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The article compares two poetry books published almost simultaneously, La paraula en el vent by Josep Carner in 1914 and Alcools by Guillaume Apollinaire in 1913. The two are considered to be 20th century milestones in their respective traditions: Catalan and French. Both aimed to renew amorous lyricism, in very different ways, although they share some similarities. Together, they appeal to the idea of modernity, in this case arriving at almost opposed results.

This article presents the novel La salvatge by Isabel-Clara Simó, mainly addressed to candidates for the Spanish agrégation in 2022. It is accompanied by a thematic and detailed analysis of some segments of the novel, organised around a real dramaturgy of looks. The article also studies the transtextual games of the novel, which accompany its development throughout.

Maria Cabrera and Maria Sevilla have played a crucial role in contemporary catalan poetry in recent years. Their writing can be compared because the two poets share an interest for orality and rhythm; transtextuality and queer questioning. This paper attempts to read and analyse some poems in La ciutat cansada by Maria Cabrera and Dents de polpa by Maria Sevilla: the starting point of which will be Jacques Derrida’s concept of distance from his texts on women’s writing.

L’œuvre poétique de Joan Brossa, de son propre aveu, est née d’une expérience personnelle durant la Guerre d’Espagne. Le poète y a été blessé à l’œil, dans des circonstances qu’il a narrées à de nombreuses reprises. Cet article est une exploration du poème le plus explicitement lié à cette expérience initiale, «La bataille du Segre ou la deuxième naissance», de 1950. Au-delà de l’analyse stylistique et thématique, il vise à fournir des pistes pour l’exploration de l’œuvre littéraire des années 1950, dans Ball de sang et Poesia rasa principalement.

Cet article propose d’étudier la production poétique de Joan Brossa en 1960 sous le prisme du réalisme. L’imbrication des recherches littéraires et plastiques dans son œuvre explique l’écart de sa poétique vis-à-vis du réalisme engagé catalan et espagnol, qui parvient alors à un statut quasi officiel. Brossa propose, à la fois dans ses poèmes littéraires et dans ses poèmes visuels, de nouvelles méthodes de prélèvement direct sur le réel, qui relient ses questionnements en particulier au Nouveau Réalisme parisien.

Dans Mirall trencat alternent deux motifs opposés : le mouvement et l'immobilité. La tension entre les deux motifs se situe à l'intérieur même des personnages, des situations, et même de l'écriture rodoredienne. À partir d'un relevé et d'une brève description de ces alternances et de leurs nombreuses variations nous proposons une lecture ouverte du roman, qui correspond à la volonté de l'auteur de briser l'univocité de la mimesis de tradition réaliste.

On analyse ici, en complément de la communication de Glòria Bordons, les marques de catalanité présentes dans la poésie visuelle de Joan Brossa (Barcelone, 1919-1998), qui pour être moins nombreuses que dans l'œuvre littéraire traduisent néanmoins le même engagement civique.

Smooth and stable commercial/business activities are the prime concern of every nation, as these activities decide the developmental routes of the economy. This study has examined the role of institutional development and policy mix in determining business freedom in developing countries. Institutional development has been measured with the help of government effectiveness and political stability. Policy mix have been measured with the help of monetary freedom and fiscal freedom. To examine the impact of explanatory variables on the explained variable, this study has used panel least squares, random effect model, and generalized method of moments. The estimated results show that fiscal freedom has a negative and significant impact on business freedom, whereas, monetary freedom has an insignificant impact on business freedom in the case of developing countries. The results show that government effectiveness, political stability, and tread freedom are encouraging business freedom in developing countries. The corporate tax has a negative and significant impact on business freedom. Empirical show that developing countries are more inclined towards non-developmental expenditures, thus to control the negative impacts of fiscal freedom developing countries needs rationalization in government expenditures. Developing countries should promote government effectiveness, political stability, and trade freedom to enhance business freedom. To control the negative impacts of corporate taxes, developing countries should rationalize tax policies to promote business freedom.

