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Abstract Stopover territoriality, i.e., the defense and broadcast of an ephemeral home range during avian migration, is rare or perhaps overlooked. However, settling on a territory may allow for easier access to resources and therefore promote faster refueling despite the added costs of territory defense. We examined the occurrence of stopover territoriality and its relationship to body condition and refueling rates. We color-ringed Western Subalpine Warblers (Curruca iberiae) mapped their home ranges and measured associated habitat characteristics during a spring stopover in the Sahara. We simulated territory intrusions via song playback to quantify territorial behavior. Males aggressively defended and broadcasted their stopover territories in response to intruders. Initial body condition in males was negatively related to home range vegetation density, suggesting that males in higher condition are selective for certain territory features. Low vegetation density does not support habitat selection for foraging, but perhaps does support social monitoring or predator vigilance as its functions. Fuel deposition rates in recaptured males were unrelated to home range habitat characteristics. Female Subalpine Warblers did not use repeated home ranges yet had similar refueling rates, body conditions, and stopover durations as territorial males. Therefore, while stopover territories were selected based on body condition, territory characteristics did not influence refueling rates. Subalpine Warblers expressed reduced migratory characteristics, making prolonged stopovers of up to 27 days with low refueling rates but maintaining body condition while defending territories. These results suggest that some individuals are staging for non-energetic reasons, such as pre-breeding preparations, or transitioning between a migratory and a breeding life history stage. Significance statement Territoriality in birds is commonly associated with breeding activities, less so with the wintering period and rarely with migratory periods. However, territoriality during migration may be energetically beneficial. During a trans-Saharan stopover, male warblers establish and defend temporary territories by singing and engaging in physical defense of home ranges, and those in better condition occupied territories with sparser vegetation. Females were not territorial but refueled at similar rates as males. Stopover territoriality did not increase access to food-rich patches, but perhaps aided in efficient social monitoring and preparations for the approaching breeding season. This is the first detailed documentation of birds defending ephemeral territories during migration, and its potential functions, costs and benefits may inform studies of full-annual cycles and life histories of many migratory species.

We explore the potential of D-Wave's quantum annealers for computing some of the basic components required for quantum simulations of Standard Model physics. By implementing a basic multigrid (including "zooming") and specializing Feynman-clock algorithms, D-Wave's Advantage is used to study harmonic and anharmonic oscillators relevant for lattice scalar field theories and effective field theories, the time evolution of a single plaquette of SU(3) Yang-Mills lattice gauge field theory, and the dynamics of flavor entanglement in four neutrino systems., 27 pages + Supplemental Material, 13 figures, 11 tables; improved Section III B; Published version

The time-evolution of multi-neutrino entanglement and correlations are studied in two-flavor collective neutrino oscillations, relevant for dense neutrino environments, building upon previous works. Specifically, simulations performed of systems with up to 12 neutrinos using Quantinuum's H1-1 20 qubit trapped-ion quantum computer are used to compute n-tangles, and two- and three-body correlations, probing beyond mean-field descriptions. n-tangle re-scalings are found to converge for large system sizes, signaling the presence of genuine multi-neutrino entanglement., 7 pages + 10 pages of Supplementary Material, 9 figures and 11 tables; modified Sec 3; Published version

An adiabatic state preparation technique, called the adiabatic spiral, is proposed for the Heisenberg model. This technique is suitable for implementation on a number of quantum simulation platforms such as Rydberg atoms, trapped ions, or superconducting qubits. Classical simulations of small systems suggest that it can be successfully implemented in the near future. A comparison to Trotterized time evolution is performed and it is shown that the adiabatic spiral is able to outperform Trotterized adiabatics., 22 pages, 8 figures, published version, fixed missing acknowledgment

Space-based tracking technology using low-cost miniature tags is now delivering data on fine-scale animal movement at near-global scale. Linked with remotely sensed environmental data, this offers a biological lens on habitat integrity and connectivity for conservation and human health; a global network of animal sentinels of environmental change. Publisher PDF

