Torres-Lezama, Universidad de Los Andes, Peter Umunay, Yale University, María Uriarte, Columbia University, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Martin van de Bult, Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Peter van der Hout, Van der Hout Förestry Consulting, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, MPEG, Simone A. Vieira, UNICAMP, Emilio Vilanova, University of California, Susan K. Wiser, Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Kenneth R. Young, University of Texas at Austin, Rahmad Zakaria, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Runguo Zang, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Charles E. Zartman, INPA, Irié Casimir Zo-Bi, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University., Donald R. Drake, University of Hawai'i at M?noa, Marc K. Steininger, University of Maryland, Thaise Emilio, UNICAMP / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Oliver L. Phillips, University of Leeds, Simon L. Lewis, University of Leeds / University College London, Ferry Slik, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Uppsala University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Rainforest Research Sdn Bhd

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, DIVERSITY, Biomasa, Biomassa, Arecaceae, AFRICAN, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, BIOMASS, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.02 [http], biomasse aérienne des arbres, Abundance (ecology), CARBON STORAGE, Floresta Tropical, Densité, Silvicultura, Biomass, Forêt tropicale humide, ALLOMETRY, above-ground biomass, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), GE, Condições abióticas locais, biology, Ecology, Inventaire forestier, abundance patterns, tropical, Facteur du milieu, wood density, PE&RC, Geography, Physical, 0501 Ecological Applications, Geography, Biogeografia, Physical Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversité, C180 Ecology, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Variance génétique, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, pantropical biogeography, Neotropics, F40 - Écologie végétale, Zona tropical, Biogéographie, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bois, local abiotic conditions, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Densidade da Madeira, Ekologi, Science & Technology, 0602 Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, QK, Diameter at breast height, Biology and Life Sciences, facteurs abiotiques, DIVERSIFICATION HISTORY, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, AMAZONIAN FOREST, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, PATTERNS, tropical rainforest, Tropical rainforest
Abstract

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Published
2020

2. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Author

Priya Davidar, Andreas Hemp, Francis Q. Brearley, Marcio Seiji Suganuma, Sandra Brown, Robin L. Chazdon, Rahmad Zakaria, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Robert M. Kooyman, Nina Farwig, H. S. Suresh, Márcio de Morisson Valeriano, Christine B. Schmitt, Gemma Rutten, Tereza C. Spósito, Ed V.J. Tanner, Shijo Joseph, Kipiro Damas, Janet Franklin, Samir Gonçalves Rolim, Orlando Rangel, H. S. Dattaraja, Francisco Mora, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Richard Field, Khairil Mahmud, Patrick A. Jansen, Raman Sukumar, Nobuo Imai, Xinghui Lu, Susan G. Laurance, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Hoang Van Sam, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Gerardo Aymard, Emanuel H. Martin, Daniel M. Griffith, Campbell O. Webb, Katrin Boehning-Gaese, William F. Laurance, Timothy J. Killeen, Marcelo Tabarelli, Jeremy A. Lindsell, Ulf Pommer, Queila Souza Garcia, Natalia Targhetta, Christelle Gonmadje, C. Yves Adou Yao, Fabian Brambach, Shengbin Chen, Saara J. DeWalt, Robert Steinmetz, Rama Chandra Prasad, Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas, Phourin Chhang, Donald R. Drake, Salomón Aguilar, Giselda Durigan, Jennifer S. Powers, Jon C. Lovett, Jean Philippe Puyravaud, Susan K. Wiser, Michael Kessler, Pia Parolin, Runguo Zang, Hazimah Din, DIogo