Controlling ecological deterioration is critical for the well-being of current and future generations, as it ensures a sustainable environment that promotes health, productivity, and the general quality of life. This study investigates the interplay between innovation, economic growth, and ecological impact across 18 countries, which collectively account for approximately 64% of global greenhouse gas emissions, using data from 2000 to 2022. Using the structural equation modeling approach, we investigate how the regulatory framework moderates and economic growth mediates these complex relationships. The empirical results reveal that innovation positively impacts economic growth, but this effect is statistically insignificant. Similarly, economic growth contributes significantly to environmental degradation. Moreover, the interaction between innovation and the regulatory framework leads to a decline in economic growth. Furthermore, innovation alone in a direct relationship, reduces ecological impact significantly but innovation and regulatory framework jointly increase ecological impact. Economic growth plays a significant role in mediating the relationship between the interaction term and ecological impact, but it does not significantly influence the relationship between innovation and ecological impact, according to empirical evidence. These insights are vital for policymakers to develop strategies that encourage sustainable growth and innovation.

This research has examined the impact of business freedom on environmental degradation in developed and developing countries from 2000 to 2022. Panel least squares and generalized method of moments have been applied for empirical analysis. Our findings show that both business freedom and renewable energy consumption have a significant and detrimental influence on environmental degradation in both developed and developing nations. Furthermore, our findings highlight the significant influence of financial development on environmental degradation in both the whole sample and developing nations. Urbanization, on the other hand, has a significant impact on environmental degradation in both developed and developing nations. Interestingly, financial development has a negative and significant impact on environmental degradation in developed nations, while energy consumption has a notable positive and significant relationship with environmental degradation across the board. These findings suggest that the encouragement of entrepreneurial independence and the use of renewable energy sources might be helpful ways for mitigating environmental damage. Addressing the negative consequences of urbanization on the environment is also critical. The short-run dynamics give useful insight for developing tailored strategies to establish a sustainable balance between economic expansion and environmental preservation at the same time.

Presently, environmental degradation is the prime concern of the world economies as a whole. Following this concern, Sustainable Development Goals designed by the UNDP raise the slogan “Clear Environment for All”. This paper has analyzed the impact of business freedom on environmental degradation in the case of 110 developing countries from 2000 to 2020. Panel least squares and generalized moments methods have been applied to check the impact of explanatory variables on dependent variables. The results show that business freedom and renewable energy consumption have a negative and significant impact on environmental degradation in selected developing countries. The results explain that financial development has a positive and significant impact on environmental degradation in developing countries. Whereas urbanization has a positive and significant impact on environmental degradation. Thus, for the reduction of environmental degradation business freedom and renewable energy consumption should be promoted, whereas negative linkages of urbanization and financial development should be reduced.

Globalization has been witnessed to bring numerous benefits to the advancement in information communication technologies. However, to analyze this relationship mostly aggregate globalization and country-specific studies have been conducted, without considering the importance of disaggregate globalization for advancement in information communication technologies. Therefore, this article aims to examine the impact of aggregate and disaggregate globalization on the advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the case of 87 developed and developing countries for 2000-2019. Panel least square and pairwise Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality tests have been used for empirical analysis. We have divided our empirical analysis into six models, i.e. aggregate globalization model for whole sample countries, disaggregate globalization model for whole sample countries, aggregate globalization model for developed countries, disaggregate globalization model for developed countries, aggregate globalization model for developing countries, and disaggregate globalization model for developing countries. Our estimated outcomes of the aggregate globalization model for the whole sample countries and developing countries show that globalization has a positive and significant impact on the advancement of information and communication technology. Our outcomes show that economic globalization, social globalization, political globalization, and availability of physical capital have a positive and significant impact on the advancement of ICT in developing countries. In the case of developed countries, aggregate globalization, political globalization, and social globalization reduce the advancement of ICT, whereas the availability of physical capital and economic globalization are raising the advancement of ICT. The results of the causality test show that all the variables have a causal relationship with each other except some variables of developed countries in the disaggregate globalization model. Our outcomes recommend that developing countries should promote aggregate and disaggregate globalization to achieve the desired level of ICT.