Tools necessary for quantum simulations of $1+1$ dimensional quantum chromodynamics are developed. When formulated in axial gauge and with two flavors of quarks, this system requires 12 qubits per spatial site with the gauge fields included via non-local interactions. Classical computations and D-Wave's quantum annealer Advantage are used to determine the hadronic spectrum, enabling a decomposition of the masses and a study of quark entanglement. Color edge states confined within a screening length of the end of the lattice are found. IBM's 7-qubit quantum computers, ibmq_jakarta and ibm_perth, are used to compute dynamics from the trivial vacuum in one-flavor QCD with one spatial site. More generally, the Hamiltonian and quantum circuits for time evolution of $1+1$ dimensional $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory with $N_f$ flavors of quarks are developed, and the resource requirements for large-scale quantum simulations are estimated., Comment: 53 pages, 29 figures. Typo fixed in v3

This is a collection of perspective pieces contributed by the participants of the Institute of Nuclear Theory's Program on Nuclear Physics for Precision Nuclear Physics which was held virtually from April 19 to May 7, 2021. The collection represents the reflections of a vibrant and engaged community of researchers on the status of theoretical research in low-energy nuclear physics, the challenges ahead, and new ideas and strategies to make progress in nuclear structure and reaction physics, effective field theory, lattice QCD, quantum information, and quantum computing. The contributed pieces solely reflect the perspectives of the respective authors and do not represent the viewpoints of the Institute for Nuclear theory or the organizers of the program., Perspective pieces of the virtual INT program 21-1b "Nuclear Forces for Precision Nuclear Physics", 107 pages

In this paper, we propose a new approach to pathological speech synthesis. Instead of using healthy speech as a source, we customise an existing pathological speech sample to a new speaker's voice characteristics. This approach alleviates the evaluation problem one normally has when converting typical speech to pathological speech, as in our approach, the voice conversion (VC) model does not need to be optimised for speech degradation but only for the speaker change. This change in the optimisation ensures that any degradation found in naturalness is due to the conversion process and not due to the model exaggerating characteristics of a speech pathology. To show a proof of concept of this method, we convert dysarthric speech using the UASpeech database and an autoencoder-based VC technique. Subjective evaluation results show reasonable naturalness for high intelligibility dysarthric speakers, though lower intelligibility seems to introduce a marginal degradation in naturalness scores for mid and low intelligibility speakers compared to ground truth. Conversion of speaker characteristics for low and high intelligibility speakers is successful, but not for mid. Whether the differences in the results for the different intelligibility levels is due to the intelligibility levels or due to the speakers needs to be further investigated., 6 pages, 3 figures. Accepted to the 11th ISCA Speech Synthesis Workshop (2021)

The interactions between two octet baryons are studied at low energies using lattice QCD (LQCD) with larger-than-physical quark masses corresponding to a pion mass of $m_{\pi}\sim 450$ MeV and a kaon mass of $m_{K}\sim 596$ MeV. The two-baryon systems that are analyzed range from strangeness $S=0$ to $S=-4$ and include the spin-singlet and triplet $NN$, $\Sigma N$ ($I=3/2$), and $\Xi\Xi$ states, the spin-singlet $\Sigma\Sigma$ ($I=2$) and $\Xi\Sigma$ ($I=3/2$) states, and the spin-triplet $\Xi N$ ($I=0$) state. The $s$-wave scattering phase shifts, low-energy scattering parameters, and binding energies when applicable, are extracted using L\"uscher's formalism. While the results are consistent with most of the systems being bound at this pion mass, the interactions in the spin-triplet $\Sigma N$ and $\Xi\Xi$ channels are found to be repulsive and do not support bound states. Using results from previous studies at a larger pion mass, an extrapolation of the binding energies to the physical point is performed and is compared with experimental values and phenomenological predictions. The low-energy coefficients in pionless EFT relevant for two-baryon interactions, including those responsible for $SU(3)$ flavor-symmetry breaking, are constrained. The $SU(3)$ symmetry is observed to hold approximately at the chosen values of the quark masses, as well as the $SU(6)$ spin-flavor symmetry, predicted at large $N_c$. A remnant of an accidental $SU(16)$ symmetry found previously at a larger pion mass is further observed. The $SU(6)$-symmetric EFT constrained by these LQCD calculations is used to make predictions for two-baryon systems for which the low-energy scattering parameters could not be determined with LQCD directly in this study, and to constrain the coefficients of all leading $SU(3)$ flavor-symmetric interactions, demonstrating the predictive power of two-baryon EFTs matched to LQCD.