S.B. Rocha, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Kalle Ruokolainen, Ole R. Vetaas, Zhofre Aguirre Mendoza, Jorge A. Ahumada, Jurgi Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jan Reitsma, Hans Verbeeck, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Eizi Suzuki, David Harris, Florian Wittmann, Shauna-Lee Chai, Supriyadi, Felipe P. L. Melo, Darley C.L. Matos, Victor A. J. Adekunle, Michael J. Lawes, Faizah Metali, Eddy Nurtjahya, Thiago Metzker, John N. Williams, Vincent P. Medjibe, Lan Qi, Rhett D. Harrison, Johan van Valkenburg, John Vandermeer, Susan G. Letcher, Sandra L. Yap, Andy Hector, Kenneth J. Feeley, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Francesco Rovero, Alexandre F. Souza, Markus Fischer, Tsutomu Enoki, Eduardo Schmidt Eler, Ekananda Paudel, Pascal Boeckx, Marc P. E. Parren, Patricia Balvanera, Tariq Stévart, M. Shah Hussain, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Frans Bongers, Plinio Sist, George B. Chuyong, Mohd Nizam Mohd Said, Jonathan Timberlake, J. W. Ferry Slik, Adandé Belarmain Fandohan, Jean-François Bastin, Nikolay Aguirre, Asyraf Mansor, José Lozada, Yves Laumonier, Mark Schulze, Ida Theilade, D. Mohandass, John R. Poulsen, Peter J. Bellingham, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Onrizal, Rolando Perez, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Thomas W. Gillespie, Olle Forshed, Duncan Thomas, Philippe Saner, Andreas Ensslin, Douglas Sheil, Edward L. Webb, Anne Mette Lykke, Kuswata Kartawinata, Ervan Rutishauser, Eddie Lenza De Oliveira, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Elizabeth Kearsley, Wilson Roberto Spironello, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Karl A. O. Eichhorn, Rodrigo Muñoz, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Xiaobo Yang, Andrew R. Marshall, I. Faridah Hanum, Jean François Gillet, Corneille E. N. Ewango, K. Anitha, Eduardo A. Pérez-García, Jürgen Homeier, Satish Chandra Garkoti, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Tran Van Do, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Aisha Sultana, Luciana F. Alves, Meredith L. Bastian, Eduardo van den Berg, João Roberto dos Santos, Rakan A. Zahawi, Selene Báez, Felipe Zamborlini Saiter, Daniel L. Kelly, Jochen Schoengart, Bráulio A. Santos, Serge A. Wich, Jean Paul Metzger, Alvaro Duque, Andres Avella, Heike Culmsee, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Jorge A. Meave, Brad Boyle, James Grogan, Jianwei Tang, and Evolutionary and Population Biology (IBED, FNWI)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Environmental change, Geography & travel, Tropical forests, 580 Plants (Botany), Species Composition, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Corrections, Floristics, Tropic Climate, biogeographic legacies, Forest structure, Tropical Rain Forest, forest functional similarity, Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, Conservation Of Natural Resources, Frest functional similarity, Phylogeny, media_common, ddc:910, tropical forests, Multidisciplinary, GE, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, Biodiversity, RAIN-FOREST, Plants, Biological Sciences, Classification, REGIONS, PE&RC, forest classification, Geography, Biogeography, Phylogenetic community distance, Priority Journal, Environmental Monitoring, Conservation of Natural Resources, Asia, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate Change, Forest Structure, ta1171, India, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Cladistics, ddc:570, Biogeographic legacies, Madagascar, Genetics, Forest functional similarity, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Forest, PLANT DIVERSITY, Tropical Climate, Western Hemisphere, QH, QK, Information Processing, foreste, filogenesi, conservazione, Biology and Life Sciences, ANGIOSPERMS, Plant, 15. Life on land, Nonhuman, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Forest classification, Forest Dynamics, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, PATTERNS, UPDATE, cavelab, Environmental Protection, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (politics), Phylogenetic nomenclature, phylogenetic community distance
Abstract