Minimizing the level of economic misery is one of the prime objectives of all economies for the last couple of decades. It is not individuals who can themselves control it, some public policy options provide roots to minimize economic misery. This article has examined the role of public policy in determining the level of economic misery among developed and developing countries from 1987 to 2019. The empirical findings of the article show level of domestic investment, foreign debt, and government revenue are discouraging economic misery among developing countries. Whereas economic development and the level of the population are encouraging economic misery among developing countries. The level of domestic investment is promoting economic misery in developed countries, but government revenue and economic development are reducing economic misery among developed countries. In the case of the whole sample analysis, the level of domestic investment and government revenues decreases the level of economic misery, but the level of population, foreign debt, and economic development depresses the economic misery. Thus, it is concluded that public policy plays important role in determining economic misery both in developed and developing countries. Developing countries should raise the level of domestic investment and government revenue to depress economic misery. Developed countries should raise government revenue and economic development to depress economic misery. So, for the reduction of economic misery in developed and developing countries, public policy must be strengthened.

This article has examined the role of environmental conditions and purchasing power parity in deciding the quality of life among big Asian cities. The study has constructed an index for quality of life with the help of housing, crime rates, death rate, average life expectancy, environmental degradation, and level of education. Quality of life has been selected as the dependent variable and the level of pollution, availability of health care facilities, local purchasing power, availability of groceries, level of democracy, cost of living, restaurants, level of traffic, and level of rents are selected explanatory variables. For empirical analysis, this study uses data for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The estimated results show that pollution has a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. Local purchasing power has a positive and significant relationship with the quality of life in the cities of Asia. Groceries and democracy are very important parts of the daily life of human beings but they have insignificant impacts on the quality of life in Asian cities. Restaurants have a positive and significant impact on quality of life. This study finds that level of traffic and the level of rent have a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. The overall results conclude that selected indicators play a significant role in determining the quality of life in Asian cities.

This study provides an exploration of the impact of political events on the Pakistan Stock Market using a larger data set. The stock market of Pakistan which is considered the top-performing market in the region has suffered as well as foreign investors are reluctant to invest in Pakistan stock markets due to uncertainty caused by political instability. Pakistan is struggling against many problems; political instability is a significant problem due to which the economic growth of the country is being hindered and the confidence of the investors has been shaken. A total of 66 political events were considered in the study out of which 33 events were coded as positive and the other 33 were deemed negative. The first-day abnormal return, five-day cumulative abnormal return, and ten-day cumulative return were calculated for all of the events. The political events were analyzed by segregating these into Pre-Musharraf, Musharraf, and Post-Musharraf eras and also on the bases of their category. This study finds evidence that political events affect the Pakistan Stock Exchange, but their impact is different considering the economic and political implications of these events. Certain events had a stronger impact on the stock market like the takeover of Musharraf, suspension of the chief justice, and assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Political events provided more consistent results where elections yield positive stock returns and selection of prime minster yields negative stock returns after elections. Overall, this study lays the foundation to make further explorations into the phenomenon of uncertainty caused by political events in relevance to stock markets in Pakistan.

This study has examined the impact of sectoral growth on CO2 emissions in the case of Pakistan from 1970 to 2019. ADF and PP unit root tests have been applied to check the stationarity of the data series, whereas the Zivot-Andrew structural break unit root test has been applied to check the existence of structural break. The results of the unit root test show there is mixed order of integration among the selected variables, Zivot-Andrew unit root test also highlights the point of a structural break in the data series. The autoregressive distributed lag model has been applied for checking the cointegration among the variables of the model. The results show that industrial growth, population density, and time trend are positively and significantly contributing to CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Whereas services sector growth is responsible for reducing CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The results show that agricultural growth and globalization are reducing CO2 emissions but this relationship is insignificant over the selected time. In the short-run industrial growth, agricultural growth, and service sector growth are reducing the level of CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Likewise long run, trend time is promoting CO2 emissions in the short run in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan can control CO2 emissions by improvement in industrial production methods, reducing population density, and promoting services sector growth. There must be some dynamic policies are required to control the time trend impact on CO2 emission in Pakistan.

