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Abstract Grape breeding programs are mostly focused on developing new varieties with high production volume, sugar contents, and phenolic compound diversity combined with resistance and tolerance to the main pathogens under culture and adverse environmental conditions. The ‘Niagara’ variety (Vitis labrusca $$\times$$ × Vitis vinifera) is one of the most widely produced and commercialized table grapes in Brazil. In this work, we selected three Niagara somatic variants with contrasting berry phenotypes and performed morphological and transcriptomic analyses of their berries. Histological sections of the berries were also performed to understand anatomical and chemical composition differences of the berry skin between the genotypes. An RNA-Seq pipeline was implemented, followed by global coexpression network modeling. ‘Niagara Steck’, an intensified russet mutant with the most extreme phenotype, showed the largest difference in expression and showed selection of coexpressed network modules involved in the development of its russet-like characteristics. Enrichment analysis of differently expressed genes and hub network modules revealed differences in transcription regulation, auxin signaling and cell wall and plasmatic membrane biogenesis. Cutin- and suberin-related genes were also differently expressed, supporting the anatomical differences observed with microscopy.

The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of whole grape juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian hybrids in two training systems were analyzed. Genotypes of V. labrusca (‘Bordô’ and ‘Isabel’) and Brazilian hybrids (‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’) were grafted onto the rootstock ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ (106-8 ‘Mgt’ × Vitis caribaea) and trained on low and high trellis. After harvest, the grapes were destemmed and the berries macerated in a roller crusher. Following hot extraction without pressurization of the pomace and gentle pressing of the blend (skins, must, and seeds), the juices were bottled in amber glass bottles and pasteurized. The physicochemical and colorimetric parameters of the juices, as well as the levels of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and polyphenolic profile, were evaluated. The juices were also subjected to sensory analysis (CAAE: 65549817.7.0000.5411). There was broad variation in all assessed characteristics. The results obtained demonstrate that the training system and grape genotype used in juice production are highly related to the presence of sugars, acidity, and bioactive compounds. Juices made from ‘Bordô’, ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapes stood out from ‘Isabel’ juices, the main grape variety used in Brazilian juice and wine production. All juices contain bioactive compounds in considerable concentrations, indicating beverages with high antioxidant activity and, consequently, high biological potential, with the use of high trellis in vine cultivation potentially increasing concentrations.

The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the production and quality of ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapevines for juice and wine. The experiment was conducted over two productive cycles (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in an experimental vineyard at the Advanced Center for Fruit Research as part of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (23°06′ S, 46°55′ W, and 745 m altitude). For each cultivar, a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with two rootstocks (‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and 106-8 ‘Mgt’) and two training systems (low and high trellises), with five blocks of three plants per experimental plot. In both cycles, the gas exchange and grapevine production, the chemical characteristics of the grape juice (must), and the chemical compounds in the berry skins were evaluated. The rootstocks and training systems influenced the variables evaluated in both cultivars, with the high trellis system providing the best results. This approach increased the photosynthetic rate, improved water-use efficiency, elevated grapevine production, and enhanced fruit quality. Therefore, its use is recommended for training grapevines. Regarding rootstocks, the best scion–rootstock affinity was found between hybrid grapevines and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of correlations between multiple characteristics in plant breeding leads to more effective selection strategies. The path analysis allows refining these correlations and partitioning them into direct and indirect effects on the main variable. The path analysis becomes more effective when based on predicted genotypic values rather than phenotypic values. The objective was to evaluate correlations between the main agronomic characteristics of grapevine cultivation and their direct and indirect effects on yield per plant to improve selection strategies to reach superior progenies. A randomized complete block design was installed using four cultivars and two rootstocks, five repetitions, and plots of four plants. Data from three crop seasons were analyzed from a mixed model and genetic correlations were subject to the path analysis. A high and positive significant correlation was found between average fruit production and the number of clusters per plant. On the other hand, the average production per plant showed a low correlation to cluster width and height per grapevine. Wider and higher berries tend to increase berry fresh mass and therefore increase the contents of soluble solids and reducing sugars. Among the features, the number of clusters per plant has the strongest direct effect on fruit production in grape cultivars. Berry fresh mass, berry length, and berry width were indirectly influenced by the number of clusters and showed high heritability compared to yield and number of clusters. These characteristics could be used in indirect selection.

‘Niagara Steck’ and ‘Niagara Variegada’ are two grapevine varieties that arose spontaneously as somatic mutants of ‘Niagara Rosada’. Berries characterize ‘Niagara Steck’ at young stages exhibiting a remarkable brown reticulated structure on the epidermis which develops into a brown-bronze russet-like structure as the berries ripe. The mature berries have strongly acidic flesh. ‘Niagara Variegada’ shows notable variegation in leaves and berries. Meiotic studies were carried out to ascertain if the mutant phenotypes could be related to any change in chromosome number, structure or other irregularity. Floral buds of both varieties at different developmental stages were collected and fixed for cytological analyses. Chromosome counts at diakinesis/metaphase I showed n=19 bivalents for both varieties. Univalent, trivalent, tetravalent chromosomes or chain configuration were not recorded ruling out the possibility of any alteration in the chromosome number or structure in both mutant varieties. However, low percentages of meiotic irregularities were recorded such as chromosome stickiness, laggards, non-oriented chromosomes, precocious chromosome segregation, tetrads with one microcyte, microspore fusion, and tetrad degeneration. The total percentage of abnormalities was higher in ‘Niagara Variegada’ (19.68%) than in ‘Niagara Steck’ (14.40%) which may have contributed to a lower percentage of pollen fertility (79.80%) when compared to ‘Steck’ (90.74%). The aforementioned varieties can be propagated by hardwood cuttings and constitute an interesting option for ornamentation of home backyards, patios, and gardens with the advantage that ‘Niagara Variegada’ bearing sweet edible berries.