Significance Identifying and explaining regional differences in tropical forest dynamics, structure, diversity, and composition are critical for anticipating region-specific responses to global environmental change. Floristic classifications are of fundamental importance for these efforts. Here we provide a global tropical forest classification that is explicitly based on community evolutionary similarity, resulting in identification of five major tropical forest regions and their relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. African and American forests are grouped, reflecting their former western Gondwanan connection, while Indo-Pacific forests range from eastern Africa and Madagascar to Australia and the Pacific. The connection between northern-hemisphere Asian and American forests is confirmed, while Dry forests are identified as a single tropical biome., Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.

Published
2018

3. Pan-tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees

Author

Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Stephen P. Hubbell, Cintia Rodrigues de Souza, Takeshi Toma, Ben Swanepoel, Raphaël Pélissier, Donatien Zebaze, Luzmila Arroyo, Juliana Stropp, James R. Kellner, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Benoît Cassart, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, James Grogan, Sebastian K. Herzog, Yadvinder Malhi, Krisna Gajapersad, José Luís Camargo, Christelle Gonmadje, Renato Valencia, Connie J. Clark, Denise Sasaki, Fabien Wagner, Francesco Rovero, Katrin Boehning-Gaese, David Kenfack, Olaf Bánki, John Terborgh, Ferry Slik, Arafat S. Mtui, Javier Silva Espejo, Hans Beeckman, Germaine Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Tinde van Andel, Luis Valenzuela, Thalès de Haulleville, Hans ter Steege, Elizabeth Kearsley, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Wilson Roberto Spironello, Rodolfo Vasque, Emmanuel H. Martin, Thomas Duncan, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Paulus Matius, Charles De Cannière, Yves Laumonier, Ted R. Feldpausch, Andrew R. Marshall, John R. Poulsen, J. Daniel Soto, Priya Davidar, Jean François Gillet, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Papi Puspa Warsudi, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Vincent A. Vos, Laurent Descroix, Nicolas Texier, Philippe Saner, Roderick Zagt, Marc P. E. Parren, Luiz Marcelo Brum Rossi, Robert Bitariho, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Jon Lloyd, Nina Farwig, James Singh, Jean-Louis Doucet, Francis Q. Brearley, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Celso Paulo de Azevedo, Ervan Rutishauser, Johanna Hurtado, Bruno Hérault, Albert Angbonga-Basia, Jérôme Chave, David A. Neill, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Pierre Ploton, Hilandia Brandão, Susan G. Laurance, Richard Condit, Roel J. W. Brienen, Jean-François Bastin, Ana Andrade, Marcos Silveira, Oliver L. Phillips, Gauthier Ligot, David B. Clark, Casimero Mendoza Bautista, Narayanan Ayyappan, Robin L. Chazdon, Hans Verbeeck, Santiago Espinosa, Jürgen Homeier, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Simon L. Lewis, Patricia Alvarez-Loyayza, Vincent Droissart, Sassan Saatchi, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Victoria Meyer, Nicolas Barbier, Wannes Hubau, Jorcely Barroso, Nicolas Labrière, Plinio Sist, Georges Chuyong, Pascal Boeckx, Hugo Romero Saltos, Antonio Ferraz, David Harris, Verginia Wortel, Pandi Vivek, Mark Schulze, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Guido Pardo, Quentin Ponette, Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, Michael Kessler, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Samir Gonçalves Rolim, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Koen Hufkens, Narcisse Guy Kamdem, Adeline Fayolle, Aurélie Dourdain, Christine Fletcher, Moses Libalah, B.R. Ramesh, Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Carbon For Expert, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Liège, University of Mary Washington, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Buea, Department of Computer Science, King‘s College London, Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Department of Ecology-Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, AgroBioTech, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Mount Holyoke College, Royal Botanic Gardens, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, MRC 705, Box 37012, Washington, DC, VA 20013-7012, USA, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), AgroParisTech, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Université de Yaoundé I, Imperial College London, Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University [Fairfax], Environmental Change Inst., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Sciences sociales ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE), University of Geneva, Sciences II, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), MUSE – Science Museum of Trento, Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Amazonia Central, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas y Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Chercheur indépendant, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie [ENS Yaoudé], Université de Yaoundé I-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Phillips Universität (Marburg), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, University of Zurich, Université de Yaoundé, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Université de Yaoundé I [Yaoundé]-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Systems Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Oxford [Oxford], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, 0106 biological sciences, pan-tropical, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, REDD, Rainforest, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Quadratic mean diameter, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Tree canopy, Ecology, carbon, Diameter at breast height, large trees, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Structure du peuplement, séquestration du carbone, climate change, 13. Climate action, Forêt, Environmental science, Physical geography, tropical forest ecology, REDD+, Woody plant, forest structure
Abstract

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Aim: Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan-tropical model to predict plot-level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location: Pan-tropical. Time period: Early 21st century. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the ith largest trees. Results: Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot- and site-level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium-sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate-diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions: Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

Published
2018

4. An Evaluation of Profit Margin of Sawyers of Wood Products in the Forestry Zone Surrounding Kumba (Cameroon)

Author

Marie Louise Avana Tientcheu, Joseph Feulefack, Achille Jean Jaza Folefack, Marc P. E. Parren, and Géraldine Boudjiho Ngouegni

Subjects
Kumba, biology, Production cost, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 021107 urban & regional planning, Forestry, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Original research, Profit (economics), Profit margin, Revenue, Business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

A total of 235 chainsaw milling (CSM) operations have been visited from 1 June to 31 July 2011 in order to interview 85 sawyers from 15 villages in the forestry zone surrounding Kumba, Cameroon. In the field, four categories of sawyers (Type I, II, III, and IV) were differentiated according to their motivations, challenges, production cost and profit. The main motivation of sawyers is financial, regardless of their categories. The CSM average production amounts to 12.78 m per operation requiring 2 standing trees (approximately 6.22 m per tree) every two months. In total, with expenses of 34,719 FCFA/m, sawyers get revenue of 40,999 FCFA/m (i.e. +5,780 FCFA/m as profit). However, Type II sawyers earn a much higher profit than others (+12,829 Original Research Article Folefack et al.; AJEA, 11(6): 1-11, 2016; Article no.AJEA.24991 2 FCFA/m). In general, CSM is an economically rewarding activity in that the majority of the sawyers visited earn significant profit exception made of Type III. Regretfully, forest control (licences’ checkup) is a major drawback that sawyers regularly face because of the illegality of their activity. Most sawyers operate in informal way without paying taxes/licences so that the loss of earning to the State revenues is important. The government should therefore legalize this activity by reforming the licences awarded to various sawyers and guiding the implementation of a more transparent and formal taxation in this sector.

