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This three-day unit engages students in the exploration of light behavior and makes connections to the advanced idea of the wave–particle duality of light. Students begin by exploring the behaviors of marbles (particles) as they interact with different materials through reflection (bouncing off), absorption (getting stuck), and transmission (rolling through them). Then students investigate Slinkys (waves) and how they go through similar interactions. Students draw connections between Slinky (waves) and marble (particle) movement to build an understanding of reflection, absorption, and transmission. Finally, students observe light interacting with a variety of materials and draw connections between the way the light interacts with various materials and the interactions of the marble and Slinky. By building on concrete experiences, we help students consider the abstract idea that light behaves both like a particle (marble) and a wave (Slinky), while at the same time drawing their attention to how their learning relates to the work of scientists studying these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-precision magnetic surveys are one of the key methods for mineral exploration. These surveys provide valuable information from both shallow and deep sources, and they are effective in inferring concealed geological structures. By identifying the magnetic characteristics of different lithologies, the morphology and spatial distribution of geological bodies can be discerned, which in turn guides mineral exploration indirectly. Haobugao Copper-Zinc Deposit is located in Huanggang-Ganzhuermiao tin polymetallic metallogenic belt in the southern Greater Khingan Range. The ore bodies are primarily hosted within the skarn in the sliding zone between Permian Dashizhai Formation marble and silty slate layers, with some hosted within the contact zone between marble and concealed biotite granite, displaying typical characteristics of skarn-type deposits. Through the detailed geological structure interpretation of high-precision magnetic survey data, combined with geological exploration results, the variations in the occurrences of ore-controlling structures and the morphology and scale of ore-forming geological bodies were analyzed and summarized. This helped identify ore-controlling factors and exploration indicators, assess exploration directions for deep and peripheral areas, and provide a basis for the layout of future exploration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greek marble statue of the Auriga of Mozia Island, in Sicily, is the most important artwork displayed at the Whitaker Foundation Archaeological Museum. It underwent geophysical investigations twice, in 2012 and 2021, to assess the marble's degradation. The 2012 investigation prepared the statue for transfer to the Paul Getty Museum in New York and repositioning on an anti-seismic pedestal. The 2021 investigation evaluated potential new damage before another transfer. Both investigations utilized 3D ultrasonic tomography (UST) to detect degraded marble areas and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to identify internal discontinuities, such as fractures or lesions, and locate metal pins that were previously inserted to reassemble the statue and its pedestal. Results from the UST indicate an average marble velocity of approximately 4700 m/s, suggesting good mechanical strength, with some areas showing lower velocities (~3000 m/s) within the material's variability range. The GPR profiles demonstrated internal signal homogeneity, excluding internal fracture surfaces or lesions, and confirmed the presence of metallic pins. This study highlights the effectiveness of integrating UST and GPR for non-invasive diagnostics of marble sculptures, providing detailed insights into the marble's condition and identifying hidden defects or damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of aggregate type and size on the fresh characteristics and strength gains of ambient-cured self-consolidating geopolymer concrete (SCGC) were investigated in the present study. SCGC was made from three different types of aggregates: crushed gravel, crushed marble, and a combination of both. In addition, several aggregate sizes (9 mm, 12 mm, and 16 mm) were also examined. The first group included 100% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), whereas the second group included 50% GGBS and 50% fly ash (FA). Slump flow, L-Box, and V-funnel tests were used to conduct fresh state tests, whereas compressive strength improvements were investigated at ages of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 90 days. The results indicated that, regardless of aggregate type, aggregate size had a significant effect on fresh state characteristics. The optimal size of aggregate was 12 mm and crushed gravel showed optimum performance when compared to other types of aggregate and mixing. However, aggregate had a considerably lower effect on fresh characteristics than basic materials, and using fly ash significantly improved fresh properties. The improvement was about 5/, 10, and 60% respectively for both type/size of aggregate and the use of fly ash. Moreover, the base materials and aggregate types sufficiently affected the compressive strength of SCGC at different ages. The improvement was determined to be 8, 15, and 50% respectively for both the type/size of aggregate and the use of 100% GGBS. It was revealed that the compressive strength of SCGC in an ambient environment had a superior improvement at the age of 90 days in comparison to the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the individual and combined effects of enhancing the radiation shielding properties of waste concrete using the optimal mix design of two waste material powders of different compositions. Marble (MD) and granite (GD) waste dust were individually utilized as partial replacements for cement at a replacement ratio of 6%. Furthermore, two additional mixes were prepared by incorporating 1% by cement weight of nano alumina (NA) to enhance the microstructure of the studied waste concrete. The MGA-concrete was analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence, Energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The radiation shielding assets of the examined Concrete samples, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half value layer (H1/2), tenth value layer (T1/10), and fast neutron removal cross-section were evaluated using the MCS5 Monte Carlo simulation algorithm and Phy-X software. The results showed that the linear attenuation for the GMN-concretes' order is CO < MD < GD < NA < MD + NA < GD + NA. The GD + Na concrete sample presents the best neutron performance. The studied GMN-concrete samples provide the best protection against γ-rays and fast neutrons. Lastly, the excellent performance of the mixes of waste Granite, Marble, and Nano-Alumina on ordinary would pave the way for their employment as radiation shielding in various nuclear and medical facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 20 years, the global production of dimension stones has grown rapidly. Today, seven countries—China, India, Turkey, Iran, Italy, Brazil, and Spain—account for around two-thirds of the world's output of dimension stones. Each one has annual production levels of nine to over twenty-two million tons. Mining operation in general is one of the most hazardous fields of engineering. A large amount of dimensional stone quarries require a special scheme of risk assessment. Risk Breakdown Structure is one of the major stages of risk assessment. In this paper, a detailed structure of risks of the dimension stone quarrying is formed, and divided into 17 main levels and 128 sublevels. The complexity of identifying different parameters made it requisite to use multi-attribute decision-making methods for prioritizing associated risks. As a case study, the main risks of the Ghasre Dasht marble mine are evaluated using the VIKOR method considering 10 major parameters under a Fuzzy environment. The results showed that the economic, Management, and Schedule risks are the most threatening risks of dimensional stone quarrying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inefficiency and poor quality are the main problems in polishing natural heterogeneous marbles using sol-gel (SG) diamond pads. A strategy was proposed to address these issues by establishing a natural heterogeneous marble polishing model based on the optimal polishing time. The surface evolution and optimal time for polishing natural heterogeneous marble were systematically investigated. Six different types of marbles were polished by the sol-gel diamond pads. The surface glossiness, roughness, peak–valley value, and surface morphology of the marbles were measured and analyzed after different polishing times. The optimal polishing time for each marble was revealed using sol-gel diamond pads. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of the hardness distribution of marble tile significantly affects the material removal inconsistency and evolution of the surface during polishing, resulting in different optimal polishing times for different kinds of marble. The larger the standard deviation of the hardness of the marble is, the more difficult it is to obtain better surface quality, and the orange peel effect is more likely to occur. Furthermore, the optimal polishing time has a good logarithmic relationship with the standard deviation of the hardness distribution. Finally, a curve model of the optimal polishing time for each marble was established. The determination of the optimal polishing time can effectively optimize the polishing process, simplify the processing flow, improve production efficiency, and reduce production costs. The proposed method and obtained results in this paper can provide a theoretical basis and reference for polishing other types of heterogeneous stone materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasion acts to smooth glacial terrains and leaves behind linear scratch-like features (striations) on bedrock landscapes. Striations are often used as measures of glacier flow directions, but their morphology can also provide information about the subglacial stress conditions that produced the features. While striations are often abundant in the field, the processes that create them can be opaque and hard to examine in situ because they occur under thick layers of flowing ice. To alleviate that difficulty and provide information for interpretation of the populations of striations that are observed in the field, we conducted a set of laboratory experiments in which a ring of temperate debris-laden ice was slid atop a planar marble bed under various contact force conditions that led to the creation of hundreds of striations. During the experiment, numerous glaciological properties were continuously measured, including the resistive drag. Following the completion of the experiments, the marble beds were extracted, and the striations were measured for length and categorized by morphological type, and a subset was measured using a highresolution white-light profilometer. These experiments showed that, similar to field observations, type 2 striations were initially the most abundant; however, we found that type 3 striations became the most abundant at large displacements. We found good correlation between the abundance of striations as a function of displacement and measured drag as a function of displacement. When taken together, these results suggest that, in natural settings, ice flow around small roughness elements in glacier beds can “reset” the basal debris field, causing striations to become more abundant in their wake. As roughness is linked to quarrying, abrasion rates may increase in areas of increased quarrying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seepage represents a primary factor leading to rock instability, endangering the safety of subterranean structures. Given its prevalence in underground engineering, a comprehensive investigation of marble's permeability and pore structure is imperative. The coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) problem often encountered by marble in underground environment has not been studied. The permeability evolution of marble under a wide range of temperature (25–600 °C) and triaxial stress (hydrostatic pressure = 25 