The interaction between variety, rootstock, and trellis height is important for grapevine management, mainly for producing new varieties of grapes for juice and wine in new wine-growing regions with high production potential. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the rootstocks and trellis height influence on photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance for grapevine hybrids. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using two factors, rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’) and trellis height (until 1.6 and 2.0 m), evaluated for two grapevine hybrids (IAC 138-22 ‘Maximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’). During grapevine flowering, it was evaluated photosynthesis and biochemical performance, for this, the gaseous exchanges were measured using the open system photosynthesis equipment with a CO2 analyzer and water vapor by infrared radiation, being net assimilation rate of CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency (Rubisco), and the flux density of photosynthetically active photons. At the stages of grapevine flowering and ripening berries were evaluated the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)), total soluble proteins, chlorophylls, and SPAD. The interaction between rootstock and trellis heigh influenced varieties’ photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance. In conclusion under subtropical conditions, better photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance were observed when both cultivars were grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. The ‘IAC 138-22 Maximo’ was trained until 2.0 and grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock, increasing grape production and photosynthesis efficiency. In addition, this variety was more productive than ‘BRS Violeta’.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance and physicochemical characteristics of the Isabel Precoce, BRS Carmem, BRS Cora, and IAC 138-22 Máximo grape (Vitis labrusca) cultivars for juice grafted onto the 'IAC 572 Jales' and 'IAC 766 Campinas' rootstocks. A randomized complete block design, in a 4×2 factorial arrangement, was used. Productive performance was evaluated through: production per plant; yield; number of clusters per vine; and physical characteristics of clusters, berries, and rachis. The physicochemical characteristics of must composition were also determined through the content of soluble solids, reducing sugars, titratable acidity, maturity index, and pH. Since there was no significant interaction between cultivars and rootstocks for most of the evaluated characteristics, each factor was analyzed separately. The 'IAC 766 Campinas' rootstock provided a higher yield and more suitable physicochemical characteristics for the four cultivars. However, regardless of the rootstock used, cultivars BRS Carmem, IAC 138-22 Máximo, and Isabel Precoce were more productive than BRS Cora.

ABSTRACT The SR 0.501-17 grape hybrid developed for wine making purposes, is characterized for producing white grapes and small berries with seeds. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenology, thermal requirements and must physicochemical characteristics of the hybrid, in contrasting climatic conditions due to altitude at Jundiaí (715m) and Votuporanga (483m) respectively located at east and northwest of the São Paulo State-Brazil. Evaluations were performed from 2012 to 2016 and observations during the vine growth period and data of phenology and must soluble solids content and acidity measurements at harvest were taken. Average duration of the pruning-harvest period was 146 and 131 days and grape maturation period was 29 and 27 days, respectively for Jundiaí and Votuporanga. Thermal requirement expressed in degree days for the hybrid growth cycle was 1663 and 1923, respectively for Jundiaí and Votuporanga. Rainfall during the maturation period showed negative correlation with total soluble solids and maturation index and positive correlation with titratable acidity. The effect of temperature on vine growth cycle were more pronounced in Jundiaí in comparison to Votuporanga while the effect of rainfall on the maturation characteristics were more effective in Votuporanga when compared to Jundiaí.

In the State of Goiás, studies related to the vine's responses to the region's edaphoclimatic conditions are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of three vine rootstock cultivars, IAC 572 'Jales', IAC 313 'Tropical' and IAC 766 'Campinas', in the region of Goiânia, GO, after drastic pruning for uniformity. To evaluate the growth of rootstocks, the experiment was carried out in random blocks, in a double factorial scheme (3x7), with five replications, each repetition formed by a plant. The first factor consisted of three rootstocks: IAC 313 ‘Tropical’, IAC 572 ‘Jales’ and IAC 766 ‘Campinas’. The plants were evaluated after 45 days after a drastic uniformization pruning, totaling seven evaluations (45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 days after pruning), this being the second factor. The diameter of the main branch at the height of grafting (80 cm) and length of the main branch were evaluated. With the data on the diameter and length of the main branch, the absolute growth rate was calculated. The IAC 572 'Jales' rootstock cultivar has greater vigor for branch growth, being 69% and 47.3% longer in length, and 49.8% and 18.8% longer in diameter than the IAC rootstock. IAC 313 'Tropical' 'and' IAC 766 'Campinas', respectively. The IAC 766 ‘Campinas’ rootstock cultivar, although it has low vigor in branch growth, presents satisfactory development.

Important factors may influence the bioactive compounds in grapes, including scion–rootstock interaction. Therefore, the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in grape skin and pulp fractions of ‘Isabel Precoce’, ‘BRS Carmem’, ‘BRS Cora’, ‘BRS Violeta’ and ‘IAC 138–22 Máximo’ were assessed. These cultivars, from genetic improvement programs in Brazil, have good adaptation to subtropical and tropical climate conditions, and can be widely used by winegrowers aiming at adding value to the grape. All grapevines were grafted onto ‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’ rootstocks under tropical conditions in Brazil. The highest concentration of bioactive compounds was found in skins of ‘BRS Violeta’, followed by ‘IAC 138–22 Máximo’, both grafted onto ‘IAC 766’. There was a strong correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant properties, since antioxidant activity also decreased in the sequence: ‘BRS Violeta’ > ‘IAC 138–22 Máximo’ > ‘BRS Cora’ > ‘BRS Carmem’ > ‘Isabel Precoce’. Skin from hybrid grapes (‘BRS Violeta’, ‘IAC 138–22 Máximo’, ‘BRS Cora’ and ‘BRS Carmem’) grafted in both rootstocks contains higher levels of (poly)phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than ‘Isabel Precoce’ (V. labrusca). Skin from ‘BRS Violeta’ grafted onto ’IAC 766’ stand out from the others due to their high content of bioactive compounds.

The knowledge with reference to the grapevine tapetum has been centered on its anatomy/morphology and hardly anything at all is known about its mitotic activity throughout the microsporogenesis. The aim of this study was to ascertain the mitotic activity in tapetal cells of some grapevines (Vitis L.) broadening knowledge about this tissue and simultaneously corroborating the viability of its use as an alternative tissue for further cytogenetic studies. Young buds of 12 grapevine varieties at different meiotic stages were squashed and tapetal cells a prometaphase/metaphase scored in each meiotic stage. Mitotic activity was observed since the beginning of microsporogenesis, where it was more intense, decreasing toward tetrad. Polyploid tapetal cells arose through endomitosis while the microsporogenesis advanced. Two types of polyploid cells were evidenced, those with two or more individualized diploid chromosome groups and those with only one polyploid group. The percentage of diploid cells and of polyploid cells with two or more individualized diploid groups was higher during the first stage of microsporogenesis, though decreasing and giving way to cells with one large polyploid group as microsporogenesis moved toward tetrad. The nucleolus number was scored at interphase at different stages. Two and four nucleoli prevailed in tapetal cells at all stages except at tetrad where one large nucleolus was seen. The results showed that despite of the squashing technique applied, grapevine tapetum has a substantial amount of cells with mitotic activity with a satisfactory chromosome spreading therefore establishing an interesting alternative and promising tissue for later cytomolecular studies.