Published
2016

5. Predicting alpha diversity of African rain forests: models based on climate and satellite-derived data do not perform better than a purely spatial model

Author

Duncan W. Thomas, Gilles Dauby, Edouard K. Kouassi, Ryan J. Harrigan, François N’Guessan Kouamé, Douglas Sheil, Lazare A. Kouka, Wolfgang Buermann, Terry Sunderland, Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, James A. Comiskey, Jan Reitsma, Jean-François Gillet, Simon L. Lewis, Mbatchou G. P. Tchouto, Mike D. Swaine, Bonaventure Sonké, David Kenfack, George B. Chuyong, Ingrid Parmentier, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Olivier J. Hardy, Sophie Fauset, Cyrille Chatelain, Miguel E. Leal, Adama Bakayoko, Sassan Saatchi, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Jean-Louis Doucet, Laurent Gautier, William D. Hawthorne, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Marc S.M. Sosef, Bruno Senterre, Louis Nusbaumer, Johan van Valkenburg, and Yadvinder Malhi

Subjects
Geography, Ecology, Kriging, Climatology, Biodiversity, Climate change, Alpha diversity, Rainforest, Scale (map), Spatial distribution, Spatial analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Our aim was to evaluate the extent to which we can predict and map tree alpha diversity across broad spatial scales either by using climate and remote sensing data or by exploiting spatial autocorrelation patterns in tropical rain forest, West Africa and Atlantic Central Africa.

Published
2011

6. Annual Rainfall and Seasonality Predict Pan-tropical Patterns of Liana Density and Basal Area

Author

Stefan A. Schnitzer, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Z.Q. Cai, Terese B. Hart, Georges Chuyong, Duncan W. Thomas, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, Hugo Romero-Saltos, Kalan Ickes, Jean-Remy Makana, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Jérôme Chave, Saara J. DeWalt, Sainge Moses, David B. Clark, Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup, Joseph Mascaro, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Esteban Gortaire, Francis E. Putz, Jeffrey J. Gerwing, Manuel J. Macía, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Robyn J. Burnham, and David Kenfack

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Species diversity, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Seasonality, Biology, medicine.disease, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Liana, Abundance (ecology), Dry season, medicine, Precipitation, Physical geography, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

We test the hypotheses proposed by Gentry and Schnitzer that liana density and basal area in tropical forests vary negatively with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and positively with seasonality. Previous studies correlating liana abundance with these climatic variables have produced conflicting results, warranting a new analysis of drivers of liana abundance based on a different dataset. We compiled a pan-tropical dataset containing 28,953 lianas (Z2.5cmdiam.) from studies conducted at 13 Neotropical and 11 Paleotropical dry to wet lowland tropical forests. The ranges in MAP and dry season length (DSL) (number of months with mean rainfall o100mm) represented by these datasets were 860‐7250mm/yr and 0‐7mo, respectively. Pan-tropically, liana density and basal area decreased significantly with increasing annual rainfall and increased with increasing DSL, supporting the hypotheses of Gentry and Schnitzer. Our results suggest that much of the variation in liana density and basal area in the tropics can be accounted for by the relatively simple metrics of MAP and DSL.

Published
2009

7. Biogeographical patterns of liana abundance and diversity

Author

David Kenfack, Jeffrey J. Gerwing, M. Sridhar Reddy, Duncan Thomas, Z.Q. Cai, Agustina Malizia, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hugo Romero-Saltos, Francis E. Putz, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Susan G. Letcher, Luciana F. Alves, Rachael V. Gallagher, Anselmo Nogueira, S. Muthuramkumar, Joseph Mascaro, Jean-Remy Makana, Saara J. DeWalt, Walter P. Carson, Chellam Muthumperumal, Robyn J. Burnham, Jérôme Chave, Esteban Gortaire Amezcua, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Juliano van Melis, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Manuel J. Macía, Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup, Kalan Ickes, George B. Chuyong, Terese B. Hart, Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, and Moses N. Sainge

Subjects
Liana diversity, business.industry, Ecology, Species diversity, Distribution (economics), Pantropical, Biology, PE&RC, Subtropical forests, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Global Liana Database (GLD), Liana, Abundance (ecology), Temperate climate, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, business, Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, Tropical islands, Temperate rainforest
Abstract

This chapter examines the pantropical patterns of liana abundance and species diversity and their correlates with climatic characteristics to gain insight into which processes are important for the distribution of tropical lianas. The analyses follow from the standard sampling protocol of liana diversity and abundance used by Alwyn Gentry in the 1980s and 1990s. The chapter examines how climatic conditions are associated with liana density and diversity, by analyzing old-growth continental forests at 850mm yr-1.To broaden the discussion of determinants of liana density and diversity beyond climatic factors, the authors comment on differences between temperate and tropical forests and between continental and island regions. The chapter focuses on sites in the Global Liana Database (GLD) from temperate forests in Australia, subtropical forest in Argentina, and an island in the Caribbean, and also reviews the available literature.