This paper has examined the effect of urbanization and economic misery on average life expectancy in selected MENA nations from 2001 to 2016. Panel ARDL has been used for reviewing the co-integration among the selected indicators. The causality of the variables has been analyzed by impulse response function and variance decomposition. The outcomes reveal that food availability has significant and positive relation with an average life expectancy. The outcomes show that environmental standards put significant and positive impact on average life expectancy. The outcomes reveal that economic misery has a significant and negative influence on average life expectancy in MENA nations. The findings reveal that urbanization puts significant and positive influence on average life expectancy. So, for improving the average life expectancy in MENA nations availability of food, household final consumption and the level of urbanization must be enhanced, whereas at the same time economic misery should be reduced. Keywords: Economic misery, urbanization, life expectancy JEL Classifications: E24, E31, P25, J17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11650

Corruption is like an epidemic that has the power to destroy a country’s socioeconomic, financial, human and political environment. It has severe consequences in developing countries. This study has examined the impact of existing human, political, financial and economic factors on corruption for a set of panel countries. The data from 1995 to 2004 is used to serve this purpose. For examining the stationarity of the variables, Levin- Lin-Chu (2002), Fisher-ADF and Fisher-PP tests are applied. Pedroni Residual based Co-integration and FMOLS by Phillips and Hansen (1990) test has been used for examining the co-integration among the variables of the model. The speed of adjustment and short-run relationship has been tested through VECM. The estimated results show that exports, GDP per capita and political stability have a negative impact on corruption, whereas imports, financial development, human development index, bureaucracy, democracy and the rule of law have a positive relationship with corruption. The simplified procedures of import and export will help reduce the practice of bribes and corruption. The governments should take steps not only to increase the income, but also to improve the people’s standard of living. There should be improvements in the political system. Democracy is also helpful to get rid of corruption.Keywords: Corruption, Economic Development, Financial Development, Human Development, Political Development, EthicsJEL Classifications: D7, O11, O15DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8052

This study has investigated the impact of gender inequality and environmental degradation on human well-being in the case of Pakistan from 1980 to 2019. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is used for stationarity of the variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is used for co-integration among the variables of the model. The results show that gender inequality has a negative and significant impact on human well-being in Pakistan, while gender equality encourages human well-being. The calculated results show that there is a positive, but insignificant relationship between environmental degradation and human well-being in the case of Pakistan. The estimated results show that economic misery has a negative and significant impact on human well-being in the case of Pakistan. The estimated results show that economic growth has a positive and significant relationship with human well-being in Pakistan. Based on estimated results, it is concluded that gender equality, economic misery, and economic growth are playing an important role in determining human well-being in Pakistan. Therefore, to improve human well-being, the government must reduce gender inequality and economic misery while enhancing in parallel economic growth. Keywords: gender inequality, environmental degradation, human well-being JEL Classifications: J1, O10, Q0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8415

The inflow of foreign direct investment shows the economic and political strength of a country (Bevan & Estrin, 2004). Resources agglomeration and foreign direct investment have a theoretical and empirical relationship (Carlton, 1983; Hansen, 1987; Krugman, 1991; Wheeler and Mody, 1992; Friedman et al., 1992; Head et al., 1995; Henderson and Kuncoro, 1996; Head and Ries, 1996; Devereux and Griffith, 1998; Head et al., 1999; Guimaraes et al., 2000). This paper has examined the impact of aggregate and disaggregates natural resources agglomeration on foreign direct investment in the case of France from 1989 to 2012. Seven different model specifications are used for empirical analysis. The inflow of foreign direct investment from Greece, Australia, Austria, Germany, Canada, Finland, Ireland, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Italy, Republic of South Korea, Switzerland, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, United States, Mexico, Korea and United Kingdom in France is taken as the dependent variable. Total natural resources agglomeration, population density, trade openness, secondary education, taxes, inflation rate, primary education, agriculture land agglomeration, forest agglomeration, oil production agglomeration, mineral production agglomeration and natural gas production agglomeration are selected as explanatory variables. The results show that aggregate and disaggregate natural resources agglomeration are important indicators of foreign direct investment. The results show that the population density is a key indicator of foreign direct investment, the current population growth of France and many developed countries is below the replacement rate. Agriculture land agglomeration, oil production agglomeration and mineral production agglomeration are the inputs of many economic activities. This shows that for higher amount of foreign direct investment, natural resources agglomeration must be encouraged. Keywords: natural resources agglomeration, foreign direct investment JEL Classifications: N5, F21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10869