This paper aimed to evaluate crop yield and physical and chemical characteristics of acerola (Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Mociño ex DC) clones grown in the Alta Paulista region, Brazil. The evaluation comprised 7 clones, namely: Olivier, BRS 238-Frutacor, BRS 236-Cereja, BRS 235-Apodi, BRS 237-Roxinha, Okinawa, and Waldy-CATI 30, studied from October 2018 to April 2019. Crop yield was analyzed based on the accumulated production of 12 harvests, with fresh mass expressed in kg fruit·plant-1. Considering the capacity of 30 harvests per plant within the complete cropping period, total fruit mass (in kg fruit·plant-1) and crop yield (in t ha-1) were estimated. Samples were collected from 4 of the 12 harvests in order to determine average fruit mass (g); average fruit size, fruit height/diameter ratio, and pulp yield (%). Regarding fruit pulp, the analysis consisted of quantifying the soluble solids, expressed in degrees Brix, and the technological index (i.e. pulp yield x °Brix/100). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 7 treatments and 4 repetitions. The obtained data were statistically processed by analysis of variance using the F test, and the means were compared using the Tukey’s test at the 0.05 significance level. The study concluded that, given the soil and weather conditions of the Alta Paulista region, Olivier, Apodi and Frutacor are the clones mainly recommended for the agro-industrial market, being the Olivier cultivar the first option among the three and appearing in a greater proportion in the area of the commercial orchard studied. Regarding the acerola production for fresh consumption, Olivier and Roxinha are the most suitable clones. Olivier stands out for its good fruit yield, adequate physical and chemical characteristics, and easy manual harvesting.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on grape production, quality and antioxidant capacity of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape in two productive cycles. The work was developed in Jundiaí-SP, Brazil (26° 06’ S, 46° 55’ W and an average altitude of 745 m). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots, the plots being represented by the rootstocks and the subplots by the production cycles, with four replications, each consisting of 6 plants. The treatments consisted of a combination of ‘IAC 313 Tropical’, ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘IAC 571-6 Jundiaí’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ as rootstocks and ‘Niagara Rosada’ as graft, and the production cycles were 2013 and 2014. The number of bunches, production and productivity of the vines, the physical characteristics of bunches, berries and stalks and the physicochemical composition of the must (soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and the relation soluble solids/titratable acidity) were evaluated in production cycles of 2013 and 2014). The content of chlorophylls, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of grapes were also evaluated in grape berries. The rootstocks did not influence the production and physical quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapes. As for the chemical characteristics, rootstocks only had an effect on solids content, and ‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstocks promoted higher values of this characteristic. Likewise, the total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the grapes were not influenced by the studied rootstocks. The vines in 2013 presented higher production and better physical characteristics of the grapes, however, the soluble solids content in this cycle was lower than in 2014.

The management of germplasm banks is complex, especially when many accessions are involved. Microsatellite markers are an efficient tool for assessing the genetic diversity of germplasm collections, optimizing their use in breeding programs. This study genetically characterizes a large collection of 410 grapevine accessions maintained at the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC) (Brazil). The accessions were genotyped with 17 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Genetic data were analyzed to determine the genetic structure of the germplasm, quantify its allelic diversity, suggest the composition of a core collection, and discover cases of synonymy, duplication, and misnaming. A total of 304 alleles were obtained, and 334 unique genotypes were identified. The molecular profiles of 145 accessions were confirmed according to the literature and databases, and the molecular profiles of more than 100 genotypes were reported for the first time. The analysis of the genetic structure revealed different levels of stratification. The primary division was between accessions related to Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca, followed by their separation from wild grapevine. A core collection of 120 genotypes captured 100% of all detected alleles. The accessions selected for the core collection may be used in future phenotyping efforts, in genome association studies, and for conservation purposes. Genetic divergence among accessions has practical applications in grape breeding programs, as the choice of relatively divergent parents will maximize the frequency of progeny with superior characteristics. Together, our results can enhance the management of grapevine germplasm and guide the efficient exploitation of genetic diversity to facilitate the development of new grape cultivars for fresh fruits, wine, and rootstock.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological characteristics and yield of 'Vênus' grapevine (Vitis labrusca) grafted onto different rootstocks, as well the physicochemical traits of its grapes during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 crop seasons. The evaluated rootstocks were 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 571-6'. The length of the main phenological stages of the grapevine and its thermal demands were assessed during two growing seasons and expressed as days after pruning and degree-day sum, respectively. Grapevine yield and berry physicochemical characteristics were assessed during three crop seasons. 'Vênus' phenological cycle and thermal demands, as well as the chemical characteristics of its grapes, varied with the climate conditions during the crop seasons. Low temperatures increased the grapevine cycle, and higher rainfall indices caused a decrease in the soluble solids of berries, as well as an increase in their titratable acidity. The 'IAC 766' and 'IAC 571-6' rootstocks promote a greater precocity to 'Venus' grapevines, and 'IAC 572' promotes a higher grapevine yield and better physicochemical characteristics of 'Vênus' grapes.

Abstract The increase of rural tourism activities has led growers to use different grape cultivars for the production of wine and/or juice. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotechnical characteristics of grapevines and physicochemical characteristics of grape must obtained for Bordô, Isabel Precoce, BRS Violeta, Isabel and Concord cultivars in different training systems: vertical shoot position; Y-shaped trellis and V-shaped trellis with double spur cordon. The experimental design was randomized blocks for comparison of cultivars within each training system and analysis of the main components for productivity variables was carried out. BRS Violeta cultivar showed higher bunch weight values regardless of training system. Bordô cultivar showed lower yield values and soluble solids content in comparison to other cultivars. Isabel and Isabel Precoce cultivars in the evaluated training systems showed higher soluble solids content. Principal component analysis allowed verifying that in Y-shaped trellis and V-shaped trellis with double spur cordon training systems, cultivars were related to higher yield.

ABSTRACT Seven species of Vitis L., V. champinii Planchon, V. cinerea (Engelm in Gray) Engelm, V. girdiana Munson, V. labrusca L., V. rotundifolia Michaux, V. rupestres Scheels and V. vinifera L. were studied with the purpose of complementing the karyomorphometric information for further comparative analyses. Based on ideograms and on chromosome measures obtained it was possible to see several differences among the species, which were enough to distinguish at least V. champinii and V. girdiana from the others as well as V. labrusca for the lowest measures and V. rotundifolia for the highest mean value of arm ratio. It seems that during the species diversification process the most crucial differences among them did not involve drastic changes in chromosome morphometry.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos porta-enxertos 'IAC 766 Campinas' e '106-8 Mgt Ripária do Traviú' sobre as características físico-químicas do mosto e do vinho das uvas 'IAC 116-31 Rainha', 'IAC 21-14 Madalena' e 'BRS Lorena'. O mosto das uvas foi avaliado quanto ao pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez total (AT) e relação SS/AT. No vinho, realizaram-se as seguintes análises físico-químicas: densidade, teor alcoólico; acidez total, volátil e fixa; pH; extrato seco; açúcares redutores; extrato seco reduzido; álcool em peso/extrato seco reduzido; dióxido de enxofre livre e total; índice de polifenóis totais (I 280), polifenóis totais, flavonoides; e atividade antioxidante. As características do mosto da 'IAC 21-14 Madalena' não foram influenciadas pelos porta-enxertos, no entanto, o porta-enxerto 'IAC 766 Campinas' promoveu maior SS/AT no mosto da 'IAC 116-31 Rainha' e menor SS/AT no da 'BRS Lorena. Os porta-enxertos 'IAC 766 Campinas' e '106-8 Mgt Ripária do Traviú' influenciaram o pH e o teor alcoólico do vinho da 'IAC 116-31 Rainha', o extrato seco do vinho da 'IAC 21-14 Madalena' e a acidez fixa do vinho da 'BRS Lorena'. Não houve influência dos porta-enxertos sobre os compostos fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante dos vinhos.