MPa) was studied by a high-temperature and high-pressure THM coupling universal testing machine. The changes of pore and fracture properties of marble under different conditions were evaluated by microcomputer tomography and mercury injection. The results show that the changes of pore and fracture properties of marble under THM coupling condition are different from those under high-temperature heat treatment condition. In the THM coupling environment, because of the low confining pressure (25 MPa), there is little difference between the microparameters of the marble rock under THM and HTO (high-temperature-only) conditions. Our findings provide a basis for theoretical approaches that assess the related risks to constructions subjected to high temperatures in the underground environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monumental architecture dominated the late antique urban landscape. However, buildings that were constructed using newly carved architectural components employed smaller elements than in earlier periods. Most columns, for example, measured no more than 3.5 meters tall. The phenomenon occurred in secular and ecclesiastical construction projects from the late third through sixth centuries CE and was limited neither to a particular region, workshop, patron, stone, nor building type. Many potential factors were involved, but analyzing their effect on a Mediterranean-wide scale can prove challenging, especially when lacunae exist in the archaeological and historical records. Therefore, this article uses a distributed agency model to assess the relative impact of stone availability, production and transportation logistics, and ideology on the late antique building industry. It first addresses the provenance of the stones employed and calculates the typical sizes of diverse architectural orders. This data is then set alongside financial codes and available technology to determine what factors enhanced or inhibited procurement and production. Finally, aesthetics and patronage are examined to understand the ideological value of new construction versus repair work, restoration, and reuse. Assessing these primary contributing factors through Actor-Network and Material Engagement Theories reveals how agents involved in the production of these elements responded to and directed changes in how the building industry functioned. This article thus provides an innovative methodological assessment of late antique architecture and new insight regarding altered perceptions of monumentality among late antique communities, for whom "less" was not only acceptable but set the standard for privileged construction within evolving civic landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses the origins and history of the British Museum, highlighting key figures and collections that contributed to its formation. It explores the concept of the "cabinet of curiosity" and the motivations behind the establishment of the museum. The text also touches on the controversy surrounding the Parthenon Marbles and the efforts of the museum to acknowledge the contested nature of some of its collections. Additionally, it mentions the British Museum's initiative to move away from its Euro-centric focus and recognize items from the British Empire. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Temperature plays an important impact on rock mechanical properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties, fracture mechanism and constitutive model of marble under 20–120 °C and 15 MPa are studied. The results show marble deformation can be divided into four stages: compaction, linear elasticity, crack propagation and post-peak failure. Stress–strain curve is not obviously affected by temperature. Macroscopic fracture characteristics change from shear failure to tensile mixed failure with temperature increasing. With the increase of temperature, the strength of marble tends to decrease, indicating that temperature increase has a weakening effect on marble, and there are temperature-sensitive areas of 20–60 °C and temperature sub-sensitive areas of 60–120 °C. The elastic modulus of marble decreases and Poisson’s ratio increases with increasing temperature. The energy evolution law of marble under different temperature is basically the same, which shows that before crack initiation, the energy dissipation is less, and after the damage and yielding occurs, the energy dissipation increases quickly. The energy dissipation in the failure process is mainly used for crack initiation-connection-penetration, as well as plastic deformation caused by friction and slip of cracks, and the plastic deformation and energy dissipation have good linear characteristics. The statistical damage constitutive model based on three-parameter Weibull distribution function can effectively reflect the characteristics of post-peak plastic deformation and strain softening. The weakening effect of marble at 20–120 °C is related to its internal moisture excitation. With the increase of temperature, water is stimulated to absorb and attach to the original relatively dry interface, which plays a role in lubrication. The relative motion friction resistance between solid particles or crack surfaces decreases, which leads to crack initiation and friction energy consumption reduction, changes the specific surface energy of rocks and weakens the strength of marble. The results provide a theoretical basis for predicting and evaluating the long-term stability and safety of surrounding rock of underground deep engineering in complex environment with high ground temperature and high geo-stress.

Abstract This study investigates the individual and combined effects of enhancing the radiation shielding properties of waste concrete using the optimal mix design of two waste material powders of different compositions. Marble (MD) and granite (GD) waste dust were individually utilized as partial replacements for cement at a replacement ratio of 6%. Furthermore, two additional mixes were prepared by incorporating 1% by cement weight of nano alumina (NA) to enhance the microstructure of the studied waste concrete. The MGA-concrete was analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence, Energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The radiation shielding assets of the examined Concrete samples, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half value layer (H1/2), tenth value layer (T1/10), and fast neutron removal cross-section were evaluated using the MCS5 Monte Carlo simulation algorithm and Phy-X software. The results showed that the linear attenuation for the GMN-concretes’ order is CO