Published
2015

8. An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

Author

Thomas R. Gillespie, Manichanh Satdichanh, Pascal Boeckx, R. Vásquez, Christine Fletcher, Antti Marjokorpi, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Meredith L. Bastian, Daniel L. Kelly, Serge A. Wich, Bráulio A. Santos, Gilles Dauby, Victor A. J. Adekunle, Jochen Schöngart, Kalle Ruokolainen, Bernardus H. J. de Jong, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Frans Bongers, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, Susan G. Letcher, Susan G. Laurance, Xinghui Lu, Luís Carlos Bernacci, Alvaro Duque, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Priya Davidar, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Henrik Meilby, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Badru Mugerwa, Hugo Romero-Saltos, Nina Farwig, Daniel M. Griffith, Ary Teixeira de Oliveira Filho, Miguel Angel Castillo-Santiago, I Fang Sun, Márcio de Morisson Valeriano, Jeremy A. Lindsell, Rafael L. Assis, Sandra L. Yap, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Kanehiro Kitayama, Elizabeth Kearsley, Heike Culmsee, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Marc P. E. Parren, Plinio Sist, H. S. Suresh, Francis Q. Brearley, Michael Kessler, Karl A. O. Eichhorn, Wilson Roberto Spironello, Asyraf Mansor, David B. Clark, Gabriella Fredriksson, Shin-ichiro Aiba, H. S. Dattaraja, Akira Itoh, Deborah A. Clark, Jürgen Homeier, Peter J. Bellingham, Raman Sukumar, Emanuel H. Martin, Eduardo Martins Venticinque, Saara J. DeWalt, Johanna Hurtado, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Marcio Seiji Suganuma, Jérôme Millet, Hannsjoerg Wöll, Tariq Stévart, Kipiro Damas, Patrick A. Jansen, Jangwei Tang, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Navendu V. Page, Matt Bradford, Kenneth J. Feeley, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Peter S. Ashton, Rama Chandra Prasad, Yves Laumonier, Runguo Zang, Pedro V. Eisenlohr, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Tsuyoshi Yoneda, Vincent P. Medjibe, Giselda Durigan, Philippe Saner, Luciana F. Alves, Eduardo Schmidt Eler, Shauna-Lee Chai, Andrea Permana, Jennifer S. Powers, Andy Hector, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Robin L. Chazdon, Lilian Blanc, Kuswata Kartawinata, Christine B. Schmitt, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Eduardo van den Berg, João Roberto dos Santos, Rakan A. Zahawi, Duncan W. Thomas, Jean-Louis Doucet, Eduardo da Silva Pinheiro, Brad Boyle, Tran Van Do, Jean-Claude Razafimahaimodison, Bruno Garcia Luize, Robert M. Kooyman, Daniel J. Metcalfe, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, James Grogan, Xiaobo Yang, Yukai Chen, Marcelo Tabarelli, Eduardo Luís Martins Catharino, Ekananda Paudel, Felipe Zamborlini Saiter, Douglas Sheil, Jean Paul Metzger, D. Mohandass, Richard Field, Eizi Suzuki, Florian Wittmann, Felipe P. L. Melo, Peguy Tchouto, Ervan Rutishauser, Nobuo Imai, Johan van Valkenburg, Fernanda Santos, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Darley C.L. Matos, C. Yves Adou Yao, Renato Valencia, Connie J. Clark, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Rahmad Zakaria, Juan Carlos Montero, Robert K. Colwell, Reuben Nilus, Francesco Rovero, John R. Poulsen, Nimal Gunatilleke, David Kenfack, John N. Williams, Rhett D. Harrison, Jean-François Gillet, William F. Laurance, Campbell O. Webb, Natalia Targhetta, Pia Parolin, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, Onrizal, David Harris, Patricia Balvanera, Jan Reitsma, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, J. W. Ferry Slik, Mark Schulze, Michael J. Lawes, Ida Theilade, Giriraj Amarnath, Geraldo Antônio Daher Corrêa Franco, Eileen Larney, Olle Forshed, and Hans Verbeeck