Abtract In Brazil, the producers have changed used rootstocks to get more vigor to scion. Rootstocks change the distribution of bud fruitfulness over grapevine shoots and the expression of the bud fruitfulness into fruit yield. Hence, these modification could alter ideal pruning length. In this way, it was evaluated bud fruitfulness, fruit yield and quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevine grafted onto rootstocks: ‘IAC 766’, ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 313’, ‘IAC 571-6’, and ‘Riparia do Traviu’, which ‘IAC 766’ is the most used rootstock in São Paulo State, nowadays. The evaluations were performed over three crop seasons, in a vineyard located in Louveira, SP. Two evaluations were performed in Brazilian traditional season, and one crop pruning was performed in Brazilian summer, called “off-season”. In traditional seasons, the bud fruitfulness was evaluated from the first to fourth bud in 2014 and to the fifth in 2015. In the off-season, bud fruitfulness was evaluated from the fifth to eighth bud. Fruit yield and quality were also evaluated over the three production cycles. Bud fruitfulness of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grafted onto the evaluated rootstocks showed that this characteristic was more affected by the environmental conditions, confirmed due to alteration of bud fruitfulness through production cycles. Additionally, no effect of rootstock was observed on fruit yield, and quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’. Only isolated variations were detected, and these are not enough to confirm the influence of rootstocks on scion of ‘Niagara Rosada’. Although no effect of rootstocks on bud fruitfulness, fruit yield and quality has been observed in the evaluated conditions, all rootstocks are recommended to be used in combination with ‘Niagara Rosada’.

RESUMO São apresentadas normas DRIS preliminares e derivados níveis críticos de nutrientes no tecido foliar (NC) para a videira ‘NiagaraRosada’ enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto ‘IAC 766’, nas condições de cultivo da região de Jundiaí-SP. As normas DRIS e os NCs foram obtidos a partir de um banco de dados com 116 registros, relacionando produtividade e teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca e Mg das videiras. Esses registros foram obtidos em experimentos de adubação e em um levantamento do estado nutricional de videiras realizados na região de Jundiaí, durante quatro ciclos de produção. Os registros foram separados em duas subpopulações: alto (>26 t/ha), e baixo rendimento (

An investigation in the microsporogenesis of two cultivars of grapes (Vitis L.), were carried out on ‘Niagara Branca’ and on its somatic mutant ‘Niagara Rosada’, aiming at ascertaining the normality of the microsporogenesis. Some possible changes have been checked on chromosome number in somatic cells, pollen size and fertility, stomatal size and frequency, which related to the somatic mutant ‘Niagara Rosada’, thus increasing the information already obtained regarding ‘Niagara’ grapevines. The microsporogenesis occurred normally in both cultivars and cytomixis observed only among pachytene cells. A low percentage of precocious chromosome segregation was noticed in metaphase I and II, as well as a very low percentage of laggard and stickiness chromosomes in anaphase I and II. Less than 1% of tetrads showed microspore alterations. The mean values of the meiotic index and pollen grain fertility were high. However, no association were observed between the occurrences of chromosome abnormalities and the variation in the anther number (five to seven) seen among flower buds. The cultivars showed the same chromosome number, n=19 at diakinesis and 2n=38 in somatic cells, and did not differ in regards to stomatal size and frequency. It seems that the difference between the cultivars lied at gene level. Due to the very low percentage of abnormalities and to high pollen grain fertility, the plants analyzed could be very well employed in breeding programs for the grapevines.

ABSTRACT It has been demonstrated that rootstocks can influence grape characteristics, but there are few data in literature about the rootstocks influence in the wine characteristics, especially in wines elaborated with Vitis labrusca or hybrid grapes. This study evaluated the influence of ‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstocks on the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Bordô’, ‘Isabel’ and ‘IAC 138-22 ‘Máximo’ musts and wines. The musts were evaluated for pH, soluble solids, total acidity and soluble solids/acidity ratio. The wines were evaluated for density, alcohol content; total, volatile and fixed acidity; pH, dry extract, reducing sugars, reduced dry extract, alcohol in weight/reduced dry extract; free and total sulfur dioxide; anthocyanins, polyphenols index (I 280); polyphenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The ‘Bordô’, ‘Isabel’ and IAC 138-22 ‘Máximo’ musts had low soluble solids for winemaking. The ‘106-8 Mgt’ rootstock promoted higher dry extract content and reduced dry extract in Bordô wine, and lower total and fixed acidity in IAC 138-22 Máximo wine. In Isabel wine, higher pH was promoted by the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. Aside from low total acidity of the Bordô wine, all the physicochemical characteristics of the wines studied are in accordance with Brazilian law. There was no effect of rootstocks in the phenolics content and antioxidant activity of wines.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of rootstocks and pruning times on yield and on nutrient content and extraction by pruned branches and harvested bunches of 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine in subtropical climate. The rootstocks 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313', 'IAC 571-6', and '106-8 Mgt' were evaluated. Treatments consisted of a combination between five rootstocks and three pruning times. At pruning, fresh and dry matter mass of branches were evaluated to estimate biomass accumulation. At harvest, yield was estimated by weighing of bunches per plant. Branches and bunches were sampled at pruning and at harvest, respectively, for nutrient content analysis. Nutrient content and dry matter mass of branches and bunches were used to estimate total nutrient extraction. 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine grafted onto the 'IAC 572' rootstock had the highest yield and dry matter mass of bunches, which were significantly different from the ones observed in 'Niagara Rosada'/'IAC 313'. 'Niagara Rosada' grafted onto the 'IAC 572' rootstock extracted the largest quantity of K, P, Mg, S, Cu, and Fe, differing from 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 766' in K and P extraction, and from '106-8 Mgt' in Mg and S extraction. Winter pruning results in higher yield, dry matter accumulation by branches, and total nutrient content and extraction.