Galala limestone is widely used for construction and ornamental purposes and is known throughout the world under many commercial names, including Galala White, Galala Golden, Galala Creama and Galala Classic. Using a HPGe spectrometer, about 20 samples from the marble building industry were radiometrically analyzed and the gamma radiation emitted by the radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K was evaluated. The measurements performed showed that the concentrations of these radionuclides were 15 ± 13, 6 ± 4 and 1100 ± 330 Bq kg−1, respectively. It's important to note that all these recorded values do not exceed the internationally reported average levels of 33, 45 and 412 Bq kg−1for each individual element. The annual effective dose (AED) was estimated. The mean value of AED, 0.07 mSv/y, is comparable to the permissible average of 0.07 mSv/y, respectively. The relationship between radionuclides and their radiological hazard characteristics was studied using various multivariate statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The results indicate that the main contributors to the radiological hazard associated with marble are uranium and potassium. As a result, the use of marble in building materials may not pose a significant risk to public health.

The spectacular nature of non-wetting drops mainly arises from their extreme mobility, and quick-silver, for instance, was named after this property. There are two ways to make water non-wetting, and they both rely on texture: either we can roughen a hydrophobic solid, which makes drops looking like pearls, or we can texture the liquid with a hydrophobic powder that "isolates" the resulting marble from its substrate. We observe, here, races between pearls and marbles, and report two effects: (1) the static adhesion of the two objects is different in nature, which we interpret as a consequence of the way they meet their substrates; (2) when they move, pearls are generally quicker than marbles, which might arise from the dissimilarity of the liquid/air interface between these two kinds of globules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas marbles are a new family of particle‐stabilized soft dispersed system with a soap bubble‐like air‐in‐water‐in‐air structure. Herein, stimulus‐responsive character is successfully introduced to a gas marble system for the first time using polymer particles carrying a poly(tertiary amine methacrylate) (pKa ≈7) steric stabilizer on their surfaces as a particulate stabilizer. The gas marbles exhibited long‐term stability when transferred onto the planar surface of liquid water, provided that the solution pH of the subphase is basic and neutral. In contrast, the use of acidic solutions led to immediate disintegration of the gas marbles, resulting in release of the inner gas. The critical minimum solution pH required for long‐term gas marble stability correlates closely with the known pKa value for the poly(tertiary amine methacrylate) stabilizer. It also demonstrates amphibious motions of the gas marbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is focused on the development of an eco-friendly low-cost concrete using fly ash (FA) and marble powder waste (MPW) as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate respectively. The substantial use of cement in concrete makes it expensive and contributes to global warming due to high carbon emissions. Thus, using such waste materials can help reduce the overall carbon footprint. For this purpose, various mix designs of concrete were developed by varying the percentages of FA and MPW. The concrete's fresh and hardened properties were experimentally determined for those mixes. The test results revealed that MPW as a sand substitute increases strength up to 40% and gradually decreases beyond that, but a 60% replacement still has more strength than the control specimen. Similarly, using FA as a cement replacement was found to reduce the strength, but the reduction was not very significant up to 20%. A mixed blend of FA and MPW showed superior results and maximum strength was obtained at F10M40. The optimal mix, with 10% FA and 40% MPW (F10M40), achieved a compressive strength of 4493.46 psi, a 16.21% improvement compared to the control mix proportion. Furthermore, the microstructure of the cementitious material was improved due to the pozzolanic reaction that led to a denser microstructure, as supported by the permeability test and SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of SO2, high temperature (600°C) and cooling type (slow and rapid) were investigated in this study as decay factors of a building stone (Encostinha Marble). Changes in colour, gloss, apparent density, open porosity, capillary water absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity were assessed, complemented with SEM observations and XRD analysis. SO2 did not significantly react with the marble; no neoformed products were identified and only superficial changes were registered. Specimens became darker and duller. The increase in size of pre-existing microcracks and the development of new ones caused by high temperature, with a consequent increase in open porosity, was the main cause of the marked degradation of physical and mechanical properties. The cooling type was also shown to influence the physical and mechanical characteristics of the marble. A more pronounced increase in open porosity and capillary water absorption in specimens cooled by total immersion in tap water was observed. This increase was not in line with the corresponding decrease in ultrasonic parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical sludge generated from treatment of effluents from marble processing facilities should be managed properly due to their adverse effects on the environment. These sludges can