Subjects
Identification, Databases, Factual, Biodiversity, coverage, forêt tropicale, Forests, Fisher's log series, Spatial richness patterns, Corrections, Trees, Tropical climate, espèce (taxon), Bos- en Natuurbeleid, biodiversity, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Inventaire forestier, Flore, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Biological Sciences, PE&RC, Biosystematiek, Fisher?s log series, Phylogeography, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Biodiversité, Banque de données, Zone tropicale, Conservation of Natural Resources, Rainforest, Tree inventory, abundance distributions, ta1172, Pantropical, Tropical tree species richness, Biology, rain-forests, pantropical, Statistics, Nonparametric, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Species Specificity, global patterns, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Tropical Climate, Composition botanique, diversity estimation, Species diversity, Généralités, area, 15. Life on land, sample, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, plant diversity, ÁRVORES FLORESTAIS (CONSERVAÇÃO), Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Biosystematics, Species richness, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, richness
Abstract

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2015

9. A Standard Protocol for Liana Censuses1

Author

David Kenfack, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Robyn J. Burnham, Marc P. E. Parren, Jeffrey J. Gerwing, Frans Bongers, Jérôme Chave, Robin B. Foster, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Saara J. DeWalt, Duncan W. Thomas, and Francis E. Putz

Subjects
Census Methods, Biomass (ecology), Taxon, Diameter measurement, Liana, Ecology, Abundance (ecology), Standard protocol, Biodiversity, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

A recent increase in published studies of lianas has been paralleled by a proliferation of protocols for censusing lianas. This article seeks to increase uniformity in liana inventories by providing specific recommendations for the determination of which taxa to include, the location of diameter measurement points on individual stems, the setting of minimum stem diameter cutoffs, the treatment of multiple-stemmed and rooted clonal groups, and the measurement of noncylindrical stems. Use of more uniform liana censusing protocols may facilitate comparison of independently collected data sets and further our understanding of global patterns in liana abundance, diversity, biomass, and dynamics.

Published
2006

10. Recruitment of lianas into logging gaps and the effects of pre-harvest climber cutting in a lowland forest in Cameroon

Author

Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, and Stefan A. Schnitzer

Subjects
Canopy, canopy gaps, tropical forest, rain-forest, Chronosequence, growth, Forest management, Rainforest, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Felling, dominance, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Agroforestry, Logging, Forestry, Smothering, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Liana, regeneration, species-diversity, impact, damage, management
Abstract

The abundance of lianas (woody vines) and the detrimental impact that they have on tropical rain forest trees is widely recognized. Lianas are particularly abundant in disturbed areas of the forest, such as logging gaps, and pre-harvest liana cutting has been widely recommended throughout the tropics to reduce the impact of lianas during and following tree harvest. The effectiveness of forest-wide liana cutting, however, is currently unresolved, particularly for reducing liana abundance in logging gaps. Furthermore, our understanding of the dynamics and rate of liana colonization in gaps is limited. We tested: (1) the speed at which lianas recruit into logging gaps and their dynamics afterwards; and (2) whether pre-harvest liana cutting actually reduces the abundance of lianas in post-harvest logging gaps. To test hypothesis 1, we compared liana recruitment in new, I and 6-year-old logging gaps. For hypothesis 2, we compared liana abundance and tree infestation by lianas in 1-year-old logging gaps in which all lianas had been cut 9 months prior to tree felling vs. 1-year old logging gaps in which lianas were not cut. Lianas recruited heavily into logging gaps within I year, mostly by means of stem sprouts, and many of these new stems were apparently able to persist for longer than 6 years. Lianas were significantly more abundant in the root/bole zone of gaps than in the canopy zone, mostly due to the vigorous regeneration of stem sprouts. Canopy openness was highest in gaps one year after logging, possibly due to the smothering effect of the lianas on developing trees. Although liana abundance increased significantly over the 6-year gap chronosequence, direct liana infestation of trees remained the same. Pre-logging liana cutting, however, significantly reduced the number of lianas and also the number of liana-infested trees in logging gaps. Consequently, liana cutting appears to be an effective method to reduce the abundance of lianas and thus minimize their detrimental effects on regenerating trees in logging gaps. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

Published
2004

11. The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current tree species composition and diversity

Author

Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, Barend S. van Gemerden, and Han Olff

Subjects
Forest floor, Geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Disturbance (ecology), Forest ecology, Biodiversity, Secondary forest, Plant community, Old-growth forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Forest restoration
Abstract