Avaliaram-se a influência dos porta-enxertos 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313', 'IAC 571-6' e 'Ripária do Traviú' e da época de poda na duração dos estádios fenológicos e no acúmulo de graus-dia pela videira 'Niagara Rosada'. O experimento foi realizado em Louveira-SP. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de cinco porta-enxertos e três épocas de poda, sendo utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e cinco repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pelos porta-enxertos,e as subparcelas, pelas épocas de poda. Após a poda da videira, foram realizadas avaliações dos estádios fenológicos, utilizando-se do critério de Eichhon e Lorenz (1984). Nas três épocas de poda, baseado nos estádios fenológicos, calculou-se a duração dos períodos: poda ao início da brotação; poda ao pleno florescimento; poda ao início da frutificação; poda ao início da maturação dos cachos, e poda à colheita. Tomando-se por base a duração do ciclo da videira e as temperaturas médias diárias, calculou-se o acúmulo de graus-dia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey, a 5% de significância. Obteve-se, na poda de verão, redução na duração dos estádios fenológicos da videira 'Niagara Rosada' enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto 'Ripária do Traviú. A maior duração do ciclo e do acúmulo de graus-dia da cultivar Niagara Rosada foi obtida com os porta-enxertos 'IAC 572' e 'IAC 313' nas podas de inverno.

ResumoRealizou-se nos municípios de Jundiaí, São Miguel Arcanjo e Jales, no estado de São Paulo, levantamento das características química do solo em 93 vinhedos de ‘Niagara Rosada’. Coletaram-se amostras de solo, na linha e na entrelinha de plantio, entre 0-20 e 20-40 cm de profundidade, para as análises das seguintes características químicas: pH em CaCl2, matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB, CTC, V%, B, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn. Os vinhedos amostrados foram agrupados em função da região de estudo. Constatou-se que os maiores teores de nutrientes no solo foram encontrados nas amostras realizadas na entrelinha de plantio, à profundidade entre 0-20 cm. Nessas amostras, encontraram-se teores bastantes elevados de P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, devendo-se ao excesso de calagem e adubação, não levando-se em consideração os resultados das analises químicas do solo. As produtividades dos vinhedos não se correlacionaram com os resultados das análises químicas do solo.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos porta-enxertos 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313' e 'IAC 571-6' na extração de nutrientes pelos ramos removidos na poda e pela colheita dos cachos da videira 'Niagara Rosada', cultivada em Votuporanga, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Realizou-se a poda de produção em 18-08-2009, em que avaliaram a massa fresca e a massa seca dos ramos, visando a estimar o acúmulo de biomassa pelos ramos da videira. Na colheita, estimou-se a produtividade pela pesagem dos cachos/planta e do número de plantas/ha. As amostras de ramos e cachos foram submetidas à análise química de nutrientes e, baseado no acúmulo de massa seca dos ramos e na produtividade, estimou-se a extração de nutrientes. Obteve-se, com o porta-enxerto 'IAC 572', maior extração de nutrientes pelos ramos. Referente aos cachos, obteve-se maior extração de nutrientes com o porta-enxerto 'IAC 766'. A extração diferencial de nutrientes pela 'Niagara Rosada', em função do porta-enxerto, pode servir como base para a adubação dos vinhedos.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência dos porta-enxertos 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313' e 'IAC 571-6' na duração dos estádios fenológicos e no acúmulo de graus- dia pela videira 'Niagara Rosada', cultivada em Votuporanga-SP. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, cinco repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pelos porta-enxertos, e as subparcelas, pelos dois ciclos de produção. Após a poda da videira, foram realizadas avaliações dos estádios fenológicos, utilizando-se do critério de Eichhon e Lorenz (1984). Baseado nos estádios fenológicos, calculou-se a duração dos períodos: poda ao início da brotação; poda ao início do florescimento; poda ao início da frutificação; poda ao início da maturação dos cachos; poda ao início da colheita. Tomando-se por base a duração do ciclo da videira e as temperaturas médias diárias, calculou-se o acúmulo de graus-dia. Obteve-se maior duração do ciclo e do acúmulo de graus-dia da cultivar Niagara Rosada com os porta-enxertos 'IAC 572' e 'IAC 571-6', e a menor, com o porta-enxerto 'IAC 766'. Evidenciou-se a influência do clima na duração dos estádios fenológicos da videira.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência de três porta-enxertos no comportamento da cultivar Juliana em relação à fenologia, em três épocas de poda e em relação aos caracteres físicos de cachos, de bagas e de engaços, em duas épocas de poda. Os ensaios foram avaliados em Jundiaí-SP, e as podas foram realizadas em 15-08-2007, 22-01-2008 e 16-09-2008. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pela combinação da cultivar Juliana enxertada sobre os porta-enxertos 'Ripária do Traviú', 'IAC 572' e 'IAC766', e as subparcelas, pelas épocas de poda, que corresponderam a três para os estádios fenológicos e a duas para os caracteres físicos de cachos, bagas e engaço. Não houve diferença entre os porta-enxertos para os estádios fenológicos e para os caracteres físicos de cachos e de bagas, com exceção para massa da matéria fresca de baga e massa fresca de engaço. Maior massa da matéria fresca de engaço foi obtida pela combinação da cultivar Juliana e o porta-enxerto 'IAC 572'. Para as diferentes épocas de poda, foram detectadas diferenças para todos os estádios fenológicos, havendo interação entre porta-enxerto e época de poda para os estádios E1 - período da poda ao início da brotação; E2 - período da poda ao início do florescimento, e E5 - período da poda ao início da colheita.

Com o objetivo de avaliar alterações em atributos químicos do solo, causadas pela adubação com NPK em videira 'Niagara Rosada', coletaram-se amostras de solo provenientes de um experimento de campo executado em Louveira (SP), durante quatro ciclos de produção. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial fracionado 1/2(4³), com tratamentos constituídos pelas combinações de doses de N (0; 65; 130 e 195 kg/ha de N), P (0; 60; 120 e 180 kg/ha de P2O5) e K (0; 45; 90 e 135 kg/ha de K2O) aplicados em cada ciclo de produção. As doses de N, P e K foram aplicadas em forma fracionada, empregando-se como fontes NH4NO3, superfosfato triplo e KCl, respectivamente. Na implantação do experimento, em agosto de 2005, e após quatro safras, em novembro de 2008, foram coletadas amostras de solo de 0 a 20 cm e de 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, determinando-se valores de pH (CaCl2), o teor de matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al e calculada a soma de bases, CTC e saturação por bases. Avaliaram-se, também, a produtividade e as características físicas dos cachos e das bagas. A adubação nitrogenada em videira determinou incrementos significativos na acidez do solo. Doses baixas de P e K foram suficientes para manter o teor de P e de K do solo no mesmo nível da amostragem inicial, após quatro ciclos de produção. A produtividade e as características físicas dos cachos não foram influenciadas pela adubação com N, P e K. A adubação com N, P e K em vinhedos com alta disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, condição comum na região de Louveira e Jundiaí, implica prejuízo econômico ao produtor, eleva os teores de nutrientes no solo acima das necessidades da cultura, podendo, ainda, aumentar o risco de contaminação ambiental.