be evaluated as catalyst in pyrolysis since they consist of some inorganics such as CaCO3 and Al or Fe salts which come from marble structure and coagulation–flocculation treatment of the effluent, respectively. Therefore, in this study, an approach for sustainable resource recovery from agro-industrial wastes (olive pomace) was developed by offering a solution to the two different waste types via pyrolysis and by revealing economic value-added potential of the process. Olive pomace-marble sludge catalyst mixtures were pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale fixed bed batch pyrolysis system by using four catalyst dosages (10, 20, 30 and 50%) and three pyrolysis temperatures (300, 500 and 700 °C) at 5 °C/min heating rate. Pyrolysis oils and gases were analyzed with GCMS-FID and FTIR for evaluating the potential of economically valuable organic compounds. Organic compounds having extensive usage areas, such as feedstock for surfactants production, emollient, flavoring and softening, and high economic value in the market, such as 1-Pentadecanol, 2-Pentadecanone and Octane, were identified especially in catalytic pyrolysis liquid products. For instance, the potential profit that can be obtained from the conversion of olive pomace to '2-pentadecanone' compound found in catalytic pyrolysis oil produced in this study is around 2.46 × 1013 USD for 2021/22 years at ideal conditions. Consequently, the presented approach contributes to sustainable circular economy via converting wastes into economic value instead of conventional waste disposal methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutralization of sulfur compounds during the filtration combustion of model mixture compositions containing iron sulfide or copper sulfate by adding marble (CaCO3) is studied. It has been experimentally shown that during burning model charge compositions with additions of both iron sulfide and copper sulfate, replacing chemically inert sapphire with marble leads to a decrease in the combustion temperature by approximately 150–200°C. At the same time, the content of CO2 in gaseous products increases, and the concentrations of CO and H2 decrease. The greatest effect on the absorption of sulfur-containing substances when adding marble is shown in experiments where sulfur is present in the fuel in sulfide form: the addition of 50% marble makes it possible to capture 72% of the initial sulfur content, and for compositions with 90% marble in the charge, 85%. The absorption of the sulfur compounds formed during the combustion of model mixture compositions with copper sulfate is much worse. When the charge contains 50 and 85% marble, sulfur-containing compounds were absorbed by only 19 and 24%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many civil and mining engineering structures, rock is the primary construction medium. At engineering scales, the material of interest is the "rockmass," which contains sections of intact rock separated by a network of pre-existing joints (i.e. fractures). The mechanical behavior of a rockmass is defined by attributes of its intact rock (e.g. strength, stiffness, dilatancy), in addition to attributes of the pre-existing joints (e.g. orientation, surface condition, persistence). Testing representative rockmass specimens in the laboratory is uncommon because of its difficulty due to the required scale. The present study uses laboratory-scale rockmass analog specimens to study the effects that the pre-existing joints have on rockmass mechanical behavior. Smooth joints were sawed into decimeter-scale cylindrical specimens of Carrara marble. Specimens with two joint sets and two different degrees of jointing were tested. Specimens were loaded in compression using a triaxial apparatus under varying levels of confining pressure, and mechanical attributes were calculated including peak strength, residual strength, and pre-peak damage threshold parameters. At the higher end of confining pressures tested (12 MPa), the peak strength of the Carrara marble specimens was not influenced by the presence of pre-existing joints. These results were compared to the results of previous jointed specimen testing on the more brittle Blanco Mera granite. Notably, the drops in peak strength with increasing degrees of jointing were smaller for Carrara Marble than for Blanco Mera granite, which suggests that the Generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion may not be appropriate to estimate rockmass strength for less brittle rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Promising raw materials for obtaining calcium and calcium nitrate are marble and limestone from the Zarbant deposit, containing CaO above 52.16%. Purpose. Determination of the composition and decomposition coefficient of the Zarbant mine marble with nitric acid. Methodology. The CaO content was determined by the complexometric method with Trilon B, and nitrogen - by the Kjeldahl method. Originality. It was found that the decomposition coefficient of the Zarbant marble components depends on the concentration, temperature, and decomposition time. Optimum conditions for the process of marble decomposition with nitric acid were found. Findings. It was found that an increase in the concentration of nitric acid to 49.21% and an increase in the rate to 100% contribute to an increase in the yield of calcium nitrate to 90%, an increase in temperature and time increases nitrogen losses by 2%; conditions: concentration and acid feed rate - 49.21% and 100%, temperature - 25-30°C, time - 2 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surrounding rock of a tunnel is subjected to cyclic impacts from different directions in tunnel engineering construction, resulting in directional damage to the rock mass. To investigate the impact direction effects on damage, a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system was utilized to conduct cyclic impact tests on marble. The dynamic mechanical response of the marble was analyzed under different impact directions and loadings. Additionally, the P-wave velocity and pore distribution of damaged marble under different modes were obtained. The results showed that the P- wave velocity of marble decreased with the increasing