The fraction of the longitudinal momentum of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ that is carried by the isovector combination of $u$ and $d$ quarks is determined using lattice QCD for the first time. The ratio of this combination to that in the constituent nucleons is found to be consistent with unity at the few-percent level from calculations with quark masses corresponding to ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\sim}800\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. With a naive extrapolation to the physical quark masses, this constraint is consistent with, and more precise than, determinations from global nuclear parton distribution function fits through the nnnpdf framework. It is thus concretely demonstrated that lattice QCD calculations of light nuclei have imminent potential to enable more precise determinations of the $u$ and $d$ parton distributions in light nuclei and to reveal the QCD origins of the EMC effect.

We will discuss several new results from the NPLQCD Collaboration that combine lattice QCD results on (hyper)nuclear systems at unphysical pion masses together with nuclear effective field theories. Two-baryon channels with strangeness $0$ to $-4$ are analyzed, with findings that point to interesting symmetries observed in hypernuclear forces as predicted in the limit of QCD with a large number of colors. Also, several matrix elements of light nuclei are studied. The tritium axial charge, related to the Gamow-Teller matrix element, and the longitudinal momentum fraction of $^3$He that is carried by the isovector combination of $u$ and $d$ are extracted and extrapolated to the physical point. For this latter case, it can be seen how including lattice results to experimental determinations can have imminent potential to enable more precise determinations and to reveal the QCD origins of the EMC effect., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures. Talk presented at the 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, LATTICE2021 26th-30th July, 2021 Zoom/Gather@Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The axial charge of the triton is investigated using lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Extending previous work at heavier quark masses, calculations are performed using three ensembles of gauge field configurations generated with quark masses corresponding to a pion mass of 450 MeV and a single value of the lattice spacing. Finite-volume energy levels for the triton, as well as for the deuteron and diproton systems, are extracted from analysis of correlation functions computed on these ensembles, and the corresponding energies are extrapolated to infinite volume using finite-volume pionless effective field theory (FVEFT). It is found with high likelihood that there is a compact bound state with the quantum numbers of the triton at these quark masses. The axial current matrix elements are computed using background field techniques on one of the ensembles and FVEFT is again used to determine the axial charge of the proton and triton. A simple quark mass extrapolation of these results and earlier calculations at heavier quark masses leads to a value of the ratio of the triton to proton axial charges at the physical quark masses of gAH3/gAp=0.91−0.09+0.07. This result is consistent with the ratio determined from experiment and prefers values less than unity (in which case the triton axial charge would be unmodified from that of the proton), thereby demonstrating that QCD can explain the modification of the axial charge of the triton.

The fraction of the longitudinal momentum of ^{3}He that is carried by the isovector combination of u and d quarks is determined using lattice QCD for the first time. The ratio of this combination to that in the constituent nucleons is found to be consistent with unity at the few-percent level from calculations with quark masses corresponding to m_{π}∼800 MeV. With a naive extrapolation to the physical quark masses, this constraint is consistent with, and more precise than, determinations from global nuclear parton distribution function fits through the nnnpdf framework. It is thus concretely demonstrated that lattice QCD calculations of light nuclei have imminent potential to enable more precise determinations of the u and d parton distributions in light nuclei and to reveal the QCD origins of the EMC effect.

"One of the current debates in Genetics is the genomic sequencing in newborns. Thanks to the genomic technologies, it is currently possible to detect diseases that a newborn may suffer in the short, medium or long term. Genomic tests pose some important ethical issues. Those issues can be classified in three different types: those regarding the object of the screening (genes that must be analyzed), those related to the information (how it must be managed) and those regarding justice questions (economic costs, population to be included in some screening programs). This study is based on a previous study whose aim was to present a general view of those three ethical problems. This study aims to focus on one of these three problems: the information. We think that how to manage the information on the results of a genomic sequencing in newborns is perhaps the most important ethical issue in this topic. Hence this work aims to address these questions regarding information on genomic sequencing: How the genomic screening has to be explained to the parents in order to get the informed consent? Should the physician give them all the data or only the information related to some genes about which he is sure that they will cause a disease? How the genomic information has to be managed? Can we keep this information once we have finished the screening of a newborn? Should we destroy it after the screening? Is it ethical that parents, without a prescription or medical control, can do on their own a genomic screening on their newborn child? "

The Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator migrates alongside other trans-Saharan passerines but, unlike other shrikes, it is not known to frequently prey on birds. We describe predation, hunting and scavenging of migratory passerines by Woodchat Shrikes at a spring stopover site in the Sahara Desert. Shrikes preyed on six passerine species. Most predated birds were in poorer physical condition than their conspecifics mist-netted at the same site. We suggest Woodchat Shrikes may be more successful at hunting migratory songbirds following a debilitating barrier crossing, which may render prey more susceptible to capture by avian predators.—Aispuro, A.A., Machowetz, C., Illa, M., Gargallo, G. & Maggini, I. (2020). Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator predation on migrating songbirds during a trans-Saharan stopover.