Realizou-se um levantamento nutricional em 93 vinhedos nas regiões vitícolas de Jundiaí, São Miguel Arcanjo e Jales, no Estado de São Paulo, tendo por objetivo comparar os teores de nutrientes em amostras foliares, o teor de nitrato e de potássio na seiva do pecíolo e o índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) da videira 'Niagara Rosada'. Em 20 plantas selecionadas de cada vinhedo, amostraram-se folha inteira, limbo e pecíolo no pleno florescimento da videira. Posteriormente, realizou-se a medição do IRC no limbo e dos teores de NO3- e de K+ na seiva dos pecíolos. Nas amostras foliares, foram determinados os teores de macro e micronutrientes. Os vinhedos amostrados foram agrupados em função da região de estudo, sendo que cada vinhedo representou uma repetição, totalizando 45; 24 e 24 repetições, respectivamente, nas regiões de Jundiaí, São Miguel Arcanjo e Jales. Nos vinhedos selecionados da região de Jales, as plantas apresentaram maiores teores foliares de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe e Mn, além de maiores IRC e teores de nitrato e potássio no pecíolo. Estas variações nos teores foliares foram relacionadas aos porta-enxertos utilizados nas regiões de estudo, sendo o 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572' e 'Ripária do Traviú', respectivamente, nas regiões de Jundiaí, Jales e São Miguel Arcanjo. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de se adequarem as faixas de concentração de nutrientes nas análises foliares, mediante ensaios regionais, levando em consideração o porta-enxerto e a região em estudo.

O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a diversidade genética medida a partir de três diferentes marcadores moleculares, com a variação genética quantitativa de caracteres poligênicos, estimada em ensaio de progênies, sob condições controladas. As progênies, oriundas de dez subpopulações naturais de cagaiteira do sudeste de Goiás, foram avaliadas em experimento em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Foram estimadas a herdabilidade ao nível de média de progênies (h mi ²) e o coeficiente de variação genética (CVgi) de cada subpopulação para a altura da planta e o diâmetro do fuste, por quatro anos, bem como para as respectivas taxas de crescimento. Estimativas da diversidade gênica (Hei) e do índice de fixação (f i) foram obtidas com dados de marcadores codominantes e dominantes. Correlação linear e regressão múltipla foram usadas para inferir sobre a associação entre a divergência quantitativa e molecular nos níveis intra e interpopulacional, A fraca correlação entre as medidas de divergência obtidas com marcadores moleculares dominantes e codominantes reduziu a expectativa de correlação positiva entre essas medidas e a diversidade quantitativa. Em geral, não foi confirmada a possibilidade de usar com segurança medidas de divergência molecular intrapopulacional para inferir a variação genética de caracteres quantitativos no nível de precisão que prevaleceu. Com o marcador baseado em maior número de locos (RAPD), verificou-se a possibilidade de uma inferência desse tipo. Em nível interpopulacional, encontrou-se associação mais pronunciada entre a divergência molecular e a quantitativa.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das doses de ácido giberélico (AG3) e do thidiazuron (TDZ) nas características dos cachos e bagas da uva ‘Centennial Seedless’, um experimento foi realizado em um vinhedo comercial em São Miguel Arcanjo (SP). Os tratamentos consistiram de AG3 nas doses de 0 e 5 mg L-1 associados às doses de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 mg L-1 de TDZ, sendo estes reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, via pulverização direta nos cachos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis diâmetro do pedicelo, índice de esbagoamento, massa, comprimento e largura dos cachos, bagas e engaços; teores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável e relação SS/AT do mosto. A dose de 8 mg L-1 de TDZ associada a 5 mg L-1 de AG3, resultou em maiores médias de massa, comprimento e largura dos cachos, sendo que esta interação não alterou o pH, a relação SS/AT e o índice de esbagoamento dos cachos. O TDZ promoveu aumentos lineares sobre a massa e largura das bagas e reduziu os teores de sólidos solúveis, sendo que do ponto de vista agronômico a dose de 8 mg L-1, apresentou-se mais promissora para uso comercial.Abstract With the objective of evaluating the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and thidiazuron (TDZ) on the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Centennial Seedless’ table grapes a trial was carried out in a commercial vineyard located in São Miguel Arcanjo (SP), Brazil. The treatments consisted of GA3 on the doses at 0 and 5 mg L-1 associated to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg L-1 of thidiazuron, applied 15 days after full bloom, sprayed directly to the clusters. The following variables were evaluated: pedicel diameter, drop index, weight, length and width of clusters, berries and rachis; soluble solutes content, pH, titratable acidity and ratio SS/TA of the juice. The dose at 8 mg L-1 of TDZ associated to 5 mg L-1 of AG3 resulted in the highest means of cluster weight, length and width, this interaction did not alter pH, ratio and drop index of bunches. TDZ increased linearly the mass and width of berries and reduced soluble solids content and, from the agronomic point of view the dose of 8 mg L-1 was the most promissory for commercial use.