Aim Tropical rain forests are often regarded as pristine and undisturbed by humans. In Central Africa, community-wide disturbances by natural causes are rare and therefore current theory predicts that natural gap phase dynamics structure tree species composition and diversity. However, the dominant tree species in many African forests recruit poorly, despite the presence of gaps. To explain this, we studied the disturbance history of a species-rich and structurally complex rain forest. Location Lowland rain forest in Southern Cameroon. Methods We identified the recruitment conditions of trees in different diameter classes in 16 ha of species-rich and structurally complex old growth rain forest. For the identification of recruitment preference we used independent data on the species composition along a disturbance gradient, ranging from shifting cultivation fields (representing large-scale disturbance), to canopy gaps and old growth forest. Results In nine of sixteen 1-ha forest plots the older trees preferred shifting cultivation fields for recruitment while younger trees preferred gaps and closed forest conditions. This indicates that these nine sites once experienced large-scale disturbances. Three lines of evidence suggest that historical agricultural use is the most likely disturbance factor: (1) size of disturbed and undisturbed patches, (2) distribution of charcoal and (3) historical accounts of human population densities. Main conclusions Present-day tree species composition of a structurally complex and species-rich Central African rain forest still echoes historical disturbances, most probably caused by human land use between three to four centuries ago. Human impact on African rain forest is therefore, contrary to common belief, an issue not of the last decades only. Insights in historical use will help to get a more balanced view of the pristine rain forest, acknowledging that the dualism between old growth and secondary forest may be less clear than previously thought.

Published
2003

12. Does climber cutting reduce felling damage in southern Cameroon?

Author

Marc P. E. Parren and Frans Bongers

Subjects
Agroforestry, Forest management, Logging, Resprouting, Forestry, Rainforest, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Felling, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Lowland rain forest, Silvicultural treatments, Liana, Abundance (ecology), Climber cutting, Logging damage, Lianas, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Cameroon, Application methods, Silviculture, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

In the lowland rain forest in southern Cameroon, an experiment was set-up to test whether pre-felling climber cutting could reduce logging damage. The abundance of lianas in the forest and their resprouting capacity after cutting was assessed. Logging damage was considered as tree mortality and tree damage in the felling gaps and the sizes of the created gaps after felling. Lianas were very abundant: on average nearly 5000 individuals (at breast height) of which over 100 large ones (≥5 cm DBH) per ha. Some 70% of monitored lianas had died 22 months after cutting. Resprouting capacity was high but variable among species. Felling gapsizes (average 550 m2 per felled tree), tree mortality (12 trees per felled tree) and damage (20 trees per felled tree) were not significantly affected by pre-felling climber cutting. A minority of the damage was severe. Smaller trees were most prune to destruction and severe damage. The results show that pre-felling climber cutting has no significant effect on resulting gapsizes, tree mortality and damage levels. We conclude that climber cutting before a logging operation does not contribute to damage reductions at the felling sites in African moist forests where the logging intensity is extremely low. The average harvest level in the study area was one tree or about 13 m3 ha−1. We suggest that climber cutting should be applied on a tree-by-tree basis only, and after a careful judgement of the tree’s liana load.

Published
2001

13. The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests?

Author

Mike D. Swaine, Adama Bakayoko, Lazare A. Kouka, Simon L. Lewis, Marc P. E. Parren, Barend S. Van Gemerden, William D. Hawthorne, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Terry Sunderland, Frans Bongers, Renaud Cortay, Robert J. Whittaker, Hannsjörg Wöll, Hans ter Steege, Johan van Valkenburg, Bruno Senterre, Juliana Stropp, Yves A. Issembe, Jean-Louis Doucet, Cyrille Chatelain, Oliver L. Phillips, Louis Nusbaumer, Marie-Noël Djuikouo Kamdem, Bonaventure Sonké, Marc S.M. Sosef, Miguel E. Leal, Laurent Gautier, Ingrid Parmentier, Jean Lejoly, Alfonso Alonso, Michael Balinga, Yadvinder Malhi, Douglas Sheil, François N’Guessan Kouamé, M. G. P. Tchouto, James A. Comiskey, Parmentier, Ingrid, Malhi, Yadvinder, Senterre, Bruno, Whittaker, Robert J., Alonso, David, and Nusbaumer, Louis Paul Gustave Alvin

Subjects
plant-species richness, Amazonian, Biogeography, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Rainforest, DIVERSITE SPECIFIQUE, scale, vegetation, ETUDE COMPARATIVE, patterns, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, TEMPERATURE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, disturbance, tropical forests, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, BIODIVERSITE, ANALYSE EN COMPOSANTES PRINCIPALES, Vegetation, dynamics, PE&RC, equatorial africa, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Biosystematiek, FORET PRIMAIRE, red herrings, geographical ecology, Geography, ddc:580, Disturbance (ecology), FACTEUR CLIMATIQUE, PRECIPITATION, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Biosystematics, Alpha diversity, human activities
Abstract