impact times and loadings, while the porosity increased. The P-wave velocity of marble in Mode I was generally lower than that in Mode II, while the porosity was higher than that in Mode II. At an impact loading of 98 MPa, the porosity of marble subjected to three impacts was 3.21% and 1.98% under Modes I and II, respectively. The micropores showed a decreasing trend with impact times in Mode I, and the proportion of medium pores increased in both modes. In terms of dynamic properties, the dynamic peak strength and elastic modulus of marble declined with increasing damage. The degradation effect of Mode I on marble was significantly greater than that of Mode II, and it intensified with the increasing number of impacts and loadings. The difference in mechanical parameters and absorbed energy of marble under different impact modes increased with impact times and loadings. The energy absorption ratio of marble under Mode I was superior to that under Mode II. Additionally, a correction function was incorporated into the damage constitutive model to portray the compaction phase of marble. The improved model can accurately depict the mechanical response of marble under different modes. Finally, the damage anisotropy ratio (DAR) was defined based on P-wave velocity to characterize damage anisotropy, and the mechanism of damage anisotropy of marble under different impact modes was discussed. Highlights: Dynamic compression tests were conducted on marble under different impact directions and loadings ultilizing an SHPB system. The directional effects of the P-wave velocity and pore characteristics of marble under different impact modes were obtained. The dynamic mechanical response of the marble and the differences in response under different impact modes were analyzed in depth. The damage anisotropic characteristics of marble under different impact modes were investigated, and the directional effect on the damage mechanism was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the population dynamics of Marble Goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata, Bleeker, 1852) was conducted to support the conservation and sustainability in Huai Kho Reservoir. Fishermen were instructed to set fishing nets monthly from January to December 2022. This study successfully collected 284 fish specimens, with lengths ranging from 115 to 236mm and an average length of 162.97± 24.60mm. The total weight ranged from 24 to 236g, with an average weight of 60.87± 31.00g. The growth performance index (ϕ) was calculated to be 3.986 per year, with an asymptotic length (L∞) of 273.00mm, and a growth coefficient (K) of 0.13. The probability of capture was determined to be L25%= 137.18mm, L50%= 144.90mm, and L75%= 163.02mm. The length-weight relationship (LWR) was found to be W= 0.02443L1.61202 (r² = 0.92). The rate of total mortality (Z) was 0.97 per year, natural mortality (M) was 0.26 per year, and fishing mortality (F) was 0.71 per year. The highest recruitment (maximum replacement rate) was observed annually from March to June, ranging from 11.63 to 18.82%. The total steady-state biomass was calculated to be 6.50 tons, with the current exploitation rate (E) rate being 0.73 (E>0.5). The results indicate that the marble goby stock was overexploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of temperature on the dynamic mechanical properties of marble, dynamic compres- sion tests, XRD, and SEM microscopic tests were conducted on marble samples at room temperature (25 °C) and after exposure to high temperatures (200 °C, 400 ℃, 600 °C, and 800 °C). The relationship between the dynamic mechani- cal properties of marble and temperature, as well as the microscopic damage mechanisms, were explored. The results show that the dynamic compressive stress-strain curves of marble after high-temperature exposure can be divided into 3 stages: elastic, yield, and failure. The peak stress and failure characteristics of marble exhibit a significant tempera- ture effect: as the temperature increases, the peak stress of marble gradually decreases, and the degree of fragmentation intensifies. The dynamic mechanical properties of marble are closely related to its mineral composition and crystal structure. Between 200 °C and 600 °C, micro-defects increase, and dolomite undergoes thermal decomposition and transformation. At 800 °C, mineral decomposition produces CO₂ gas and calcium hydroxide, and the crystal structure undergoes melting damage, leading to severe internal damage and increased plasticity, resulting in a substantial decline in macroscopic mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanofluid possesses the characteristic of interfering with the propagation of the magnetic field, endowing it with the sensing property in motion. However, the residual adhesion of magnetic nanofluid as it flows over solid surfaces remains an open question. Liquid marbles allow for quantities of liquids to be encapsulated by hydrophobic particles, ensuring a unique nonstick property for utilization in different applications. In this study, being capsuled by hydrophobic nano‐/microscale powders, a magnetic nanofluid‐based liquid marble (MNLM) with well mechanical stability has been fabricated. A magnetic nanofluid posture detector (MNPD), which consists of an MNLM, a magnetic tube, and coils, has been assembled that can convert mechanical energy to electricity as it freely rolls on the solid surface. Gesture recognition can be achieved when combining five MNPDs with fingers. The fabricated MNPD possesses a good signal recognition capability, which can separately distinguish the bending of each finger. Moreover, a variety of language hand gestures with specific meanings (digits, letters, "OK," and "I Love You") can be further recognized through corresponding combinations. The potential of MNPD in the realm of gesture recognition will offer a novel avenue for flexible wearables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University: Science A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This research looks at the issue of the relationship between the tangible and intangible heritage in epigraphy of women in Moesia Inferior, shedding light on their social, professional, juridic, religious status, onomastics etc. and the importance of materials used for the inscriptions (almost exclusively limestone and marble). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical models of dolomitic marbles from greek quarries with a pair of twin pre-existing cylindrical holes subjected to uniaxial compression are studied in the laboratory and then, they are simulated numerically with a Bonded Particles Model by employing the two-dimensional version of the Particle Flow Code and the Flat-Joint model. The micro-cracking, the fracturing process and the sequence of their appearance during the numerical tests of the hollow plates are in good agreement with the laboratory tested physical models. Each numerical fracture pattern is similar to the one of the respective physical models. Also, the regions of micro-cracking in the numerical models are similar to the regions of intense deformation observed from Digital Image Correlation analysis on the respective physical models. A comparison between the required applied axial stress for the primary fracture and sidewall spalling initiation of the physical and the numerical models is presented. Then, these stress values are compared to the ones of previously published hollow plates with a single cylindrical opening of the same diameter in compression of the same materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Virtual Archaeology Review is the property of Virtual Archaeology Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The antependia, realized in polychrome marbles during the Baroque period in two Christian churches of Apulia (Southern Italy), were on-site petrographically investigated by the naked eye to obtain information regarding the types of used rocks; the precision in the making of the marble tesserae was also assessed. Most of the polychrome marbles recognized were taken from buildings and monuments realized during the Roman imperial period; other marbles quarried during the Baroque period, mainly from Italian geological outcrops, were also identified. The precision in the execution of the tesserae is generally very high and depends not only on the skill of the marble worker but also on the lithotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of alkali-activated ferrochrome slag (AAFS) as a sustainable building material in combination with waste marble powder. Na2SiO3 and various molarity levels of NaOH, were evaluated to create AAFS. The study encompasses a comprehensive analysis, including SEM, XRD, and XRF, to understand the microstructure and chemical composition of the resulting composites. Consistency tests showed that an increase in molarity of the alkali activator decreased setting times, indicating that higher NaOH concentrations led to the earlier setting of the samples. XRD analysis revealed the presence of forsterite, spinel, and other crystal phases in the alkali-activated dough samples, suggesting incomplete activation of the ferrochrome slag. Higher molarity values improved compressive strength, while the inclusion of more waste marble powder reduced due to increased porosity. Additional tests, such as density measurements, capillarity experiments, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, provided valuable insights into the material's physical and mechanical properties. The results showed that temperature, molarity, and presence of waste marble influenced these properties. The compressive strength achievement of approximately 15 MPa at a modest temperature of 60°C during alkaline activation expresses the exceptional performance of the mixture, with marble powder utilized at the highest proportion (30%). This not only represents an energy-efficient solution but also showcases a sustainable approach that efficiently repurposes waste materials. As a result, this study demonstrates that AAFS, when properly activated and blended with waste marble powder, can yield alkali-activated composites with promising compressive strength and potential as a sustainable building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration and management of abundant economic mineral resources of Pakistan, particularly the vast marble deposits in the northwestern region, hold immense potential for driving economic growth. The use of marble in the construction industry faces extensive challenges, such as undeveloped mining processing methods, incomplete understanding of marble qualities, undefined selection criteria for suitable varieties, and the environmentally harmful consequences of excessive waste production. This research developed a laboratory investigation protocol to characterize distinct marble deposits in Buner, Pakistan, each offering unique compositions and petrographic features. Three marble varieties were identified including pure calcitic (over 90% calcite) with low silica content (0.1% to 2.5%); impure calcitic (non-carbonate minerals up to 20%) with 19.8% silica and 31% lime; and pure dolomite (over 20% dolomite) with 29% lime and 23% magnesium oxide. The distinctive petrographic features of the marble deposits, such as equigranular structures, subhedral to anhedral grains, granuloblastic textures, and schistosity in impure calcitic, as well as luster-displaying dolomite in pure dolomite, provide valuable insights into their geological characteristics. Furthermore, the physical properties of the marble types exhibit correlations with their compressive and tensile strengths. Notably, the low specific gravity, water absorption, and porosity of the investigated marble result in high strength values. The average compressive strength was found to be 31 MPa for pure calcitic, 35 MPa for impure calcitic, and 59 MPa for pure dolomite marble. Likewise, the tensile strengths measured 6 MPa, 7 MPa, and 9 MPa, respectively. While the investigated marble types prove to be excellent choices for dimension stone applications, it is crucial to note that they do not meet the standards required for cement production and paint manufacturing. This research contributes to the understanding of Pakistan's marble resources, refined processing methods, and sustainable construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to reutilize marble waste, a new approach is presented in the current study to promote its use in the field of shielding against ionizing radiation. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel and sustainable/eco-friendly lead-free radiation shielding material by improving artificial marble (AM) produced from marble waste combined with polyester by reinforcing it with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles. Six samples of AM samples doped with different concentrations ( 0 % ,   5 % ,   10 % ,   15 % , 20 % , and 25 % ) of Bi2O3 nanoparticles were prepared. The linear attenuation coefficient ( L A C ) values were measured experimentally through the narrow beam method at different energies (0.0595   M e V , 0.6617   M e V , 1.1730   M e V , and 1.330   M e V ) for all samples with various concentrations of Bi2O3. Radiological shielding parameters such as half value layer ( H V L ), tenth-value layer ( T V L ), and radiation shielding efficiency ( R S E ) were estimated and compared for all the different samples. The results prove that increasing the concentration of Bi2O3 leads to the enhancement of the radiation shielding properties of the AM as a shielding material. It was observed that as the energy increases, the efficiency of the samples falls. High energy dependence was found when calculating the H V L and T V L values of the samples, which increased with increases in the energy of the incident photons. A comparison between the sample with the most efficient gamma radiation attenuation capability (AM- 25 % ), concrete, and lead was conducted, and a discussion regarding their radiation shielding properties is presented herein. The results show that the AM- 25 % sample is superior to the ordinary concrete over all the studied energy ranges, as evidenced by its significantly lower H V L s . On the contrary, lead is superior to the AM- 25 % sample over all the studied energy ranges owing to its unbeatable density as a shielding material. Overall, this new type of artificial marble has the potential to be used as a radiation shielding material at low- to medium-gamma energy regions, specifically in medical imaging and radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic graphitization system (AGE3) by IonPlus is very popular among radiocarbon dating laboratories. Usually, solid samples are burnt in an elemental analyzer (EA), and the gaseous CO2 is transferred for graphitization. Our system is coupled also with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), which measures the δ13C and δ15N of that gas. Some less routine pretreatment protocols require the production of gaseous samples and prevent the possibility of using the EA-AGE3 system, as the EA is used for solid samples only. In order to use that system, including the measurements of stable isotopes, we developed a glass tube cracker that connects to the EA. The device is routinely used in our laboratory and is mainly built from Swaglok catalog parts. We show that the background (blank) levels of a marble standard are indistinguishable between using the cracker and burning solid marble using the EA. We further demonstrate that the δ13C values are consistent and that the extraction efficiency when using the device is above 93%. Full descriptions, drawings, and working protocol are supplied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the artistic origin of the vegetal ornamentation on marble characterizing the Aziza Bey palace has become an important issue in a research concerning Ottoman architecture in Algiers. This palace, whose construction dates back to the 16th century, represents a wonderful architectural legacy from an era that was well-known for the cultural exchanges between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Following an original approach, this study aims to provide an answer to this question using observation, literature, and digitization (photogrammetry, CAD). We focused on the vegetal ornamentation of a couple of marble doors and window frames inside the palace in order to interpret them according to two complementary contexts: metaphysical and parametric. This research has revealed completely novel results concerning the oriental origin of floral ornamentation, specifically Anatolian, composed of Rumi and Hatayi. In addition, the occidental origin of fruit, flower, and foliage ornamentation is specific to the Italian Renaissance. These two registers are characterized by symbolic expressions highly significant to each culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development (IJERAD) is the property of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Road networks facilitate socioeconomic growth in developing countries, such as the Philippines. An increased traffic volume exacerbates the gradual progression of erosion, breaching, and degradation of road embankments. Weathered marble from local quarries in Norzagaray, Bulacan, was repurposed to provide an economic solution. This study quantified the effect of five varying proportions of weathered marble and aggregate on index properties, such as specific gravity, grain size distribution, plasticity, and compaction, and assessed the capacity of the embankment against vehicular loads using the California bearing ratio and direct shear tests. A mix of 60% marble and 40% aggregate (60M40A) was determined to display the best performance in terms of maximum dry density (20.512 kN/m3) and California bearing ratio (78%). The Proctor compaction test results indicated a very stable embankment according to the USCS criteria and good to excellent embankment performance according to the AASHTO criteria. The local criteria on embankment marked the 60M40A samples as an excellent material for the embankment base layer. The same specimen demonstrated the highest shear strength before failure and had the highest friction angle before failure (37 degrees). These results indicate that weathered marble exhibits excellent compaction behavior, yields friction angles comparable to well-graded soil, and possesses a suitable load-bearing capacity, thus establishing its feasibility as a potential material for road embankments, especially in rural areas within proximity to marble quarrying sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]