espanolEl presente informe publica 247 registros estudiados y aceptados por el Comite de Rarezas, relativos a la presencia de 93 taxones de aves raras en el conjunto de Espana. El indice de aceptacion de las citas obtenidas se ha situado en el 92%. Las citas mas destacadas incluidas en el presente informe son las de correlimos grande Calidris tenuirostris –primera para Espana–, cuervo deserticola Corvus ruficollis –primera para Espana–, la subespecie centroeuropea de mito Aegithalos caudatus europaeus –primera para Espana–, pardillo norteno Acanthis flammea flammea –primera para Espana–, cuclillo piquicualdo Coccyzus americanus –segunda para Espana–, zarapito trinador americano Numenius hudsonicus –segunda para Espana–, alcaudon meridional estepario Lanius meridionalis pallidirostris –segunda para Espana–, gaviota cocinera Larus dominicanus –tercera cita para Espana– y correlimos zancolin Calidris himantopus –tercera para Espana. Ademas, se recogen un buen numero de observaciones con interes a nivel regional. Entre ellas destacan las observaciones de petrel gon gon Pterodroma feae –segunda para Espana peninsular–, barnacla carinegra Branta bernicla –un ejemplar de la subespecie groenlandesa hrota, segunda para Canarias–, piquero pardo Sula leucogaster –segunda y tercera para Canarias–, charran sombrio Onychoprion fuscatus –segunda y tercera para Canarias– y charran real Sterna maxima –segunda para Canarias. Tambien se recogieron numeros sin precedentes de pardillo alpino Acanthis flammea cabaret y alondra ibis Alaemon alaudipes, ademas del primer caso de nidificacion en Espana de corneja cenicienta Corvus cornix y un nuevo caso de reproduccion de corredor sahariano Cursorius cursor. Por ultimo, se ha proseguido con la revision de citas relevantes homologadas en el pasado, utilizando los nuevos criterios de identificacion. En este sentido, se rechazan las dos observaciones de avefria coliblanca Vanellus leucurus homologadas en Espana (lo que significa la salida de la especie de la Lista Patron), asi como algunas citas de tarabilla siberiana Saxicola maurus, una cita de gaviota cocinera Larus dominicanus, una de halcon sacre Falco cherrug y una de correlimos acuminado Calidris acuminata. EnglishThis report published 247 records studied and accepted by the Rarities Committee concerning the presence of 93 taxa of rare birds in the whole of Spain. The rate of acceptance of quotations obtained stood at 92%. The most important events included in this report are those of large sandpipers great knot -first to Spain-, desert-brown-necked raven crow -first to Spain- Central European subspecies of long-tailed tit myth europaeus -first to Spain- northern pardillo Acanthis flammea flammea -first to Spain-, yellow-billed cuckoo cuckoo piquicualdo -second to Spain- curlew Numenius American trinador hudsonicus -second to Spain-, southern Shrike southern Gray Shrike estepario -second pallidirostris for Spain- Kelp Gull Kelp Gull -third appointment to Spain- and stilt sandpiper sandpipers zancolin -third to Spain. In addition, a number of observations are collected with interest at the regional level. These include observations of Fea's Petrel petrel gon gon -second for the Peninsular Spain, brent goose Branta bernicla -a copy of the Greenlandic subspecies hrota, second to Canary, brown booby Sula leucogaster -second and third for Canary, dark tern sooty tern -second and third for Canaries and royal tern Sterna maxima -second for the Canaries. record numbers Alpine pardillo Acanthis flammea cabaret and lark ibis Alaemon alaudipes were also collected, in addition to the first case in Spain of nesting hooded crow Hooded Crow and a new case Cream-colored reproduction Cursorius cursor. Finally, it has continued with the review of relevant citations approved in the past, using new identification criteria. In this regard, the two observations of white-tailed lapwing white-tailed lapwing approved in Spain (which means the departure of the species of the Pattern List), as well as some quotes from Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus, a quote from Kelp Gull Kelp Gull rejected, a saker falcon Falco cherrug and sandpipers Calidris acuminata one of acuminata.