In the regions with mild winters, usually the chilling requirements for bud dormancy release of grapevines are not fulfilled, and only the highly toxic products CaCN2 (calcium cyanamide) and H2CN2 (hydrogen cyanamide) are recommended in conventional viticulture for budbreak. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of garlic extract on budbreak of 'Niagara Rosada' grapevines in two different vineyards. The highest dose of garlic extract (70mL L-1) showed a great potential for budbreak in organic production, presenting similar effects of cyanamides in budbreak. This treatment improved the sprouting percentage, number of clusters, accelerated the beginning of sprouting and reduced the cycle between pruning and harvest.Nas regiões com invernos amenos, normalmente as exigências de frio para a quebra de dormência de gemas de videiras não são atendidas, e apenas os produtos altamente tóxicos CaCN2 e H2CN2 são recomendados na viticultura convencional para quebra de dormência. A proposta deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do extrato de alho na quebra de dormência de videiras 'Niagara Rosada', em dois diferentes vinhedos. A dose mais elevada de extrato de alho (70mL L-1) demonstrou ter um grande potencial para a quebra de dormência na produção orgânica, apresentando efeitos similares aos das cianamidas, na quebra de dormência. Este tratamento aumentou a porcentagem de brotação e o número de cachos, antecipou o começo da brotação e reduziu o ciclo entre poda e colheita.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes do forchlorfenuron associado ou não ao ácido giberélico sobre componentes físico-químicos da uva 'Centennial Seedless' para consumo in natura. Os tratamentos testados foram ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 e 5mg L-1) associado ao forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10mg L-1). As variáveis analisadas foram a massa, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT). O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo, no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo os reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, mediante pulverização direcionada ao cacho. A interação entre a dose estimada de 5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron associada ao AG3 proporcionou os maiores ganhos na massa e na largura das bagas, e as doses estimadas de 4 e 6,5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, associadas ao AG3, proporcionaram os menores teores de sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT, respectivamente. O tratamento com o uso de AG3 resultou em ganhos no diâmetro dos pedicelos e na massa dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, além de incrementar o comprimento e a largura das bagas.The objective of present research was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of forchlorfenuron associated, or not, to gibberellic acid on physical and chemical components of the ´Centennial Seedless' grapes. The treatments were gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 and 5mg L-1) associated with forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg L-1). The variables were mass, width and length of bunches, berries and rachis, total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total ratio soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, southwest of São Paulo State, and the regulators were applied at 15 days after full bloom by spraying the bunch. The interaction of the estimated dose of 5mg L-1 forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, provided increases on the mass and width of the berries, and the estimated doses of 4 and 6.5mg L-1 of forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, showed the lowest soluble solids and ratio SS/TA, respectively. The treatment with GA3 resulted in gains in the diameter of the pedicels, mass of bunches, berries and rachis, and increasing the length and width of berries.

Com a finalidade de reduzir as perdas ocasionadas pela degrana e podridões na pós-colheita de uva 'Niagara Rosada', foram realizados em 2005, em vinhedos localizados nos municípios de Jales e Louveira, São Paulo-Brasil, experimentos utilizando-se de cinco concentrações de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) a 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 g.L-1, com ou sem a aplicação de 100 mg.L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA). Com base nos resultados obtidos, realizou-se, em 2006, experimento com quatro concentrações de ANA a 0; 50; 100 e 150 mg L-1, associadas ou não a 10 g.L-1 de CaCl2. As aplicações do ANA foram realizadas um dia antes da colheita, e a do CaCl2, no início da maturação das bagas. Após a colheita, avaliaram-se o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, o pH, a degrana e a incidência de podridões. Os cachos provenientes dos diferentes tratamentos foram armazenados sob condição ambiente a 25ºC/70% UR, por 5 dias, e sob refrigeração a 1ºC/85% UR, por 21 dias, seguido por transferência para condição ambiente por mais 5 dias, sendo avaliadas após esses períodos as mesmas variáveis. O ANA foi eficiente na redução da degrana e da incidência de podridões nos cachos, principalmente após acondicionamento dos mesmos sob condição ambiente, sendo a concentração de 150 mg.L-1 a mais efetiva. Os tratamentos promoveram poucas alterações nos teores de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável.It was evaluated the effect of the use of CaCl2 and NAA on 'Niagara Rosada' grapes in order to reduce postharvest losses caused by rot and drop of berries. The experiments were carried out in vineyards in Jales and Louveira, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2005 and 2006. In 2005 the effects of five concentrations of CaCl2 (0; 5; 10; 15, and 20 g.L-1) with and without the use of 100 mg.L-1 of NAA were evaluated. Based on those results, in 2006 another experiment was carried out in which the use of four concentrations of NAA (0; 50, 100, and 150 mg.L-1), with and without the use of 10g L-1 CaCl2 were tested. The different concentrations of NAA were applied the day before harvest; meanwhile CaCl2 was applied at the beginning of the berry ripening. Right after harvest, the grapes were evaluated for total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, percentage of abscission post-harvest and decay incidence. The grapes of the different treatments were stored under two conditions: 25ºC/70% RH for 5 days and at 1ºC /85% RH for 21 days followed by storage at 25ºC/70% RH for 5 more days. At the end of each storage period, the grapes were evaluated for the same variables. The results indicate that application of NAA was effective in reducing the percentage of drop berries and the incidence of decay, mainly in those fruits stored at 25ºC/70% RH, being the concentration of 150 mg.L-1 the most effective. The treatments did not cause significant differences on total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o enraizamento, a brotação e o desenvolvimento de raízes de diferentes porta-enxertos de videira em condições de campo. Estacas lenhosas dos porta-enxertos '420 A', 'Golia', '5C', '8B', 'RR101-14', 'SO4', '99R', 'Kober 5BB', 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 571-6', 'Ripária do Traviú' e 'Rupestris du Lot' foram colocadas em canteiro de terra, sem tratamento prévio. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e vinte estacas por parcela, com as estacas dispostas em espaçamento de 12 x 5cm. As estacas foram colocadas para enraizar no início de julho e removidas no final de setembro para as avaliações. A porcentagem de estacas enraizadas variou de 79% para 'Ripária do Traviú' a 99% para o 'RR101-14'. Quanto à brotação, o 'Ripária do Traviú' apresentou 47%, 'IAC 571-6', 'IAC 572', '420 A', 'Rupestris du Lot', 'Kober', 'IAC 766', '8B', '5C', apresentaram de 76 a 89% e 'Golia', 'SO4', '99R' e 'RR 101-14' mais de 90%. 'IAC 572' e 'IAC 571-6' apresentaram o menor número de raízes por estaca, no entanto, foram as que apresentaram raízes mais desenvolvidas, seguidas pelo '5C' e 'Rupestris du Lot'. 'Kober 5BB' e 'Ripária do Traviú' apresentaram as raízes menos desenvolvidas. As demais variedades apresentaram valores intermediários. Concluiu-se que, entre todos os porta-enxertos, o 'Ripária do Traviú' apresentou os menores índices de enraizamento e brotação das estacas, nas condições de campo.The goals of this investigation was to evaluate the rooting, budding and development of roots from different rootstock of grapevine, in field conditions. Ligneous cutting of rootstock '420 A', 'Golia', '5C', '8B', 'RR101-14', 'SO4', '99R', 'Kober 5BB', 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 571-6', 'Ripária do Traviú' and 'Rupestris du Lot' were planted in soil, without previous preparation. The experimental design was done in randomized blocks, with five repetitions and twenty cutting per plot, planted at distances of 12 x 5cm. The cutting were planted in the beginning of July and removed in the end of September, to be examined. The rooting percentage varied from 79% of 'Ripária do Traviú' to 99% of 'RR 101-14'. Due to budding, the 'Ripária do Traviú' showed 47%; 'IAC 571-6', 'IAC 572', '420A', 'Rupestris du Lot', 'Kober', 'IAC 766', '8B', '5C' showed 76 to 89% and 'Golia', 'SO4', '99R' and 'RR 101-14' showed more than 90%. 'IAC 572' and 'IAC 571-6' showed the minor root number per cutting, but they showed the most developed roots, followed by '5C' and 'Rupestris du Lot'. 'Kober 5BB' and 'Ripária do Traviú' showed the least developed roots. The other varieties showed intermediate values. It was conclued that, among all rootstocks, 'Ripária do Traviú' presented the lowest indexes of rooting and budding of cutting under field's conditions.

Mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit species with a great potential for commercial exploitation, found in nearly all regions of Brazil and frequently found in the Cerrado biome. Information on the genetic variability of the populations in this biome is scarce. The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic structure of eight subpopulations located in the states of Goiás, Bahia and Minas Gerais by using RAPD markers. The structure of genetic variability was evaluated by the analysis of variance of molecular data. The geographic distribution pattern of the variation among subpopulations was investigated based on the correlation between the matrices of geographic and genetic distances. A highly significant proportion of genetic variance was found among subpopulations, corresponding to 19.6 % of the total variation. The correlation between the matrices of geographic and genetic distances was not significant, showing that there is no spatial structure of the genetic variability among the subpopulations, with the RAPD marker loci used here. The high variability found among the subpopulations suggests that a strategy for in situ, as well as ex situ conservation, must be based on sampling a large number of local populations.

O Jardim Botânico do IAC tem como objetivo conservar as espécies nativas do Estado de São Paulo, oferecendo áreas para a preservação in situ, ex situ e in vitro, além de câmaras com baixa temperatura, já que a crioconservação se transformou também em alternativa interessante para a conservação de recursos genéticos. Realizaram-se testes de crioconservação em sementes recalcitrantes de três espécies de Amaryllidaceae: Hippeastrum papilio (HP), Hippeastrum glaucescens (HG) e Zephyranthes robusta (ZR). No delineamento experimental, foram estabelecidas quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada, em 4 tratamentos: T1: -196ºC sem protetor; T2: -196ºC com o protetor PVS2; T3: -196ºC com o agente protetor de alginato de sódio; T4: semeadura direta sem nenhum tratamento a frio (testemunha). As porcentagens de germinação obtidas foram: T1: 98%, 70% e 80%, respectivamente para ZR, HP e HG. T2: - 93%, 68% e 21%, respectivamente. T3: - 1%, 0% e 8% respectivamente; T4: 99%, 72% e 88%, respectivamente. A partir dos resultados, pode-se observar que os agentes protetores não foram necessários para a conservação das sementes nas condições do ensaio, uma vez que as taxas de germinação foram melhores sem PVS2 ou alginato de sódio. Observou-se também que a crioconservação sem agentes protetores, propiciou a germinação mais rápida do que a por testemunha para as três espécies testadas. Verificou-se uma provável quebra de dormência da semente de ZR, pois, houve uma aceleração no processo de germinação de cerca de dois dias. Esta observação merece maior aprofundamento.

A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomez) é uma frutífera freqüentemente encontrada no cerrado brasileiro, bioma para o qual são escassas informações sobre a variabilidade genética de populações naturais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi a identificação de marcadores RAPD polimórficos que possibilitem a caracterização da estrutura genética de populações da espécie. A partir do DNA extraído de seis genótipos, foram analisados 45 "primersâ€?, sendo 10 deles polimórficos, com os quais foram obtidos 60 locos polimórficos. Para se determinar o número mínimo de locos necessários para estudos moleculares em populações naturais de H. speciosa, utilizou-se o procedimento bootstrap para estimar o coeficiente de variação associado a número crescente de bandas. Tal parâmetro é estimado a partir do coeficiente de similaridade "simple matchingâ€? e suas respectivas dissimilaridades procedendo-se 1000 permutações. Os coeficientes de variação (y) obtidos foram relacionados com o número de locos (x) ajustando-se uma função potência do tipo y = axb. O número mínimo de locos foi determinado encontrando-se o valor de x correspondente ao ponto de curvatura máxima da equação ajustada. Verificou-se que, em pesquisas visando o número adequado de locos para alcançar uma dada precisão e tendo-se medidas de dissimilaridade ou similaridade, é recomendável utilizar, sempre a de maior média. Estes estudos permitirão investigar a divergência genética entre populações, contribuindo assim para pesquisas futuras sobre sua preservação e domesticação.

Dados de oito caracteres morfológicos referentes a sessenta indivíduos de duas populações de gonçalo-alves localizadas nas margens de rodovias, obtidos através de um teste de progênie, foram submetidos à análise de autocorrelação espacial. Os oitos correlogramas obtidos suportam as hipóteses de migração aleatória, levando à inexistência de padrão espacial, e de que as duas populações consideradas são estruturadas de forma aleatória. Dessa forma, a análise de autocorrelação sugere que os processos estocásticos, tais como migração (principalmente através da colonização), são os mais indicados para explicar a falta de padrão espacial encontrado nas populações ou indivíduos de gonçalo-alves. A inexistência de padrão espacial na variação genética é importante para compreender como está ocorrendo a dinâmica de alelos entre os indivíduos dessa espécie, gerando uma importante informação para otimizar a amostragem da variabilidade genética. Dada a inexistência de padrão de estruturação espacial da variação genética nas populações estudadas, em uma escala de 1 a 78km, sugere-se que a amostragem dentro destes limites pode ser realizada de maneira aleatória. UNITERMOS: Conservação genética; Estrutura espacial; Fatores evolutivos

Estimativas de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípicas quanto a épocas de semeadura foram obtidas a partir de experimentos de cultivares de soja durante o período de outubro de 1996 a dezembro de 1997. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em 22 épocas no município de Goiânia-Goiás, no campo experimental da Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Foram avaliados quatro cultivares; destes a cultivar Paiaguás é adaptada à essa região e a cultivar EMGOPA-313 é recomendada; as cultivares IAC-100 e OCEPAR-4 não são recomendadas à região. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A parcela experimental foi representada por 4m2 e o caráter produtividade de grãos foi obtido em kg/ha. Pela análise de variância conjunta detectou-se interação significativa entre épocas e cultivares. As estimativas de estabilidade e adaptabilidade foram obtidas utilizando-se a metodologia AMMI. As épocas de semeadura mais produtivas foram 02/nov, 17/nov e 17/dez. As épocas menos produtivas foram 15/fev, 03/mar, 17/mar, 31/mai, 30/jun e 13/out. As épocas mais estáveis foram 03/dez e 31/jan. Foram observadas adaptações específicas de cultivares com diferentes épocas de semeadura, com destaque para o cultivar EMGOPA-313, que foi o mais produtivo e com adaptação específica à época de semeadura 28/out. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se agrupar genótipos com épocas de semeadura específicas mais adequadas e mais produtivas. UNITERMOS: Interação genótipo X Ambiente, Estabilidade, Glycine max.