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Aim: The present systematic review aims to provide an overview about the impact of cover crops on vegetative growth and productive parameters of vineyards. Methods and results: A systematic review was made using Scopus-index journals along 20 years (1999-2018). The selection was independently done by two researchers, selecting a total of 272 published papers related to cover crops in vineyard. Each article was categorized according to its theme and a metadata was created, considering all relevant information from an agronomic point of view. Conclusion: It was observed that the use of cover crops can reduce vine vegetative growth that, in turn, could be used to keep the incidence of fungal diseases at a low level, like grey mould. In general, this practice does not clearly affect vineyard yield, nor grape juice parameters like total soluble solids (TSS) or titratable acidity (TA). Cover crops can decrease to some extent vineyard pests, especially Cicadellidae. Only and punctually in the central summer months the covers can sometimes cause water stress in the vineyard. Significance of the study: This review allows to systematically synthesize the information on cover crops and their effects on vineyard agronomic performance. Thus allowing using the most suitable cover for the objectives sought in the growing conditions that are had.

This study aims to evaluate the interest of using an under-vine cover crop as a sustainable management tool replacing herbicides or tillage to control weeds, evaluating its effects on yield and berry parameters in a semi-arid climate. The performance of Trifolium fragiferum as an under-vine cover crop was evaluated in 2018 and 2019 in a Merlot vineyard in Traibuenas (Navarra, Spain). This trial showed that the soil under the vines was covered by 80 % of the cover crop in August 2018 and 100 % in Aug 2019, with clover (T. fragiferum) comprising around 26 % and 70 % of the cover crop surface, respectively. The presence of the cover crop only reduced the number of shoots in the second year, although both years there was an increment in water stress. Neither yield, cluster weight nor berry weight were affected by the presence of the under-vine cover crop. Similarly, no changes in grape composition were observed. The use of T. fragiferum-like cover crops under the vine allows for better control of weeds, provided a good installation is achieved. In the first two years, this cover crop reduced vegetative growth and increased water deficit slightly. However, no changes in yield and grape composition were observed. In a context of herbicide suppression and search for sustainable management, under-vine clover cover crops constitute a viable alternative in semi-arid regions provided drip irrigation can be applied.

In the present work of investigation, the pulse cardiac is monitoring with a heart rate sensor. All data record is obtained of a healthy person group, five junior and one expert electric lineman, Pulse cardiac let show the behavior of the heart when responding to physical effort and stress situation. So that we relate the required physical effort evidenced by a calorific map, the condition of stress due to the fear of falling and the variability of the cardiac pulse. Study is presented in stages. In the first stage, it is possible to demonstrate the increase of the cardiac pulse due to the effort. In the second stage, the increase of the cardiac pulse due to a condition of stress or fear is presented. Finally, in the third stage, the cardiac pulse increases proportionally. Also the cardiac pulse is monitored when descending the concrete post. A variability of the cardiac rhythm between the participants is obtained. It checks that the heart rate after an effort or stress condition becomes unpredictable for different people.

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of health-care-associated diarrhea in adults. In Medellín, infections by this microorganism are frequent in high-complexity hospitals. Objectives: To identify the clinical and epidemiological factors associated with C. difficile infection in a high-complexity university hospital in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and assess potential factors associated with C. difficile infection. A total of 156 patients hospitalized in a high-complexity hospital in Medellín between 2016–2018, who exhibited loose stools with clinical criteria for infection and underwent a toxin test for C. difficile (Immunocard®) with a positive result, were included. Results: A general prevalence of 50% was observed, with a mortality attributable to C. difficile infection of 11.5%. Prevalence ratio (PRa) analysis revealed that factors increasing the likelihood of infection included urban origin (PRa = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.03–11.15), receiving antibiotics for more than 22 days (PRa = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.11–2.95), history of diabetes (PRa = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.16–2.35), solid neoplasia (PRa = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11–2.41), and previous hospitalization at the institution (PRa = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.13–2.21). Conclusions: This study highlighted associations with C. difficile infection from factors similar to those described in the literature, such as comorbidities, exposure to antibiotics, and hospital care.

Significant interest in teaching children to code since Preschool Education has arisen in recent years. This paper focuses on the benefits of preschoolers learning to code at such short age. The research questions are whether by coding they can improve skills such as sequencing and plotting a route? Which factors influence the learning? And, to what extent? To start coding, preschoolers might use robots such as Cubetto or KIBO, or other unplugged resources such as foam. Moreover, stories could be used to provide a context and a goal for the coding experience. An experiment was carried out with 192 children between 3 and 6 years old in age to gather some data. The hypothesis that the skills were improved by coding was proved; and that age, resources, and initial knowledge influence the learning process. This paper contributes more evidence of the benefits of coding in early years.

In this paper, a multi-mode digital teaching approach is proposed based on the use of the VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/Write, Kinaesthetic) model where students have different styles (one or more) that improve their learning (face-to-face and online). Our research question is on the effectiveness of this approach in terms of learning efficacy and students' satisfaction. An experiment with 41 students has been carried out for five months to answer the research question and to provide a first validation of using VARK for multi-mode digital HCI teaching. During the experiment, the theoretical sessions were given through videoconference using Microsoft Teams and with the support of Moodle. In the practical sessions, students had to create a software prototype following a User-Centred Design with a real client. For this, they used Discord to collaborate in their groups, Teams to ask questions to teachers and PowerPoint and Genially to present their work online to the class through a Teams videoconference. A regression model has been provided to predict the VARK indicated by the questionnaire to each student with a prediction success of nearly 77%. Using the VARK multi-mode digital teaching approach has proved valid, and effective and beneficial in the teaching of HCI with a significant improvement in the learning scores and satisfaction levels of the students even with respect to pre-COVID-19 where the teaching was face-to-face.

Rapidly urbanizing cities in Latin America experience high levels of air pollution which are known risk factors for population health. However, the estimates of long-term exposure to air pollution are scarce in the region. We developed intraurban land use regression (LUR) models to map long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the five largest cities in Colombia. We conducted air pollution measurement campaigns using gravimetric PM2.5 and passive NO2 sensors for 2 weeks during both the dry and rainy seasons in 2021 in the cities of Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín, and combined these data with geospatial and meteorological variables. Annual models were developed using multivariable spatial regression models. The city annual PM2.5 mean concentrations measured ranged between 12.32 and 15.99 µg/m3 while NO2 concentrations ranged between 24.92 and 49.15 µg/m3. The PM2.5 annual models explained 82% of the variance (R2) in Medellín, 77% in Bucaramanga, 73% in Barranquilla, 70% in Cali, and 44% in Bogotá. The NO2 models explained 65% of the variance in Bucaramanga, 57% in Medellín, 44% in Cali, 40% in Bogotá, and 30% in Barranquilla. Most of the predictor variables included in the models were a combination of specific land use characteristics and roadway variables. Cross-validation suggests that PM2.5 outperformed NO2 models. The developed models can be used as exposure estimate in epidemiological studies, as input in hybrid models to improve personal exposure assessment, and for policy evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]