1. Comparative analyses of diversity variation among and between regions allow testing of alternative explanatory models and ideas. Here, we explore the relationships between the tree alpha-diversity of small rain forest plots in Africa and in Amazonia and climatic variables, to test the explanatory power of climate and the consistency of relationships between the two continents. 2. Our analysis included 1003 African plots and 512 Amazonian plots. All are located in old-growth primary non-flooded forest under 900 m altitude. Tree alpha-diversity is estimated using Fisher's alpha calculated for trees with diameter at breast height >= 10 cm. Mean diversity values are lower in Africa by a factor of two. 3. Climate-diversity analyses are based on data aggregated for grid cells of 2.5 x 2.5 km. The highest Fisher's alpha values are found in Amazonian forests with no climatic analogue in our African data set. When the analysis is restricted to pixels of directly comparable climate, the mean diversity of African forests is still much lower than that in Amazonia. Only in regions of low mean annual rainfall and temperature is mean diversity in African forests comparable with, or superior to, the diversity in Amazonia. 4. The climatic variables best correlated with the tree alpha-diversity are largely different in the African and Amazonian data, or correlate with African and Amazonian diversity in opposite directions. 5. These differences in the relationship between local/landscape-scale alpha-diversity and climate variables between the two continents point to the possible significance of an array of factors including: macro-scale climate differences between the two regions, overall size of the respective species pools, past climate variation, other forms of long-term and short-term environmental variation, and edaphics. We speculate that the lower alpha-diversity of African lowland rain forests reported here may be in part a function of the smaller regional species pool of tree species adapted to warm, wet conditions. 6. Our results point to the importance of controlling for variation in plot size and for gross differences in regional climates when undertaking comparative analyses between regions of how local diversity of forest varies in relation to other putative controlling factors.

Published
2007

14. How important are forest elephants to the survival of woody plant species in Upper Guinean forests?

Author

Marc P. E. Parren and William D. Hawthorne

Subjects
Ecology, Biodiversity, Context (language use), Plant community, Rainforest, Vegetation, Dispersal, Disturbance, Biology, PE&RC, Elephant, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Disturbance (ecology), Forest ecology, Africa, Regeneration, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Woody plant
Abstract

Elephant populations have declined greatly in the rain forests of Upper Guinea (Africa, west of the Dahomey Gap). Elephants have a number of well-known influences on vegetation, both detrimental and beneficial to trees. They are dispersers of a large number of woody forest species, giving rise to concerns that without elephants the plant diversity of Upper Guinean forest plant communities will not be maintained. This prospect was examined with respect to four sources of inventory and research data from Ghana, covering nearly all (more than 2000) species of forest plant. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that plant populations are collapsing without elephants is conspicuously absent in these datasets, although Balanites wilsoniana is likely to suffer dramatically on a centennial scale in the absence of forest elephants. A few other species are likely to decline, although at an even slower rate. In the context of other processes current in these forests, loss of elephants is an insignificant concern for plant biodiversity. Elephant damage of forests can be very significant in Africa, but loss of this influence is more than compensated for by human disturbance. Elephants have played a significant part in the shaping of West African rain forest vegetation. However, it is the conservation of elephants that should be of primary concern. Tree populations should be managed to promote them, rather than vice versa.

Published
2000

15. Distribution of twelve moist forest canopy tree species in Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire : response curves to a climatic gradient

Author

Lourens Poorter, R.S.A.R. van Rompaey, Marc P. E. Parren, and Frans Bongers

Subjects
Rainfall, Biosystematiek-Diertaxonomie, Forest management, Species distribution, Distribution (economics), Plant Science, Abundance (ecology), Dry season, Tropical moist forest, West Africa, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Tree canopy, Ecology, business.industry, Species response curve, Forestry, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Geography, Climatic gradient, Bosbouw, Period (geology), Species richness, business
Abstract

The occurrence and abundance of 12 canopy tree species from the moist tropical forests of West Africa have been studied in relation to a climatic gradient. We focused on environmental factors related to water availability: annual amount of rainfall, the length of the dry season, and cumulative water deficit. Species occurrence and abundance data are used for 39 forest sites in Liberia and southwest Cote d'Ivoire. Species responses are modelled using a set of five increasingly complex models, ranging from a no-trend model to a skewed bell-shaped response curve. The study species show different distribution patterns. Most of them suggest a close relationship to climatic conditions. Fitting of species occurrence data to each of the three climatic factors results in most cases in simple models. In only one out of 36 cases a bell-shaped response curve is needed to describe the data. Four of the 12 species show no response to the climatic factors when only occurrence is evaluated. When abundance data are used, in 33 of the 36 cases significant response models are found. In general these are much more complex than in the cases of species occurrence data: in 10 of the 36 cases a bell-shaped response model is found to describe the data best. This is in contrast with the widespread belief that species response curves are bell-shaped: within the forest zone in the area studied this is not generally the case. The importance of the three climatic factors for the distribution of the species is evaluated: for four species mean annual rainfall is the most important variable, for four species the length of the dry period, and for one species cumulative water deficit. Consequently, the assumption that mean annual rainfall is the most important factor determining tree species distribution in West African forests is not correct. Species response models to climatic factors show where species have their geographical optima. Implications for forest management are briefly discussed.

Published
1999

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